Statistical Machine Learning Techniques for the Prediction of Learning Disabilities in School-Age Children

Learning Disability (LD) is a general term that describes specific kinds of learning problems. It is a neurological condition that affects a child's brain and impairs his ability to carry out one or many specific tasks. The learning disabled children are neither slow nor mentally retarded. This disorder can make it problematic for a child to learn as quickly or in the same way as some child who isn't affected by a learning disability. An affected child can have normal or above average intelligence. They may have difficulty paying attention, with reading or letter recognition, or with mathematics. It does not mean that children who have learning disabilities are less intelligent. In fact, many children who have learning disabilities are more intelligent than an average child. Learning disabilities vary from child to child. One child with LD may not have the same kind of learning problems as another child with LD. There is no cure for learning disabilities and they are life-long. However, children with LD can be high achievers and can be taught ways to get around the learning disability. In this research work, data mining using machine learning techniques are used to analyze the symptoms of LD, establish interrelationships between them and evaluate the relative importance of these symptoms. To increase the diagnostic accuracy of learning disability prediction, a knowledge based tool based on statistical machine learning or data mining techniques, with high accuracy,according to the knowledge obtained from the clinical information, is proposed. The basic idea of the developed knowledge based tool is to increase the accuracy of the learning disability assessment and reduce the time used for the same. Different statistical machine learning techniques in data mining are used in the study. Identifying the important parameters of LD prediction using the data mining techniques, identifying the hidden relationship between the symptoms of LD and estimating the relative significance of each symptoms of LD are also the parts of the objectives of this research work. The developed tool has many advantages compared to the traditional methods of using check lists in determination of learning disabilities. For improving the performance of various classifiers, we developed some preprocessing methods for the LD prediction system. A new system based on fuzzy and rough set models are also developed for LD prediction. Here also the importance of pre-processing is studied. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) is designed for developing an integrated knowledge based tool for prediction of LD as well as its degree. The designed tool stores the details of the children in the student database and retrieves their LD report as and when required. The present study undoubtedly proves the effectiveness of the tool developed based on various machine learning techniques. It also identifies the important parameters of LD and accurately predicts the learning disability in school age children. This thesis makes several major contributions in technical, general and social areas. The results are found very beneficial to the parents, teachers and the institutions. They are able to diagnose the child’s problem at an early stage and can go for the proper treatments/counseling at the correct time so as to avoid the academic and social losses.

Social Structural Determinants of Education among Tribes in Kerala

The study is focused on education of tribes particularly the problem of high dropout rate existing among the tribal students at school level. Scheduled Tribe is one of the marginalized communities experiencing high level of educational deprivation. The analysis of the study shows that the extent of deprivation existing among STs of Kerala is much higher compared to that of other communities. The present study covered tribes of three tribal predominant districts of Kerala such as Idukki, Palakkad and Wayanad. Out of the 35 tribal communities in the State, 17 of them are concentrated in these districts. Tribes concentrated in Idukki include Muthuvans, Malai Arayan, Uraly, Mannan and Hill Pulaya. The present study analyzed dropouts situation in tribal areas of Kerala by conducting Field Survey among dropout and non-dropout students at school level. High dropouts among STs persist due to many problems which are of structural in nature. Important problems faced by the tribal students that have been analyzed, this can be classified as economic, social, cultural and institutional. It is found that there exists high correlation between Income and expenditure of the family with the well-being of individuals. Significant economic factors are poverty and financial indebtedness of the family. Some of the common cultural factors of tribes are Nature of Habitation, Difference in Dialect and Medium of Instruction etc. Social factors analyzed in the study are illiteracy of parents, migration of family, family environment, motivation by parents, activities engaged in for helping the family and students’ lack of interest in studies. The analysis showed that all these factors except migration of the family, are affecting the education of tribal students. Apart from social, economic and cultural factors, there are a few institutional factors which will also influence the education of tribal students. Institutional factors analyzed in the study include students’ absenteeism, irregularity of teachers, attitude of non-tribal teachers and non-tribal students, infrastructure facilities and accessibility to school. The study found irregularity of students and accessibility to school as significant factors which determine the dropout of the students.

Social capital and the role of trust in aspirations for higher education

This paper considers the role of social capital and trust in the aspirations for higher education of a group of socially disadvantaged girls. Drawing on data from a longitudinal, ethnographic case study of an underperforming secondary school, the paper considers current conceptualisations of social capital and its role in educational ambitions. The paper concludes by tentatively suggesting that whilst social capital is extremely helpful in explaining differences within groups, trust appears to be a pre-requisite for the investment and generation of social capital, as opposed to the other way around. The paper also suggests that young people are not necessarily dependent on their families for their social capital but are able to generate capital in their own right.

Percepções de professores das dificuldades na prática docente em classes especiais de alunos treináveis nas escolas municipais do Rio de Janeiro

O objetivo desse estudo foi detectar as dificuldades percebidas pelas professoras de classes especiais de alunos deficientes mentais treináveis, da rede municipal de ensino do Rio de Janeiro, no exercício de suas atividades docentes. Procurou-se investigar como as professoras percebem suas dificuldades na prática docente: no sistema escolar, no professor ou no aluno e relacionar a influência da formação acadêmica e da experiência profissional nas percepções destas dificuldades. Foram envolvidas no estudo as vinte e quatro professoras, responsáveis pelo atendimento às classes de deficientes mentais treináveis da rede pública do Rio de Janeiro respondendo um questionário e participando de entrevista. Na validação do instrumento considerou-se a opinião de cinco juízes acerca do conteúdo e os resultados obtidos numa aplicação preliminar. Os resultados apurados indicaram uma tendência das professoras a perceberem as dificuldades principalmente na categoria sistema escolar e nas categorias associadas aluno e sistema escolar e não perceberem suas dificuldades nas categorias aluno e professor isoladamente. A pesquisa revelou a influência da formação acadêmica e da experiência profissional no sentido de que as professoras com formação de nível superior percebem as dificuldades na categoria sistema escolar, as com mais anos de magistério percebem as dificuldades na categoria sistema escolar e nas categorias associadas aluno e sistema escolar e as com maior experiência em classes especiais percebem as dificuldades na categoria sistema escolar.

Excepcionais: um estudo sobre a relação professora-aluno

A dissertação visou ao estudo da relação da professora com o aluno portador de deficiência mental. Tendo como fundamento a teoria da comunicação em Gregory Bateson, organizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa de base de fenomenológica, com o objetivo de verificar o comportamento e a comunicação entre professora e aluno, na situação natural em que ocorrem – a sala de aula. Foram observadas onze professores e trinta e dois alunos, em três escolas para excepcionais. Partiu-se do pressuposto de que esta é uma relação de infantilização, que dificulta a auto-percepção do aluno. Inicialmente, o assunto foi situado nos temas mais amplos, que são educação e a questão do excepcional. Observou-se que o autoritarismo e a tendência à uniformização dos comportamentos, a qual é consequência da negação da diferença, mostram-se mais nocivos quando aplicados ao excepcional. Não permitem o reconhecimento da deficiência e a evolução do indivíduo, através da consciência de seus limites. Fica o aluno infantilizado, impedido de crescer como pessoa autônoma. Após as observações, analisando=se as comunicações professora-aluno, verificou-se que estas se inseriram em dez categorias, nas quais predominava o autoritarismo. A professora detinha os controles e determinava as respostas certas, sem flexibilidade neste julgamento. Evidenciou-se uma dificuldade em discernir entre limites educacionais e controles autoritariamente impostos. Os alunos agiam e reagiam dentro destes mesmos princípios, dividindo-se entre os que aceitavam o modelo determinado e os “alunos-problema” que resistiam em aceitar as regras. A educação do excepcional transforma-se num paradoxo, pois a autonomia, que é seu objetivo, significa, neste caso, submissão, tendo em vista que o aluno é orientado dentro de quadros rígidos. Conclui-se pela importância da dinâmica dos processos relacionais e de como eles influenciam o comportamento dos sujeito, mostrando-se a necessidade de reflexão sobre estes aspectos.

The impact of structured teaching methods on the quality of education

This paper estimates the impact of the use of structured methods on the quality of education of the students in primary public school in Brazil. Structure methods encompass a range of pedagogical and managerial instruments applied to the education system. In recent years, several municipalities in the State of São Paulo have contracted out private educational providers to implement these structured methods in their schooling system. Their pedagogical proposal involves structuring curriculum contents, elaboration and use of teachers and students textbooks, and training and supervision of the teachers and instructors. Using a difference in differences estimation strategy, we find that the fourth and eighth grader students in the municipalities with structured methods performed better in Portuguese and Math than students in municipalities not exposed to the methods. We find no differences in approval rates. However, a robustness check is not able to discard the possibility that unobserved municipal characteristics may affect the results.

Some results on stability of retarded functional differential equations using dichotomic map techniques

This paper deals with the study of the stability of nonautonomous retarded functional differential equations using the theory of dichotomic maps. After some preliminaries, we prove the theorems on simple and asymptotic stability. Some examples are given to illustrate the application of the method. Main results about asymptotic stability of the equation x′(t) = -b(t)x(t - r) and of its nonlinear generalization x′(t) = b(t) f (x(t - r)) are established. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Policies and practices for the use of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in education in Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

In search of the autonomous and critical individual: a philosophical and pedagogical analysis of the physical education curriculum of São Paulo (Brazil)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

School inclusion: analyzing the establishment and organization of a special needs education service in a brazilian municipality

The present research integrates a network of studies called National Monitoring Center for Special Education (NMCSE) which studies the Multi-purpose Feature Rooms (MFRs) in regular schools. We aim to investigate whether the service offered by such rooms, maintained by the Department of Education of the Municipality of Araraquara, in São Paulo State, Brazil, is being successful at supporting the education of children and youth with special needs, pervasive developmental disorders and high skilled/gifted individuals. We have also investigated the limits and possibilities of such rooms concerning the set of services offered to their participants. In order to conduct the present research, we have performed: an interview with the Special Education Program manager from the abovementioned Department of Education; and the analysis of a Training Program that MFRs teachers must take. The training program consists of ten morning and afternoon shift meetings. The analyzed data leads us to conclude that the policy of implementation of MFRs, even in this relatively restricted universe is seen from different perspectives. Some interpretations are still permeated by the clinical model, considering individual action. The challenges observed in the classrooms show that the cooperation among teachers still occur randomly and, among other difficulties raised by them, is the selection of the right placement methods to identify eligible students who will benefit from the Specialized Educational Service (SES). In addition, teaching evaluation was considered fragile, as well as the training and the general requirements demanded in order to achieve the expected results.

Volunteer-based coral reef monitoring: reliability of data, environmental education and implications for conservation

Coral reefs are the most biodiverse ecosystems of the ocean and they provide notable ecosystem services. Nowadays, they are facing a number of local anthropogenic threats and environmental change is threatening their survivorship on a global scale. Large-scale monitoring is necessary to understand environmental changes and to perform useful conservation measurements. Governmental agencies are often underfunded and are not able of sustain the necessary spatial and temporal large-scale monitoring. To overcome the economic constrains, in some cases scientists can engage volunteers in environmental monitoring. Citizen Science enables the collection and analysis of scientific data at larger spatial and temporal scales than otherwise possible, addressing issues that are otherwise logistically or financially unfeasible. “STE: Scuba Tourism for the Environment” was a volunteer-based Red Sea coral reef biodiversity monitoring program. SCUBA divers and snorkelers were involved in the collection of data for 72 taxa, by completing survey questionnaires after their dives. In my thesis, I evaluated the reliability of the data collected by volunteers, comparing their questionnaires with those completed by professional scientists. Validation trials showed a sufficient level of reliability, indicating that non-specialists performed similarly to conservation volunteer divers on accurate transects. Using the data collected by volunteers, I developed a biodiversity index that revealed spatial trends across surveyed areas. The project results provided important feedbacks to the local authorities on the current health status of Red Sea coral reefs and on the effectiveness of the environmental management. I also analysed the spatial and temporal distribution of each surveyed taxa, identifying abundance trends related with anthropogenic impacts. Finally, I evaluated the effectiveness of the project to increase the environmental education of volunteers and showed that the participation in STEproject significantly increased both the knowledge on coral reef biology and ecology and the awareness of human behavioural impacts on the environment.

Principles of education : drawn from nature and revelation and applied to female education in the upper classes /

Photocopy.

The Indiana survey of religious education.

"Made under the direction of Walter S. Athearn."

The Journal of rural education.

No more published.

University of Iowa studies in education.

V.2- 1921- University of Iowa studies in education (on cover: Studies in education)