Editorial of "International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies Volume 3, Number 2, 2010"

In this of the International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies, the articles reveal how competing economies of knowledge, capital and values are operationalised through colonising power within inter-subjective relations. Writing in the Australian context, Greg Blyton demonstrates how tobacco was used by colonists as a means of control and exchange in their relations with Indigenous people. He focuses on the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia, in the early to mid-nineteenth century to reveal how colonists exchanged tobacco for food, safe passage and Indigenous services. Blyton suggests that these colonial practices enabled tobacco addiction to spread throughout the region, passing from one generation of Indigenous people to another. He asks us to consider the link between the colonial generation of Indigenous tobacco consumption and addiction, and Indigenous mortality rates today whereby twenty percent of deaths are attributed to smoking.

Gertrud and Louis Stern Collection 1932-1947

Gisela Simon, née Stern was born 1931, the daughter of the butcher Louis Stern (born 1891 in Abterode) and Gertrud Stern née Fackenheim (born 1898 in Halle a.d.S.). The family was deported to Theresienstadt in 1942 and immigrated to the United States after liberation.

Julius Paul Eppstein Collection 1932-1939

Letters from Max Warburg (May 1938) and Otto Hirsch (March 1939), thanking him for his contributions to Reichsvertretung and Hilfsverein. Also included are pages from a Jewish calendar for Wuerttemberg 1932/33.

Socialist Realism instead of Formalism : the Formation and Development of the Soviet Music Control System 1932-1950

Whereas it has been widely assumed in the public that the Soviet music policy system had a “top-down” structure of control and command that directly affected musical creativity, in fact my research shows that the relations between the different levels of the music policy system were vague, and the viewpoints of its representatives differed from each other. Because the representatives of the party and government organs controlling operas could not define which kind of music represented Socialist Realism, the system as it developed during the 1930s and 1940s did not function effectively enough in order to create such a centralised control of Soviet music, still less could Soviet operas fulfil the highly ambiguous aesthetics of Socialist Realism. I show that musical discussions developed as bureaucratic ritualistic arenas, where it became more important to reveal the heretical composers, making scapegoats of them, and requiring them to perform self-criticism, than to give directions on how to reach the artistic goals of Socialist Realism. When one opera was found to be unacceptable, this lead to a strengthening of control by the party leadership, which lead to more operas, one after the other, to be revealed as failures. I have studied the control of the composition, staging and reception of the opera case-studies, which remain obscure in the West despite a growing scholarly interest in them, and have created a detailed picture of the foundation and development of the Soviet music control system in 1932-1950. My detailed discussion of such case-studies as Ivan Dzerzhinskii’s The Quiet Don, Dmitrii Shostakovich’s Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District, Vano Muradeli’s The Great Friendship, Sergei Prokofiev’s Story of a Real Man, Tikhon Khrennikov’s Frol Skobeev and Evgenii Zhukovskii’s From All One’s Heart backs with documentary precision the historically revisionist model of the development of Soviet music. In February 1948, composers belonging to the elite of the Union of Soviet Composers, e.g. Dmitri Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev, were accused in a Central Committee Resolution of formalism, as been under the influence of western modernism. Accusations of formalism were connected to the criticism of the conciderable financial, material and social privileges these composers enjoyed in the leadership of the Union. With my new archival findings I give a more detailed picture of the financial background for the 1948 campaign. The independent position of the music funding organization of the Union of Soviet Composers (Muzfond) to decide on its finances was an exceptional phenomenon in the Soviet Union and contradicted the strivings to strengthen the control of Soviet music. The financial audits of the Union of Soviet Composers did not, however, change the elite status of some of its composers, except for maybe a short duration in some cases. At the same time the independence of the significal financial authorities of Soviet theatres was restricted. The cuts in the governmental funding allocated to Soviet theatres contradicted the intensified ideological demands for Soviet operas.

Osteoporosis medication dispensing for older Australian women from 2002 to 2010: Influences of publications, guidelines, marketing activities and policy

Purpose Developments in anti-osteoporosis medications (AOMs) have led to changes in guidelines and policy, which, along with media and marketing strategies, have had an impact upon the prescribing of AOM. The aim was to examine patterns of AOM dispensing in older women (aged 76–81 years at baseline) from 2002 to 2010. Methods Administrative claims data were used to describe AOM dispensing in 4649 participants (born in 1921–1926 and still alive in 2011) in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. The patterns were interpreted in the context of changes in guidelines, indications for subsidy, publications (scholarly and general media), and marketing activities. Results Total use of AOM increased from 134 DDD/1000/day in 2002 to 216 DDD/1000/day in 2007 but then decreased to 184 DDD/1000/day in 2010. Alendronate was the most commonly dispensed AOM but decreased from 2007, while use of risedronate (2002 onward), strontium ranelate (2007 onward) and zoledronic acid (2008 onward) increased. Etidronate and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) prescriptions gradually decreased over time. The decline in alendronate dispensing coincided with increases of other bisphosphonates and publicity about potential adverse effects of bisphosphonates, despite relaxing indications for bone density testing and subsidy for AOM. Conclusions Overall dispense of AOM from 2002 reached a peak in 2007 and thereafter declined despite increases in therapeutic options and improved subsidised access. The recent decline in overall AOM dispensing seems to be explained largely by negative publicity rather than specific changes in guidelines and policy.

Clathrin-independent carriers form a high capacity endocytic sorting system at the leading edge of migrating cells

Although the importance of clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytic pathways has recently emerged, key aspects of these routes remain unknown. Using quantitative ultrastructural approaches, we show that clathrin-independent carriers (CLICs) account for approximately three times the volume internalized by the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway, forming the major pathway involved in uptake of fluid and bulk membrane in fibroblasts. Electron tomographic analysis of the 3D morphology of the earliest carriers shows that they are multidomain organelles that form a complex sorting station as they mature. Proteomic analysis provides direct links between CLICs, cellular adhesion turnover, and migration. Consistent with this, CLIC-mediated endocytosis of key cargo proteins, CD44 and Thy-1, is polarized at the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts, while transient ablation of CLICs impairs their ability to migrate. These studies provide the first quantitative ultrastructural analysis and molecular characterization of the major endocytic pathway in fibroblasts, a pathway that provides rapid membrane turnover at the leading edge of migrating cells.

The language of lighting design

From 23 August until 2 October 2010, the successful Richard Kelly exhibition and symposium held at the Yale Architecture School in New Haven, US drew attention to the many contributions of this pioneering designer. Luminous opens the debate with five international lighting designers on the role and relevance of Kelly's vocabulary today.

Pengarna eller livet? : En kvalitativ och longitudinell studie om långtidsarbetslösa unga i ett aktörsperspektiv

Your money or your life? A qualitative follow-up study of the young unemployed from an actor perspective is a qualitative and longitudinal study following 36 unemployed young people in Helsinki over a span of ten years. The purpose of the study is to shed light on how a few young people view employment/unemployment and their lives and future, how they as unemployed perceive their encounters with society, and how society supports them. Four so-called key informants were followed at a finer level of empirical detail. They were chosen for the thematic interviews because of their different personalities, starting points and preferences. Although some differences were expected, what the results show is quite striking. The individual stories raise a number of questions about differences between young people, about society s view of the young unemployed, and about the principles behind the so-called activation policy and how society s support is distributed. The key informants descriptions underline that the group young unemployed does not consist of individuals who are alike but that life is complex, that paid work and unemployment can be perceived very differently, and that background and unofficial support can have consequences for self-perception and for ways of looking at the future, vocational choices, paid work and activation policy. Margaret S. Archer s theory of Morphogenesis and Barbara Cruikshank s theory of constructing democracies compose the study s theoretical framework. The key informants stories give a picture of a formal support system that, even though it puts part of the responsibility for unemployment on the individuals themselves, in the name of fairness and equality, treats them in an impersonal way, not giving their personal situation and wishes much weight. As a consequence, those who share the dominant values of society do well, while others who do not are faced with difficulties. The bigger the gap between society s and the individual s values, the bigger the risk to be met by little understanding and by penalties. And vice versa: Those who initially have the right values and know how to deal with authorities get heard and their opinions get accepted. The informants ask for a more personal encounter, which could improve both the atmosphere and the clients experiences of being heard. Still the risk of having a more individualistic system should be addressed, as a new system might generate new winners, but just as well give new losers. Finally, we have to ask if the so-called activation policy is looking for answers primarily to a macro-level problem on the micro-level. If it does not produce more jobs, its support for the unemployed will be insignificant. It is not enough to think about what to do at the grassroots level to make the system more functional and support job-seeking. If the current rate of unemployment endures, the quality of life of the unemployed should be addressed. A first step could be taken by placing less guilt on the unemployed. Instead of talking about activating the unemployed, discussion should be targeted at removing structural impediments to employment. If we want to have less polarisation between the those with paid work and those without, who often struggle with low incomes, we need to include the macro-level in the discussion. What does high unemployment mean in a work-based society, where the individual s self-perception and important social forms of support are linked to labour income? And what can be done at the macro-level to change this undesirable condition at the micro-level? Keywords: Unemployment, Youth, Public interventions, Activation policy, Individual actors, Qualitative, Longitudinal, Holistic, Helsinki, Finland

Kevätviljojen siemenviljelyn jatkuvuus K- maatalouden sopimusviljelytiloilla 2010

Maisterin tutkielman tavoitteena oli kartoittaa kevätviljojen siemenviljelyn edellytyksiä Kmaatalouden sopimusviljelytiloilla. Erityisesti oltiin kiinnostuneita kansallisen siementuotantotuen poistumisen vaikutuksesta viljeltävien lajikkeiden lukumäärään ja viljelyaloihin. Tutkielman teoriaosassa tarkasteltiin viljojen siemenviljelyä, sen erityispiirteitä Suomessa ja siihen liittyvää lainsäädäntöä, asetuksia ja maatalouspolitiikkaa. Siemenviljelyä tarkasteltiin paitsi huoltovarmuuden näkökulmasta myös viljelyn taloudellisuuden näkökulmasta. Lisäksi esitettiin sertifioidun ja tilan oman siemenen käyttöön ja laajuuteen vaikuttavia tekijöitä ja siemenen sertifiointiprosessi. Tutkimuksen aineisto perustui maaliskuussa 2010 tehtyyn lomakekyselyyn, joka lähetettiin 119 K-maatalouden sopimussiemenviljelijälle. Kyselyyn vastasi 71 viljelijää, jolloin vastausprosentiksi muodostui 60. Tutkimusmenetelminä aineiston analysoinnissa käytettiin frekvenssijakaumia, keskiarvotestejä ja Kruskall-Wallisin testiä. Tutkimustulosten mukaan kansallisen siementuotannon tuen poistuminen vuoden 2011 alussa ei näyttänyt vaikuttavan siemenviljelyn jatkuvuuteen tai jatkohalukkuuteen. Siementuotannon tukea pidettiin varsin alhaisena, joten sen vaikutus viljelyyn osoittautui vähäiseksi. Huomattavasti enemmän siemenviljelyyn näytti vaikuttavan yleinen maatalouden ja etenkin viljanviljelyn alhainen kannattavuus. Siemenviljelijät katsoivat, etteivät esimerkiksi siementuotannon tuki tai tuen poistuminen korvaa riittävästi tuotannosta aiheutunutta lisätyötä. Toisaalta harva siemenviljelijä aikoi lopettaa tuotannon, vaikka pitivät viljanviljelyä huonosti kannattavana. Tällaiseen näkemykseen saattoi olla syynä se, että viljelijöillä oli siemententuotantoon soveltuva kalusto, ammattitaito ja rutiini tuotantoon. Tutkimukseen osallistuneet viljelijät katsoivat lisäksi, että oma maatila soveltui erittäin hyvin siemententuotantoon. Suurimpana uhkana siementuotannolle kyselyyn vastanneet viljelijät pitivät hukkakauraa omilla tai naapureidensa pelloilla.

Maaseutupolitiikan YTR. Itsearviointitutkimus 2010

Maaseutupolitiikan yhteistyöryhmä on pääosin poliittis-hallinnollisessa tilassa toimiva, uusi verkostomainen hallintasommitelma, jossa on mukana myös hallinnon ulkopuolisia toimijoita ja tahoja. Kokonaisuutta nimitetään tässä YTR-verkostoksi. Itsearvioinnin tarkoituksena oli argumentoida esiin YTR-verkoston toiminnan kriittiset kohdat. Arviointitutkimuksesta vastasi Helsingin yliopiston Ruralia-instituutti ja sen toteutti 25.8. – 31.12.2010 välisenä aikana tutkimusjohtaja, dosentti Torsti Hyyryläinen. Itsearviointiin osallistui valtioneuvoston viisivuotiseksi toimikaudeksi (2008-2013) nimeämän maaseutupolitiikan yhteistyöryhmän jäseniä ja varajäseniä. Kokoavana tuloksena esitetään seuraava analyysi: 1. YTR-verkoston tiedollinen kapasiteetti on vahva. 2. YTR-verkostolla on potentiaalisesti laajat suhderesurssit mutta ne ovat alihyödynnettyjä. 3. YTR-verkostolla on mobilisoitikapasiteettia mutta sen omat voimavarat ovat niukat. YTR-verkostolla on ollut keskeinen rooli maaseutupolitiikan muotoutumisessa ja kehittymisessä. Keskustelu maaseudun kehittämistä olisi Suomessa ollut oleellisesti vähäisempää, heikommin jäsenneltyä ja tietopääomaltaan suppeampaa ilman YTR-verkostoa. Verkostossa on monialaista asiantuntemusta, jonka perusteella se on kyennyt vastaamaan laajoihin maaseutupoliittisiin kommunikaatiotarpeisiin. Tästä yhtenä esimerkkinä on maaseutupoliittisen selonteon perusteellinen valmistelu ja monivaiheinen käsittely eduskunnassa vuonna 2010. Verkostosuhteiden hallinnan kehittäminen nousee arvioinnissa tärkeimmäksi YTR-verkoston toimintakyvyn, tuloksellisuuden ja vaikuttavuuden kehittämisen painopisteeksi. Verkosto näyttää saavuttaneen tärkeän kehitysvaiheen, josta ei päästä eteenpäin ilman sen kysymyksen pohdintaa, miten YTR-verkoston suhdekapasiteettia, eli suhteita keskeisiin sidosryhmiin voitaisiin kehittää. Valta on YTR-verkostossa komplisoiduinta ja ongelmallisinta juuri suhderesurssien alueilla. Se kiteytyy kysymykseen poliittisesta valmistelu- ja päätösvallasta, eli kenellä on legitiimi asema toisaalta muotoilla poliittiseen päätöksentekoon etenevät aloitteet ja lopulta tehdä poliittisesti sitovia päätöksiä koskien maaseutua ja sen kehittämistä. Medioiden vaikutusvallan huomioiminen on entistä tärkeämpää. Niiden suuntaan vahvemmin kommunikoimalla YTR-verkosto voi tulevaisuudessa lisätä vaikutusvaltaansa. Toistaiseksi lähes täysin käyttämätön potentiaali on sosiaalisen median verkostoissa, joihin YTR:n säikeet eivät vielä juurikaan ulotu. Suhdepääomassa on siis YTR:n voima ja samalla sen heikkous. Tämä johtopäätös on merkittävä erityisesti valtioneuvoston asettaman yhteistyöryhmän itsensä kannalta. Yhteistyöryhmän tulisi itse vapautua komiteamaisista työtavoista ja kehittää niitä monimuotoisemmiksi. Paikallaan on myös kysyä: mitä yhteistyöryhmän jäsenet ja jäsenyhteisöt ovat valmiita tekemään YTR:n suhderesurssien kehittämiseksi?

Kelan hoitama sosiaaliturva vuonna 2010

Kelan hoitama sosiaaliturva vuonna 2010

Surface Ligand Population Controlled Oriented Attachment: A Case of CdS Nanowires

using two types of organic ligands having similar chemical structure but different physical properties and varying their dynamic population at the surface of zinc blende seed nanocrystals, self-assembled zinc blende semicircular-shaped bent nanowires of CdS are synthesized via a colloidal synthetic approach. It is found that the hydrophobic tail interaction of long-chain ligands puts strain on these thin nanowires (< 2 nm diameter) and bend them to some extent, forming strained nanowires.