905 resultados para Historic conscience. Country of Mossoró . Memory. Spatiality.
Resumo:
This thesis constitutes an interdisciplinary approach to the Polish Romanticism combining literature studies with memory studies, nationalism research and psychoanalysis. This phenomenon-based study attempts to answer the question, how the Polish national poet Adam Mickiewicz (17981855) or more exactly the implied authors in his works perceived the role of poetry in mnemonic terms and how it changes in course of time. Consequently, memory in literature (Astrin Erll and Ansger Nnning) is discussed here. Two pieces of writing by Mickiewicz Konrad Wallenrod [1828] and the third part of Forefathers [1832], where a bard respectively a poetic genius appears are seen as meta-texts defining goals of poets in time of the political non-existence of a state. Poetry is supposed to keep memory of the glorious past alive, kindle the love for the motherland, support the collective identity of a group and initiate a liberation movement. Poets function as memory guards, leaders of the nation and prophets. Thus, literature is a medium of collective memory it stores crucial contents, transmits them and acts as a cue. Nevertheless, shifting the focus from the community towards well-being of individuals, which is consistent with the postmodern thinking, the impact that poetry has on members of a given memory culture (Jan Assmann) can be described in vampiric terms (Maria Janion). Poetry embodying collective memory may be compared to poison, infecting people with a nationalistic way of thinking to their disadvantage as far as their personal lives are concerned.
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The immune consequences of in utero HIV exposure to uninfected children whose mothers were submitted to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during gestation are not well defined. We evaluated 45 HIV-exposed uninfected (ENI) neonates and 45 healthy unexposed control (CT) neonates. All HIV-infected mothers received HAART during pregnancy, and the viral load at delivery was <50 copies/mL for 56.8%. Twenty-three ENI neonates were further evaluated after 12 months and compared to 23 unexposed healthy age-matched infants. Immunophenotyping was performed by flow cytometry in cord and peripheral blood. Cord blood lymphocyte numbers did not differ between groups. However, ENI neonates had a lower percentage of naive T cells than CT neonates (CD4+, 76.6 vs 83.1%, P < 0.001; CD8+, 70.9 vs 79.6%, P = 0.003) and higher percentages of central memory T cells than CT neonates (CD4+, 13.9 vs 8.7%, P < 0.001; CD8+, 8.6 vs 4.8%, P = 0.001). CD38 mean fluorescence intensity of T cells was higher in ENI neonates (CD4+, 62.2 vs 52.1, P = 0.007; CD8+, 47.7 vs 35.3, P < 0.001). At 12 months, ENI infants still had higher mean fluorescence intensity of CD38 on T cells (CD4+, 34.2 vs 23.3, P < 0.001; CD8+, 26.8 vs 19.4, P = 0.035). Despite effective maternal virologic control at delivery, HIV-exposed uninfected children were born with lower levels of naive T cells. Immune activation was present at birth and remained until at least 12 months of age, suggesting that in utero exposure to HIV causes subtle immune abnormalities.
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Fluid inteliigence has been defined as an innate ability to reason which is measured commonly by the Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM). Individual differences in fluid intelligence are currently explained by the Cascade model (Fry & Hale, 1996) and the Controlled Attention hypothesis (Engle, Kane, & Tuholski, 1999; Kane & Engle, 2002). The first theory is based on a complex relation among age, speed, and working memory which is described as a Cascade. The alternative to this theory, the Controlled Attention hypothesis, is based on the proposition that it is the executive attention component of working memory that explains performance on fluid intelligence tests. The first goal of this study was to examine whether the Cascade model is consistent within the visuo-spatial and verbal-numerical modalities. The second goal was to examine whether the executive attention component ofworking memory accounts for the relation between working memory and fluid intelligence. Two hundred and six undergraduate students between the ages of 18 and 28 completed a battery of cognitive tests selected to measure processing speed, working memory, and controlled attention which were selected from two cognitive modalities, verbalnumerical and visuo-spatial. These were used to predict performance on two standard measures of fluid intelligence: the Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) and the Shipley Institute of Living Scales (SILS) subtests. Multiple regression and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were used to test the Cascade model and to determine the independent and joint effects of controlled attention and working memory on general fluid intelligence. Among the processing speed measures only spatial scan was related to the RPM. No other significant relations were observed between processing speed and fluid intelligence. As 1 a construct, working memory was related to the fluid intelligence tests. Consistent with the predictions for the RPM there was support for the Cascade model within the visuo-spatial modality but not within the verbal-numerical modality. There was no support for the Cascade model with respect to the SILS tests. SEM revealed that there was a direct path between controlled attention and RPM and between working memory and RPM. However, a significant path between set switching and RPM explained the relation between controlled attention and RPM. The prediction that controlled attention mediated the relation between working memory and RPM was therefore not supported. The findings support the view that the Cascade model may not adequately explain individual differences in fluid intelligence and this may be due to the differential relations observed between working memory and fluid intelligence across different modalities. The findings also show that working memory is not a domain-general construct and as a result its relation with fluid intelligence may be dependent on the nature of the working memory modality.
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Cette tude porte sur la dimension intersubjective de la souffrance qui affecte le rapport du souffrant son corps, au temps et lespace vcus de mme que son identit narrative et sa mmoire narrative. Mon argument principal est que la voix narrative constitue le rapport intersubjectif dans les rcits de maladie que les proches crivent sur leurs partenaires souffrant de cancer de cerveau ou de la maladie dAlzheimer. Ma discussion est base sur lthique, la phnomnologie, les thories de lincorporation, les tudes des rcits de vie, la sociologie et lanthropologie mdicales et la narratologie. Lobjet de mon tude est lexprience incorpore de la souffrance dans les rcits de maladie et je me concentre sur la souffrance comme perte de la mmoire et du soi narratif. Janalyse le journal How Linda Died de Frank Davey et les mmoires de John Bayley, Iris: A Memoir of Iris Murdoch et Iris and Her Friends: A Memoir of Memory and Desire. Jexplore comment les rcits de maladie constituent le rapport thique lAutre souffrant de la rupture de la mmoire. La discussion de la voix est situe dans le contexte des rcits de vie et se propose de dpasser les limites des approches sociologiques et anthropologiques de la voix dans les rcits de maladie. Dans ce sens, dans un premier temps je porte mon attention sur des tudes narratologiques de la voix en indiquant leurs limites. Ma propre dfinition de la voix narrative est base sur lthique dans la perspective dEmmanuel Levinas et de Paul Ricur, sur linterprtation du temps, de la mmoire et de loubli chez St-Augustin et la discussion levinasienne de la constitution intersubjective du temps. Javance lide que la spontanit bienveillante (Ricur, Soi-mme comme un autre 222) articule la voix narrative et lattention envers lAutre souffrant qui ne peut plus se rappeler, ni raconter sa mmoire. En reformulant la dfinition augustinienne du temps qui met en corrlation les modes temporels avec la voix qui rcite, javance lide que la voix est distendue entre la voix prsente de la voix prsente, la voix prsente de la voix passe, la voix prsente de la voix future. Je montre comment la voix du soignant est inscrite par et sinscrit dans les interstices dune voix interrompue, souffrante. Je dfinis les rcits de vies comme des interfaces textuelles entre le soi et lAutre, entre la voix du soi et la voix du souffrant, comme un mode de restaurer lintgrit narrative de lAutre.
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La schizophrnie est une psychopathologie largement htrogne caractrise entre autres par dimportantes dfaillances dans le fonctionnement cognitif et motionnel. En effet, par rapport la population gnrale, forte proportion de ces individus prsentent une mmoire dficitaire pour les vnements motionnels. ce jour, le peu dtudes qui se sont penches sur la mmoire motionnelle pisodique dans la schizophrnie, ont uniquement mis lemphase sur l'effet de la valence des stimuli (cest--dire le caractre agrable ou dsagrable du stimulus). Toutefois, aucune na investigu spcifiquement lintensit de la raction aux stimuli (cest--dire une faible par rapport une forte raction) malgr quantit de preuves faisant montre, dans la population gnrale, de diffrents processus de mmoire motionnelle pour des stimuli suscitant une forte raction par rapport ceux voquant une faible rponse. Ce manque est dautant plus flagrant tant donn le nombre dtudes ayant rapport un traitement et un encodage atypiques des motions spcifiquement au niveau de lintensit de la rponse subjective chez des patients atteints de schizophrnie. Autre fait important, il est tonnant de constater labsence de recherches sur les diffrences de sexe dans la mmoire motionnelle tant donn lensemble des divergences entre hommes et femmes atteints de schizophrnie au niveau de la prvalence, de lge de diagnostic, de la manifestation clinique, de lvolution de la maladie, de la rponse au traitement et des structures crbrales. Pour pallier ces lacunes, ce mmoire a valu : (1) leffet de la valence des stimuli et de l'intensit de la raction motionnelle au niveau des fonctions crbrales correspondant la mmoire motionnelle chez des patients atteints de schizophrnie comparativement des participants sains; et (2) les possibles diffrences de sexe dans les processus crbraux impliqus dans la mmoire motionnelle chez des patients atteints de schizophrnie par rapport des volontaires sains. Ainsi, la premire tude a compar les activations crbrales de patients atteints de schizophrnie par rapport des participants sains au cours dune tche de mmoire motionnelle dont les stimuli variaient la fois au niveau de la valence et de l'intensit de la raction subjective. 37 patients atteints de schizophrnie ainsi que 37 participants en bonne sant ont effectu cette tche de mmoire motionnelle lors dune session dimagerie par rsonance magntique fonctionnelle (IRMf). Pour toutes les conditions tudies (images ngatives, positives, de faible et de forte intensit), le groupe atteint de schizophrnie a perform significativement moins bien que les volontaires sains. Comparativement aux sujets sains, ils ont montr moins dactivations crbrales dans les rgions limbiques et prfrontales lors de la reconnaissance des images ngatives, mais ont prsent un patron d'activations similaire celui des participants sains lors de la reconnaissance des images charges positivement (activations observes dans le cervelet, le cortex temporal et prfrontal). Enfin, indpendamment de la valence des stimuli, les deux groupes ont dmontr une augmentation des activations crbrales pour les images de forte intensit par rapport celles de plus faible intensit. La seconde tude a quant elle explor les diffrences de sexe potentielles au niveau des activations crbrales associes la mmoire motionnelle dans la schizophrnie et dans la population en gnral. Nous avons compar 41 patients atteints de schizophrnie (20 femmes) 41 participants en bonne sant (19 femmes) alors quils effectuaient la mme tche de mmoire motionnelle mentionne plus haut. Or, pour cette tude, nous nous sommes concentrs sur les conditions suivantes : la reconnaissance dimages positives, ngatives et neutres. Nous n'avons pas observ de diffrences entre les hommes et les femmes au niveau des performances la tche de mmoire pour aucune des conditions. En ce qui a trait aux donnes de neuroimagerie, comparativement aux femmes en bonne sant, celles atteintes de schizophrnie ont montr une diminution des activations crbrales dans les rgions corticales du systme limbique (p. ex. cortex cingulaire moyen) et dans les rgions sous-corticales (p. ex. amygdale) lors de la reconnaissance d'images ngatives. Pour ce qui est de la condition positive, elles ont prsent, comparativement au groupe de femmes saines, des diminutions dactivations spcifiquement dans le cervelet ainsi que dans le gyrus frontal infrieur et moyen. Les hommes atteints de schizophrnie, eux, ont montr une augmentation dactivations par rapport aux hommes sains dans le gyrus prfrontal mdian lors de la reconnaissance des stimuli ngatifs ; ainsi que dans les rgions paritales, temporales et limbiques lors de la reconnaissance des stimuli positifs. Dans un autre ordre dides, notre analyse corrlationnelle a mis en vidence, chez les femmes, un lien significatif entre lactivit crbrale et les symptmes au cours de la mmoire des stimuli positifs, alors que chez les hommes atteints schizophrnie, ce lien a t observ au cours de la mmoire des stimuli ngatifs. Bref, lensemble de nos rsultats suggre, chez les patients atteints de schizophrnie, un fonctionnement crbral atypique spcifiquement lors de la reconnaissance dimages ngatives, mais un fonctionnement intact lors de la reconnaissance de stimuli positifs. De plus, nous avons mis en vidence la prsence de diffrences de sexe dans les activations crbrales associes la mmoire pisodique motionnelle soulignant ainsi l'importance dtudier sparment les hommes et les femmes atteints de schizophrnie dans le cadre de recherches sur les plans cognitif et motionnel.
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La recherche de nouvelles voies de correction de la scoliose idiopathique a une longue histoire. Le traitement conventionnel de la scoliose idiopathique est prsent par le port du corset ou par la correction opratoire de la dformation. Depuis leur introduction, les deux mthodes ont prouv leur efficacit. Cependant, malgr des caractristiques positives videntes, ces mthodes peuvent causer un nombre important d'effets indsirables sur la sant du patient. Les techniques sans fusion pour le traitement de la scoliose semblent tre une alternative perspective de traitement traditionnel, car ils apportent moins de risques et des complications chirurgicales que les mthodes conventionnelles avec la conservation de la mobilit du disque intravertbral. Cependant, l'utilisation de techniques mentionnes exige une connaissance profonde de la modulation de croissance vertbrale. L'objectif principal de la prsente tude est d'estimer le potentiel d'agrafes lAMF de moduler la croissance des vertbres porcines en mesurant la croissance osseuse sur la plaque de croissance de vertbres instrumentes en comparaison avec le groupe contrle. La mthode est base sur la loi de Hueter-Volkmann. Nous avons choisi NiTi agrafes lAMF pour notre tude et les porcs de race Landrace comme un animal exprimental. Les agrafes ont t insrs sur 5 niveaux thoracique de T6 T11. En outre, les radiographies ont t prises toutes les 2 semaines. La prsence d'agrafes en alliage mmoire de forme a produit la cration de courbes scoliotiques significatives dans 4 de 6 animaux chargs et le ralentissement considrable de la croissance osseuse (jusqu' 35,4%) comparativement aux groupes contrle et sham. L'tude a dmontr in vivo le potentiel d'agrafes en alliage mmoire de formes de moduler la croissance des vertbres en crant des courbes scoliotiques sur les radiographies et en ralentissant le taux de croissance sur les plaques de croissance instrument. La position prcise de l'agrafe est essentielle pour la modulation de croissance osseuse et le dveloppement de la scoliose exprimentale.
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The goal of this study was to investigate the specific patterns of memory breakdown in patients suffering from early-onset Alzheimers disease (EOAD) and late-onset Alzheimers disease (LOAD). Twenty EOAD patients, twenty LOAD patients, twenty matched younger controls, and twenty matched older controls participated in this study. All participants underwent a detailed neuropsychological assessment, an MRI scan, an FDG-PET scan, and AD patients had biomarkers as supporting evidence of both amylodopathy and neuronal injury. Results of the neuropsychological assessment showed that both EOAD and LOAD groups were impaired in the domains of memory, executive functions, language, praxis, and visuoconstructional abilities, when compared to their respective control groups. EOAD and LOAD groups, however, showed distinct patterns of memory impairment. Even though both groups were similarly affected on measures of episodic, short term and working memory, in contrast semantic memory was significantly more impaired in LOAD than in EOAD patients. The EOAD group was not more affected than the LOAD group in any memory domain. EOAD patients, however, showed significantly poorer performance in other cognitive domains including executive functions and visuoconstructional abilities. A more detailed analysis of the pattern of semantic memory performance among patient groups revealed that the LOAD was more profoundly impaired, in tasks of both spontaneous recall and semantic recognition. Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) analyses showed that impaired semantic performance in patients was associated with reduced gray matter volume in the anterior temporal lobe region, while PET-FDG analyses revealed that poorer semantic performance was associated with greater hypometabolism in the left temporoparietal region, both areas reflecting key regions of the semantic network. Results of this study indicate that EOAD and LOAD patients present with distinct patterns of memory impairment, and that a genuine semantic impairment may represent one of the clinical hallmarks of LOAD.
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This independent study provides an overview of working memory as it pertains to deaf and hard of hearing students.
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Two experiments investigated the influence of implicit memory on consumer choice for brands with varying levels of familiarity. Priming was measured using a consideration-choice task, developed by Coates, Butler and Berry (2004). Experiment 1 employed a coupon-rating task at encoding that required participants to meaningfully process individual brand names, to assess whether priming could affect participants' final (preferred) choices for familiar brands. Experiment 2 used this same method to assess the impact of implicit memory on consideration and choice for unknown and leader brands, presented in conjunction with familiar competitors. Significant priming was obtained in both experiments, and was shown to directly influence final choice in the case of familiar and highly familiar leader brands. Moreover, it was shown that a single prior exposure could lead participants to consider buying an unknown, and indeed fictitious, brand. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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The capability of a feature model of immediate memory (Nairne, 1990; Neath, 2000) to predict and account for a relationship between absolute and proportion scoring of immediate serial recall when memory load is varied (the list-length effect, LLE) is examined. The model correctly predicts the novel finding of an LLE in immediate serial order memory similar to that observed with free recall and previously assumed to be attributable to the long-term memory component of that procedure (Glanzer, 1972). The usefulness of formal models as predictive tools and the continuity between short-term serial order and longer term item memory are considered.
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Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) is characterized by deficits in autobiographical memory (AM). One of the functions of AM is to maintain the self, suggesting that the self may undergo changes as a result of memory loss in temporal lobe epilepsy. To examine this, we used a modification of a task used to assess the relationship between self and memory (the IAM task) in a single case, E.B. Despite complaints of AM loss, E.B. had no difficulty in producing a range of self-images (e.g., I am a husband) and collections of self-defining AMs in support of these statements. E.B. produced fewer episodic memories at times of self-formation, but this did not seem to impact on the maintenance of self. The results support recent work suggesting the self may be maintained in the absence of episodic memory. The application of tasks such as that used here will further elucidate AM impairment in temporal lobe epilepsy. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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The work of nouvelliste Annie Saumont constantly explores the phenomenon of memory, and of memories. This article identifies and nuances the various forms that this exploration takes. An introductory contextualization of author and theme is followed by the presentation of a short story, Mandres, which embodies the first quality of memory to be examined: its capacity not only to recall but also to re-evaluate a past which is thus shown to be as hypothetical as the future. Memory as guilt that moulds or puts its indelible stamp on lives is then evoked by means of examples from other stories, illustrating the gradations Saumont achieves in her investigation of the power of this complex faculty. The next section turns to her portrayal of involuntary memory. Unlike for Proust, the instances of spontaneous remembering that are experienced by her characters lunge at them down the years almost exclusively to wound or disorientate. Depictions of the memory which conserves, and is thus burdened by, secrets are then considered, and finally Saumont's evocation of characters who have different reasons to analyse the way their own and other people's memories work. The conclusion to be drawn is that for Saumont, we are our memories; the ability to master a judicious interpretation of memory or indeed, to forget is, in her stories, overwhelmingly a quality to be envied.
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Evidence suggests that flavonoid-rich foods are capable of inducing improvements in memory and cognition in animals and humans. However, there is a lack of clarity concerning whether flavonoids are the causal agents in inducing such behavioral responses. Here we show that supplementation with pure anthocyanins or pure flavanols for 6 weeks, at levels similar to that found in blueberry (2% w/w), results in an enhancement of spatial memory in 18 month old rats. Pure flavanols and pure anthocyanins were observed to induce significant improvements in spatial working memory (p=0.002 and p=0.006 respectively), to a similar extent to that following blueberry supplementation (p=0.002). These behavioral changes were paralleled by increases in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (R=0.46, p<0.01), suggesting a common mechanism for the enhancement of memory. However, unlike protein levels of BDNF, the regional enhancement of BDNF mRNA expression in the hippocampus appeared to be predominantly enhanced by anthocyanins. Our data support the claim that flavonoids are likely causal agents in mediating the cognitive effects of flavonoid-rich foods.
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The relationship between developmental experiences, and an individuals emerging beliefs about themselves and the world, is central to many forms of psychotherapy. People suffering from a variety of mental health problems have been shown to use negative memories when defining the self, however little is known about how these negative memories might be organised and relate to negative self-images. In two online studies with middle-aged (N = 18; Study 1) and young (N = 56; Study 2) adults, we found that participants negative self-images (e.g., I am a failure) were associated with sets of autobiographical memories that formed clustered distributions around times of self-formation, in much the same pattern as for positive self-images (e.g., I am talented). This novel result shows that highly organised sets of salient memories may be responsible for perpetuating negative beliefs about the self. Implications for therapy are discussed.
