La argumentación en discursos jurídicos: análisis pragmagramatical del español

La convivencia entre los distintos miembros de una sociedad provoca la aparición de conflictos que pueden ser solucionados mediante el Derecho. En todo conflicto existen, al menos, dos versiones de una misma historia, pero solo una de ellas es la más verdadera. Por este motivo, y para demostrar su propia verdad, el abogado no solo debe conocer las normas que regulan la intervención judicial, sino que debe saber cómo utilizar la lengua de forma estratégica para lograr convencer al juez de que su punto de vista es mejor que el que ha planteado la oposición. Esto no significa, de ningún modo, que los abogados utilicen de forma incorrecta el lenguaje, sino que deben conocerlo en el sentido apuntado porque así aumentarán sus posibilidades de ganar el pleito. En este sentido, el fin último de esta investigación pretende demostrar que Lenguaje y Derecho son dos realidades estrechamente vinculadas, mientras que el propósito principal es investigar el discurso jurídico desde una perspectiva comunicativa, lingüística y argumentativa. Se trata de un enfoque novedoso que difiere de los que se han realizado hasta el momento en obras relacionadas con este tipo de discurso. Por un lado, queremos demostrar que los abogados recurren inconscientemente a distintas estrategias retórico-pragmáticas con la intención de probar que la parte contraria miente y de dañar su imagen pública, convenciendo de este modo al juez para que se pronuncie acerca de la inocencia o la culpabilidad del acusado. Por otro lado, mostramos que la parte que ejerce la defensa se encuentra claramente en desventaja durante todo el proceso judicial, motivo por el que prepara conscientemente su intervención. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación, analizamos algunas de las teorías sintácticas y pragmáticas más relevantes con el objetivo de proponer un modelo analítico que combine todas ellas y lo aplicamos a un corpus de estudio que contiene la transcripción íntegra de diez procesos judiciales reales tramitados por los Juzgados de Barcelona entre febrero de 2009 y junio de 2010 para comprobar si nuestras hipótesis son ciertas.

Nicaragua y el Lawfare: el derecho internacional como sucedáneo de la guerra

El interés de esta monografía es evaluar la relación entre el derecho internacional, la guerra y la política exterior a la luz del concepto de lawfare. Esta relación se evalúa a la luz del caso de las relaciones de Nicaragua con sus vecinos. Se analiza y explican las distintas nociones de derecho internacional desarrolladas por las teorías de Relaciones y sus limitaciones; la utilización de la guerra jurídica como estrategia sustitutiva de la guerra material en el caso de Nicaragua. Utilizando el concepto desarrollado por Charles Dunlap, el trabajo busca demostrar que el lawfare explica algunas relaciones entre derecho, guerra, y relaciones internacionales que las teorías clásicas no pueden y, adicionalmente da razón de las acciones de Nicaragua mediante la utilización del Derecho Internacional.

Legitimidad del régimen de estampillas departamentales en Colombia

Análisis de la dinámica legitimadora de la Corte Constitucional en el tributo de estampillas, considerado desde la jurisdicción departamental, en el Estado colombiano.

EL REASEGURO MARÍTIMO: especial referencia al ordenamiento jurídico español e italiano

El estudio del reaseguro puede abordarse desde múltiples puntos de vista (actuarial, financiero, jurídico...) para hacer frente a las cuestiones y a los problemas de diversa índole derivados del mismo. En el presente trabajo de investigación se examina la configuración jurídica del contrato de reaseguro como técnica de transferencia de riesgos y, en particular, el examen se centra en los riesgos de la navegación marítima. La relevancia del reaseguro marítimo se explica por su utilidad especialmente en el comercio internacional ya que sin este contrato ninguna actividad de transporte ni aseguradora podría llevarse a cabo. La especialidad y la gravedad de los riesgos asociados a la navegación junto con la entidad de los siniestros acaecidos en el mar impide que los cuantiosos gastos sean asumidos por la empresa de la navegación o que las elevadas indemnizaciones sean abonadas exclusivamente por una sola empresa aseguradora. La tesis aborda, con especial atención, aspectos esenciales de la estructura de esta institución mercantil como la relación con el seguro marítimo del que trae causa, los riesgos e intereses, las funciones y los principios, entre otros muchos. A lo largo del texto se ofrece un análisis de Derecho comparado recurriendo a la legislación, la doctrina y la jurisprudencia de España e Italia pero, atendiendo al carácter eminentemente internacional del contrato y con el objetivo de ofrecer un tratamiento sistemáticamente completo de la materia, también se han incluido referencias a otros sistemas jurídicos. El tratamiento del reaseguro, desde una perspectiva jurídica, obliga además a tener en cuenta las cláusulas de los contratos como expresión de la práctica profesional y de la realidad del Derecho del seguro privado.

O projeto museográfico da exposição Cartografia de uma história - São Paulo colonial: mapas e relatos

Este artigo apresenta o projeto museográfico da exposição Cartografia de uma história, inaugurada no Museu Paulista da Universidade de São Paulo em março de 2005. O projeto museográfico foi concebido e elaborado a partir do diálogo entre as propostas da equipe de pesquisa e os dados do perfil dos visitantes do Museu, constituindo-se assim um trabalho integrado, que buscava tratar de forma lúdica o ato de descobrir.

Monocoryne colonialis sp nov., a colonial candelabrid hydroid (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Candelabridae) from the North Pacific

Monocoryne colonialis sp. nov. is described from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. The new species is unusual among candelabrid hydroids in having a colonial growth form, differing from its congeners in the shape and size of hydranths, in having stolons that anastomose, and by having tentacles not fused or only partly fused into bract-like structures.

Biopolitics meets Terrapolitics: Political Ontologies and Governance in Settler-Colonial Australia

Crises persist in Australian Indigenous affairs because current policy approaches do not address the intersection of Indigenous and European political worlds. This paper responds to this challenge by providing a heuristic device for delineating Settler and Indigenous Australian political ontologies and considering their interaction. It first evokes Settler and Aboriginal ontologies as respectively biopolitical (focused through life) and terrapolitical (focused through land). These ideal types help to identify important differences that inform current governance challenges. The paper discusses the entwinement of these traditions as a story of biopolitical dominance wherein Aboriginal people are governed as an “included-exclusion” within the Australian political community. Despite the overall pattern of dominance, this same entwinement offers possibilities for exchange between biopolitics and terrapolitics, and hence for breaking the recurrent crises of Indigenous affairs.

Larval activity levels and delayed metamorphosis affect post-larval performance in the colonial, ascidian Diplosoma listerianum

It is becoming widely recognized that extending the larval period of marine invertebrates, especially of species with non-feeding larvae, can affect post-larval performance. As these carry-over effects are presumed to be caused by the depletion of larval energy reserves, we predicted that the level of larval activity would also affect post-larval performance. This prediction was tested with the cosmopolitan colonial ascidian Diplosoma listerianum in field experiments in southern Australia. Diplosoma larvae, brooded in the parent colony, are competent to settle immediately after spawning, and they remain competent to metamorphose for > 15 h. Some larvae were induced to metamorphose 0 to 6 h after release, whilst others were induced to swim actively by alternating light and dark periods for up to 3 h prior to metamorphosis. Juvenile colonies were then transplanted to a subtidal field site in Port Phillip Bay and left to grow for up to 3 wk. Extending the larval period and increasing the amount of swimming both produced carry-over effects on post-larval performance. Colonies survived at different rates among experiments, but larval experience did not affect survival rates. Delays in metamorphosis and increased swimming activity did, however, reduce colony growth rates dramatically, resulting in 50% fewer zooids per colony. Moreover, such colonies produced initial zooids with smaller feeding structures, with the width of branchial baskets reduced by 10 to 15%. These differences in branchial basket size persisted and were still apparent in newly budded zooids 3 wk after metamorphosis. Our results suggest that, for D. listerianum, larval maintenance, swimming, and metamorphosis all use energy from a common pool, and increases in the allocation to maintenance or swimming come at the expense of post-larval performance.

Offspring size affects the post-metamorphic performance of a colonial marine invertebrate

The positive relationship between offspring size and offspring fitness is a fundamental assumption of life-history theory, but it has received relatively little attention in the marine environment. This is surprising given that substantial intraspecific variation in offspring size is common in marine organisms and there are clear links between larval experience and adult performance. The metamorphosis of most marine invertebrates does not represent a newbeginning, and larval experiences can have effects that carry over to juvenile survival and growth. We show that larval size can have equally important carryover effects in a colonial marine invertebrate. In the bryozoan Bugula neritina, the size of the non-feeding larvae has a prolonged effect on colony performance after metamorphosis. Colonies that came from larger larvae survived better, grew faster, and reproduced sooner or produced more embryos than colonies that came from smaller larvae. These effects crossed generations, with colonies from larger larvae themselves producing larger larvae. These effects were found in two populations (in Australia and in the United States) in contrasting habitats.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitory activities of indolylalkaloid toxins from the venom of the colonial spider Parawixia bistriata: Functional characterization of PwTX-I

Colonial spiders evolved a differential prey-capture behaviour in concert with their venom chemistry, which may be a source of novel drugs. Some highly active tetrahydro-beta-carboline (TH beta C) toxins were recently isolated from the venom of the colonial spider Parawixia bistriata; the spiders use these toxins as part of their chemical arsenal to kill and/or paralyze preys. The major TH beta C compound isolated from this venom was identified as 6-hydroxytrypargine, also known as PwTX-I. Most natural compounds of animal origin occur in low abundance, and the natural abundance of PwTX-I is insufficient for complete functional characterization. Thus, PwTx-I was synthesized using a Pictet-Spengler condensation strategy, and the stereoisomers of the synthetic toxin were separated by chiral chromatography. The fraction of venom containing a mixture of three natural TH beta C toxins and enantiomers of PwTx-I were analyzed for inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and -B and for toxicity to insects. We reveal that the mixture of the natural TH beta C toxins, as well as the enantiomers of PwTx-I, were non-competitive inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B and caused potent paralysis of honeybees. The (-)-PwTX-I enantiomer is 2-fold more potent than the (+)-PwTX-I enantiomer in the assays performed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Offspring size effects in the marine environment: A field test for a colonial invertebrate

A central tenet of life-history theory is the presence of a trade-off between the size and number of offspring that a female can produce for a given clutch. A crucial assumption of this trade-off is that larger offspring perform better than smaller offspring. Despite the importance of this assumption empirical, field-based tests are rare, especially for marine organisms. We tested this assumption for the marine invertebrate, Diplosoma listerianum, a colonial ascidian that commonly occurs in temperate marine communities. Colonies that came from larger larvae had larger feeding structures than colonies that came from smaller larvae. Colonies that came from larger larvae also had higher survival and growth after 2 weeks in the field than colonies that came from smaller larvae. However, after 3 weeks in the field the colonies began to fragment and we could not detect an effect of larval size. We suggest that offspring size can have strong effects on the initial recruitment of D. listerianum but because of the tendency of this species to fragment, offspring size effects are less persistent in this species than in others.

The making and the actions of the Holy Inquisition Commissioners` network in Colonial Minas Gerais

Through the study of the action of the inquisition commissioners, this article seeks to reveal the relations between the Portuguese Inquisition and the ecclesiastical structure of the Minas Gerais State Captaincy in the colonial period. The focus of the analysis will be the making and the action of the network of Holy Inquisition commissioners in the gold Captaincy. What was the profile of these commissioners? How were they recruited from the local ecclesiastical hierarchy? What was the role assigned to them in the inquisitional action that took place in Minas Gerais? How did they act? What was the relationship between the introduction of the commissioners into the local ecclesiastical structures and the commissioners` inquisitorial activities?