Estudio sobre la variación perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales : Marcas del contacto lingüístico

El trabajo presenta un análisis cualitativo-cuantitativo del uso variable del perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales, de acuerdo con la perspectiva Etnopragmática desarrollada por García 1990, 1995; Martínez 1995, 2000; Mauder 2000. Se considera la singularidad de una variedad en situación de contacto lingüístico: la del español en contacto con el aymara y el quechua, y se indaga sobre las transformaciones que pueden producirse cuando diferentes lenguas -diferentes visiones de mundo- entran en contacto. En relación con esto, veremos que la presencia, tanto en la lengua quechua como en la lengua aymara, de un sistema evidencial gramaticalizado podría influir en la variación del perfecto simple y compuesto en los discursos de Morales, en particular, que la presencia de la forma del perfecto compuesto podría funcionar como una marca de evidencia directa y su uso contribuiría a la estrategia discursiva del orador de mostrar ciertos hechos de la historia de Bolivia como cercanos a su vivencia y experiencia personales, marcando un mayor grado compromiso con respecto a la veracidad de lo que enuncia. De esta manera, el orador consigue aunar su voz con la de los pueblos originarios, formar parte de los grupos discriminados y excluidos de la historia de su país y así, contar con su apoyo y acompañamiento durante su mandato.

Estudio sobre la variación perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales : Marcas del contacto lingüístico

El trabajo presenta un análisis cualitativo-cuantitativo del uso variable del perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales, de acuerdo con la perspectiva Etnopragmática desarrollada por García 1990, 1995; Martínez 1995, 2000; Mauder 2000. Se considera la singularidad de una variedad en situación de contacto lingüístico: la del español en contacto con el aymara y el quechua, y se indaga sobre las transformaciones que pueden producirse cuando diferentes lenguas -diferentes visiones de mundo- entran en contacto. En relación con esto, veremos que la presencia, tanto en la lengua quechua como en la lengua aymara, de un sistema evidencial gramaticalizado podría influir en la variación del perfecto simple y compuesto en los discursos de Morales, en particular, que la presencia de la forma del perfecto compuesto podría funcionar como una marca de evidencia directa y su uso contribuiría a la estrategia discursiva del orador de mostrar ciertos hechos de la historia de Bolivia como cercanos a su vivencia y experiencia personales, marcando un mayor grado compromiso con respecto a la veracidad de lo que enuncia. De esta manera, el orador consigue aunar su voz con la de los pueblos originarios, formar parte de los grupos discriminados y excluidos de la historia de su país y así, contar con su apoyo y acompañamiento durante su mandato.

Estudio sobre la variación perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales : Marcas del contacto lingüístico

El trabajo presenta un análisis cualitativo-cuantitativo del uso variable del perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales, de acuerdo con la perspectiva Etnopragmática desarrollada por García 1990, 1995; Martínez 1995, 2000; Mauder 2000. Se considera la singularidad de una variedad en situación de contacto lingüístico: la del español en contacto con el aymara y el quechua, y se indaga sobre las transformaciones que pueden producirse cuando diferentes lenguas -diferentes visiones de mundo- entran en contacto. En relación con esto, veremos que la presencia, tanto en la lengua quechua como en la lengua aymara, de un sistema evidencial gramaticalizado podría influir en la variación del perfecto simple y compuesto en los discursos de Morales, en particular, que la presencia de la forma del perfecto compuesto podría funcionar como una marca de evidencia directa y su uso contribuiría a la estrategia discursiva del orador de mostrar ciertos hechos de la historia de Bolivia como cercanos a su vivencia y experiencia personales, marcando un mayor grado compromiso con respecto a la veracidad de lo que enuncia. De esta manera, el orador consigue aunar su voz con la de los pueblos originarios, formar parte de los grupos discriminados y excluidos de la historia de su país y así, contar con su apoyo y acompañamiento durante su mandato.

A simplified finite element model for assessing steel fibre reinforced concrete structural performance

The present numerical investigation offers evidence concerning the validity and objectivity of the predictions of a simple, yet practical, finite element model concerning the responses of steel fibre reinforced concrete structural elements under static monotonic and cyclic loading. Emphasis is focused on realistically describing the fully brittle tensile behaviour of plain concrete and the contribution of steel fibres on the post-cracking behaviour it exhibits. The good correlation exhibited between the numerical predictions and their experimental counterparts reveals that, despite its simplicity, the subject model is capable of providing realistic predictions concerning the response of steel fibre reinforced concrete structural configurations exhibiting both ductile and brittle modes of failure without requiring recalibration.

Computational solid mechanics using a vertex-based finite volume method

A number of research groups are now developing and using finite volume (FV) methods for computational solid mechanics (CSM). These methods are proving to be equivalent and in some cases superior to their finite element (FE) counterparts. In this paper we will describe a vertex-based FV method with arbitrarily structured meshes, for modelling the elasto-plastic deformation of solid materials undergoing small strains in complex geometries. Comparisons with rational FE methods will be given.

Asymptotic scattering and duality in the one-dimensional three-state quantum Potts model on a lattice

We determine numerically the single-particle and the two-particle spectrum of the three-state quantum Potts model on a lattice by using the density matrix renormalization group method, and extract information on the asymptotic (small momentum) S-matrix of the quasiparticles. The low energy part of the finite size spectrum can be understood in terms of a simple effective model introduced in a previous work, and is consistent with an asymptotic S-matrix of an exchange form below a momentum scale p*. This scale appears to vanish faster than the Compton scale, mc, as one approaches the critical point, suggesting that a dangerously irrelevant operator may be responsible for the behaviour observed on the lattice.

Braid groups, mapping class groups, and Torelli groups

This thesis discusses subgroups of mapping class groups of particular surfaces. First, we study the Torelli group, that is, the subgroup of the mapping class group that acts trivially on the first homology. We investigate generators of the Torelli group, and we give an algorithm that factorizes elements of the Torelli group into products of particular generators. Furthermore, we investigate normal closures of powers of standard generators of the mapping class group of a punctured sphere. By using the Jones representation, we prove that in most cases these normal closures have infinite index in the mapping class group. We prove a similar result for the hyperelliptic mapping class group, that is, the group that consists of mapping classes that commute with a fixed hyperelliptic involution. As a corollary, we recover an older theorem of Coxeter (with 2 exceptional cases), which states that the normal closure of the m-th power of standard generators of the braid group has infinite index in the braid group. Finally, we study finite index subgroups of braid groups, namely, congruence subgroups of braid groups. We discuss presentations of these groups and we provide a topological interpretation of their generating sets.

Motivic Decomposition of Projective Pseudo-Homogeneous Varieties

Let G be a semi-simple algebraic group over a field k. Projective G-homogeneous varieties are projective varieties over which G acts transitively. The stabilizer or the isotropy subgroup at a point on such a variety is a parabolic subgroup which is always smooth when the characteristic of k is zero. However, when k has positive characteristic, we encounter projective varieties with transitive G-action where the isotropy subgroup need not be smooth. We call these varieties projective pseudo-homogeneous varieties. To every such variety, we can associate a corresponding projective homogeneous variety. In this thesis, we extensively study the Chow motives (with coefficients from a finite connected ring) of projective pseudo-homogeneous varieties for G inner type over k and compare them to the Chow motives of the corresponding projective homogeneous varieties. This is done by proving a generic criterion for the motive of a variety to be isomorphic to the motive of a projective homogeneous variety which works for any characteristic of k. As a corollary, we give some applications and examples of Chow motives that exhibit an interesting phenomenon. We also show that the motives of projective pseudo-homogeneous varieties satisfy properties such as Rost Nilpotence and Krull-Schmidt.

Objective evaluation of surgical competency for minimally invasive surgery with a collection of simple tests

Objective: This study aims at determining if a collection of 16 motor tests on a physical simulator can objectively discriminate and evaluate practitioners' competency level, i.e. novice, resident, and expert. Methods: An experimental design with three study groups (novice, resident, and expert) was developed to test the evaluation power of each of the 16 simple tests. An ANOVA and a Student Newman-Keuls (SNK) test were used to analyze results of each test to determine which of them can discriminate participants' competency level. Results: Four of the 16 tests used discriminated all of the three competency levels and 15 discriminated at least two of the three groups (α= 0.05). Moreover, other two tests differentiate beginners\' level from intermediate, and other seven tests differentiate intermediate level from expert. Conclusion: The competency level of a practitioner of minimally invasive surgery can be evaluated by a specific collection of basic tests in a physical surgical simulator. Reduction of the number of tests needed to discriminate the competency level of surgeons can be the aim of future research.

Numerical invariants for measurable cocycles

The theory of numerical invariants for representations can be generalized to measurable cocycles. This provides a natural notion of maximality for cocycles associated to complex hyperbolic lattices with values in groups of Hermitian type. Among maximal cocycles, the class of Zariski dense ones turns out to have a rigid behavior. An alternative implementation of numerical invariants can be given by using equivariant maps at the level of boundaries and by exploiting the Burger-Monod approach to bounded cohomology. Due to their crucial role in this theory, we prove existence results in two different contexts. Precisely, we construct boundary maps for non-elementary cocycles into the isometry group of CAT(0)-spaces of finite telescopic dimension and for Zariski dense cocycles into simple Lie groups. Then we approach numerical invariants. Our first goal is to study cocycles from complex hyperbolic lattices into the Hermitian group SU(p,q). Following the theory recently developed by Moraschini and Savini, we define the Toledo invariant by using the pullback along cocycles, also by involving boundary maps. For cocycles Γ × X → SU(p,q) with 1finite dimensional version of PU(p,q). We show that maximal cocycles are reducible, namely that, modulo cohomology, their image is contained in a finite dimensional algebraic subgroup of PU(p,∞). Finally, we classify Zariski dense measurable cocycles Γ × X → G from finitely generated groups into Hermitian groups not of tube-type. Precisely, we show that the pullback of the Kahler class completely determines the cohomology class of such cocycles.

Finite group lattice gauge theories for quantum simulation

The present manuscript focuses on Lattice Gauge Theories based on finite groups. For the purpose of Quantum Simulation, the Hamiltonian approach is considered, while the finite group serves as a discretization scheme for the degrees of freedom of the gauge fields. Several aspects of these models are studied. First, we investigate dualities in Abelian models with a restricted geometry, using a systematic approach. This leads to a rich phase diagram dependent on the super-selection sectors. Second, we construct a family of lattice Hamiltonians for gauge theories with a finite group, either Abelian or non-Abelian. We show that is possible to express the electric term as a natural graph Laplacian, and that the physical Hilbert space can be explicitly built using spin network states. In both cases we perform numerical simulations in order to establish the correctness of the theoretical results and further investigate the models.

Design, Synthesis And Biological Evaluation Of Hybrid Bioisoster Derivatives Of N-acylhydrazone And Furoxan Groups With Potential And Selective Anti-trypanosoma Cruzi Activity.

Hybrid bioisoster derivatives from N-acylhydrazones and furoxan groups were designed with the objective of obtaining at least a dual mechanism of action: cruzain inhibition and nitric oxide (NO) releasing activity. Fifteen designed compounds were synthesized varying the substitution in N-acylhydrazone and in furoxan group as well. They had its anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity in amastigotes forms, NO releasing potential and inhibitory cruzain activity evaluated. The two most active compounds (6, 14) both in the parasite amastigotes and in the enzyme contain the nitro group in para position of the aromatic ring. The permeability screening in Caco-2 cell and cytotoxicity assay in human cells were performed for those most active compounds and both showed to be less cytotoxic than the reference drug, benznidazole. Compound 6 was the most promising, since besides activity it showed good permeability and selectivity index, higher than the reference drug. Thereby the compound 6 was considered as a possible candidate for additional studies.

De Novo Assembly And Transcriptome Analysis Of The Rubber Tree (hevea Brasiliensis) And Snp Markers Development For Rubber Biosynthesis Pathways.

Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. Ex Adr. Juss.) Muell.-Arg. is the primary source of natural rubber that is native to the Amazon rainforest. The singular properties of natural rubber make it superior to and competitive with synthetic rubber for use in several applications. Here, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of H. brasiliensis bark on the Illumina GAIIx platform, which generated 179,326,804 raw reads on the Illumina GAIIx platform. A total of 50,384 contigs that were over 400 bp in size were obtained and subjected to further analyses. A similarity search against the non-redundant (nr) protein database returned 32,018 (63%) positive BLASTx hits. The transcriptome analysis was annotated using the clusters of orthologous groups (COG), gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Pfam databases. A search for putative molecular marker was performed to identify simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In total, 17,927 SSRs and 404,114 SNPs were detected. Finally, we selected sequences that were identified as belonging to the mevalonate (MVA) and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathways, which are involved in rubber biosynthesis, to validate the SNP markers. A total of 78 SNPs were validated in 36 genotypes of H. brasiliensis. This new dataset represents a powerful information source for rubber tree bark genes and will be an important tool for the development of microsatellites and SNP markers for use in future genetic analyses such as genetic linkage mapping, quantitative trait loci identification, investigations of linkage disequilibrium and marker-assisted selection.

Comparative Cytogenetics Of Physalaemus albifrons And Physalaemus Cuvieri Species Groups (anura, leptodactylidae).

Recently, Physalaemus albifrons (Spix, 1824) was relocated from the Physalaemus cuvieri group to the same group as Physalaemus biligonigerus (Cope, 1861), Physalaemus marmoratus (Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862) and Physalaemus santafecinus Barrio, 1965. To contribute to the analysis of this proposition, we studied the karyotypes of Physalaemus albifrons, Physalaemus santafecinus and three species of the Physalaemus cuvieri group. The karyotype of Physalaemus santafecinus was found to be very similar to those of Physalaemus biligonigerus and Physalaemus marmoratus, which were previously described. A remarkable characteristic that these three species share is a conspicuous C-band that extends from the pericentromeric region almost to the telomere in the short arm of chromosome 3. This characteristic is not present in the Physalaemus albifrons karyotype and could be a synapomorphy of Physalaemus biligonigerus, Physalaemus marmoratus and Physalaemus santafecinus. The karyotype of Physalaemus santafecinus is also similar to those of Physalaemus marmoratus and Physalaemus biligonigerus owing to the presence of several terminal C-bands and the distal localization of the NOR in a small metacentric chromosome. In contrast, the Physalaemus albifrons karyotype has no terminal C-bands and its NOR is located interstitially in the long arm of submetacentric chromosome 8. The NOR-bearing chromosome of Physalaemus albifrons very closely resembles those found in Physalaemus albonotatus (Steindachner, 1864), Physalaemus cuqui Lobo, 1993 and some populations of Physalaemus cuvieri Fitzinger, 1826. Additionally, the Physalaemus albifrons karyotype has an interstitial C-band in chromosome 5 that has been exclusively observed in species of the Physalaemus cuvieri group. Therefore, we were not able to identify any chromosomal feature that supports the reallocation of Physalaemus albifrons.

Photoelastic And Finite Element Analyses Of Occlusal Loads In Mandibular Body.

This study proposed to evaluate the mandibular biomechanics in the posterior dentition based on experimental and computational analyses. The analyses were performed on a model of human mandible, which was modeled by epoxy resin for photoelastic analysis and by computer-aided design for finite element analysis. To standardize the evaluation, specific areas were determined at the lateral surface of mandibular body. The photoelastic analysis was configured through a vertical load on the first upper molar and fixed support at the ramus of mandible. The same configuration was used in the computer simulation. Force magnitudes of 50, 100, 150, and 200 N were applied to evaluate the bone stress. The stress results presented similar distribution in both analyses, with the more intense stress being at retromolar area and oblique line and alveolar process at molar level. This study presented the similarity of results in the experimental and computational analyses and, thus, showed the high importance of morphology biomechanical characterization at posterior dentition.