A design of experiments to assess phosphorous removal and crystal properties in struvite precipitation of source separated urine using different Mg sources

Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.03.148.

Estudio fisicoquímico de superficies sólidas en medio acuoso: Aplicaciones electroanalíticas y electrocatalíticas

De acuerdo a los objetivos y al plan de trabajo presentados, las actividades a realizar en el período de tres años que comprende este proyecto pueden ser resumidas en dos líneas de trabajo principales. En primera medida, en lo que a estudios fisicoquímicos de sistemas coloidales se refiere, los trabajos se centralizarán en la caracterización de la estructura y propiedades reactivas de la interfaz óxido metálico-solución acuosa. Es de particular interés la caracterización de la superficie de estos materiales, la individualización de los sitios superficiales y el efecto que la reactividad posee en el desarrollo de cargas y potencial eléctrico a través de la interfaz, en la disolución y corrosión de los mismos, en la capacidad adsortiva de la superficie y en los fenómenos que controlan la estabilidad, floculación y agregación de partículas tanto en sistemas sintéticos como naturales (suelos). Así mismo, se realizarán estudios de mecanismos de precipitación, envejecimiento y disolución de diferentes óxidos metálicos con el objeto de predecir y controlar sus propiedades. Además de la utilización de diversas técnicas experimentales de caracterización de sólidos, interfaces y suspensiones, se plantea describir los fenómenos a través de modelos matemáticos con el objeto de lograr un mejor "manejo" de los diferentes sistemas. Por otra parte, se analizará el comportamiento de celdas para baterías con electrodos de Ni (OH)2 y plomo con el objeto de mejorar su rendimiento. Se estudiará además la influencia de los distintos parámetros experimentales, tales como electrolito, aditivos, etc. Finalmente, con respecto a los electrodos químicamente modificados, se continuará con el estudio de diversas condiciones experimentales para la obtención de sensores electroquímicos. Paralelamente se comenzará con el desarrollo de biosensores electroquímicos, así como con el estudio de las propiedades electroquímicas de los electrodos antes mencionados.

Enzima conversora de angiotensina no líquido pericárdico: estudo comparativo com a atividade sérica

FUNDAMENTO: A caracterização de uma enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) no líquido pericárdico humano é relevante diante do seu papel na liberação de angiotensina II e, portanto, do papel do pericárdio na homeostase cardivascular. OBJETIVO: Isolar e caracterizar uma ECA do líquido pericárdico humano. Comparar as atividades conversoras de angiotensina I do fluido pericárdico e do soro de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardiovascular. MÉTODOS: A enzima do líquido pericárdico humano foi purificada por meio de etapas cromatográficas e caracterizada por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE), hidrólise de angiotensina I, bradicinina, Hip-His-Leu e substratos sintéticos com supressão interna de fluorescência. Lisinopril foi usado como inibidor. A atividade de ECA foi determinada em amostras de sangue e líquido pericárdico de 23 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardiovascular. RESULTADOS: A ECA purificada (MM = 140 kDa) libera angiotensina II, hidrolisa a bradicinina e o substrato Hip-His-Leu. Os parâmetros cinéticos k cat,(s-1) e k cat/Km (µM-1. s-1) foram respectivamente: Hip-His-Leu (1,14 e 7 x 10 -4), Abz-YRK(Dnp)P-OH (2,60 e 0,77), Abz-LFK(Dnp)-OH (2,77 e 0,36) e Abz-SDK(Dnp)P-OH (1,92 e 0,19). As atividades conversoras de angiotensina I (média ± DP) do líquido pericárdico e no soro foram, respectivamente, 3,16 ± 0,90 mU x mg -1x min-1 e 0,33 ± 0,11 mU x mg -1x min-1 . A diferença foi significativa entre os dois fluidos. CONCLUSÃO: Uma ECA com grande similaridade com a enzima somática foi isolada do fluido pericárdico humano. A atividade conversora de angiotensina I é maior no líquido pericárdico quando comparada com a atividade do soro. Esses dados constituem importante evidência do papel do líquido pericárdico no metabolismo de peptídeos ativos.

Estudos sôbre a distribuição do radiozinco no tomateiro (Lycopersicum esculentum)

The present paper relates a few experiments carried out to study the distribution of radiozinc in tomato seedlings as well its translocation in adult plants. 1 Tomato seedlings grown in nutrient solution were given during two weeks ca. 0.2 microcuries of Zn65C112; the seedlings were then harvested, and after careful washing of the roots with distiled water and diluted HC1, a radioautograph was taken (Fig. 1); this shows that the whole seedling, including the first cotyledon leaves are active; the Zn65 is preferentially concentrated, however, in the root system; this fact suggests that finding by ROSSITER (1953) that the roots of plants growing under natural conditions had a very high concentration of zinc is not due to soil contamination being ascribable to the physiology of such micronutrient. 2. The translocation of radiozinc was demonstrated by three different ways. In the first case, Zn65Cl2 was supplied to the nutrient solution during four weeks; three weeks after the addition of the radiozinc was discontinued, the newer leaves were detached and a radioautograph was taken (Fig. 2); the activity therein found shows that translocation occurred from the old leaves to the young ones. In the next experiment, identical procedure was followed but, instead of a radioautograph, different parts of the plant were ashed and counted; it was verified that 66.6 per cent of the activity supplied was absorbed; due to a great fixation within the roots only 5,6 per cent was translocated to the newer organs. In the third trial, Zn65C12 was directly applied to both upper and lower surfaces of medium aged leaves; counting the separated organs revealed that: 24.2 per cent of the activity applied hab been absorbed; however, 13.7 per cent translocated to the rest of the plant including to the roots. The author wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. P. R. Stout, Chairman, Dept. of Plant Nutrition, University of California, Berkeley and to Mr. A. B. Carlton for their help during part of this work. O autor agradece ao Laboratório de Isótopos da Universidade de São Paulo, na pessoa do Dr. T. Eston, o fornecimento do Zn65 usado neste trabalho.

A absorção de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxôfre e silício pela cana de açúcar, Co 419, e o seu crescimento em função da idade

This paper describes the data obtained for the growth of sugar cane, Variety Co 419, and the amount and rate of absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and silicon, according to the age of the plant, in the soil and climate conditions of the state of S. Paulo, Brazil. An experiment was installed in the Estação Experimental de Cana de Açúcar "Dr. José Vizioli", at Piracicaba, state of S. Paulo, Brazil, and the soil "tèrra-roxa misturada" presented the following composition: Sand (more than 0,2 mm)........................................................................ 8.40 % Fine sand (from 0,2 to less than 0,02 mm)................................................. 24.90 % Silt (from 0,02 to less than 0,002 mm)...................................................... 16.40 % Clay (form 0,002 mm and less)................................................................ 50.20 % pH 10 g of soil and 25 ml of distilled water)..................................................... 5.20 %C (g of carbon per 100 g of soil)................................................................. 1.00 %N (g of nitrogen per 100 g of soil)............................................................... 0.15 P0(4)-³ (me. per 100 g of soil, soluble in 0,05 normal H2SO4) ............................... 0.06 K+ (exchangeable, me. per 100 g of soil)....... 0.18 Ca+² (exchangeable, me. per 100 g of soil)...... 2.00 Mg+² (exchangeable, me. per 100 g of soil)...... 0.66 The monthly rainfall and mean temperature from January 1956 to August 1957 are presented in Table 1, in Portuguese. The experiment consisted of 3 replications of the treatments: without fertilizer and with fertilizer (40 Kg of N, from ammonium sulfate; 100 Kg of P(2)0(5) from superphosphate and 40 Kg K2 O, from potassium chloride). Four complete stools (stalks and leaves) were harvested from each treatment, and the plants separated in stalks and leaves, weighed, dried and analysed every month from 6 up to 15 months of age. The data obtained for fresh and dry matter production are presented in table 2, and in figure land 2, in Portuguese. The curves for fresh and dry matter production showed that fertilized and no fertilized sugar cane with 6 months of age presents only 5% of its total weight at 15 months of age. The most intense period of growth in this experiment is located, between 8 and 12 months of age, that is between December 1956 and April 1957. The dry matter production of sugar cane with 8 and 12 months of age was, respectively, 12,5% and 87,5% of the total weight at 15 months of age. The growth of sugar cane in relation to its age follows a sigmoid curve, according to the figures 1, 2 and 3. The increase of dry matter production promoted by using fertilizer was 62,5% when sugar cane was 15 months of age. The concentration of the elements (tables 4 and 5 in Portuguese) present a general trend of decreasing as the cane grows older. In the stalks this is true for all elements studied in this experiment. But in the leaves, somme elements, like sulfur and silicon, appears to increase with the increasing of age. Others, like calcium and magnesium do not show large variations, and finally a third group, formed by nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium seems to decrease at the beginning and later presents a light increasing. The concentration of the elements was higher in the leaves than in the stalks from 6 up to 15 months of age. There were some exceptions. Potassium, magnesium and sulfur were higher in the stalks than in the leaves from 6 up to 8 or 9 months of age. After 9 months, the leaves presented more potassium, magnesium and sulfur than the stalks. The percentage of nitrogen in the leaves was lower in the plants that received fertilizer than in the plants without fertilizer with 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 13 months of age. This can be explained by "dilution effect". The uptake of elements by 4 stools (stalks and leaves) of sugar cane according to the plant age is showed in table 6, in Portuguese. The absorption of all studied elements, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and silicon, was higher in plants that received fertilizer. The trend of uptake of nitrogen and potassium is similar to the trend of production of dry matter, that is, the maximum absorption of those two nutrients occurs between 9 and 13 months of age. Finaly, the maxima amounts of elements absorbed by 4 stools (stalks and leaves) of sugar cane plants that received fertilizer are condensed in the following table: Element Maximum absorption in grams Age of the plants in months Nitrogen (N) 81.0 14 Phosphorus (P) 6.8 15 Potassium (K) 81.5 15 Calcium (Ca) 19.2 15 Magnesium (Mg) 13.9 13 Sulfur (S) 9.3 15 Silicon (Si) 61.8 15 It is very interesting to note the low absorption of phosphorus even with 100 kg of P2O5 per hectare, aplied as superphosphate. The uptake of phosphorus was lower than calcium, magnesium and sulfur. Also, it is noteworthy the large amount of silicon absorbed by sugar cane.

Glomevella cingulata (Stonem.) spauld. et v. schrenk. F. SP. phaseoli N.F., fase ascógena do agente causal da antracnose do feijoeiro

O presente trabalho versa sobre a obtenção da fase perfeita de Colletotriohum lindemuthianum (Sacc. et Magn.) Scrib., dirimindo duvidas quanto a sua existência, suscitada pelo primeiro relato feito por SHEAR e WOOD (1913). Após ter encontrado duas linhagens heterotálicas que formaram ascosporos em acasalamentos, os autores estudaram alguns fatores ambientais que favorecem a reprodução sexuada, chegando-se as seguintes conclusões: peritecios se formaram sobre varios meios de cultura semi-sintéticos em cuja composição entram glucose, Ca(N0(3))2.4H(2)0(, MgSO4.7H2O e KH2PO4, agar e água; a quantidade de glucose deve ser igual ou maior do que 4g/l, a de Ca(NO3)2.4H2O de 0,15 a 0,60 g/l e a relação C/N deve estar entre 29,8 a 89,6:1; a adição de vitaminas alterou levemente o nível de aproveitamento de Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, nao havendo boa produção de peritécio ao nível de 0,15 g/l mas permitindo-se ate o nível de 1 g/l, mantendo-se as relações C/N mais ou menos no mesmo nivel; a luz, nos estágios final ou inicial ou em períodos alternados acima de 8 horas, inibiu a formação de ascosporos, sendo, portanto, essencial a escuridão contínua; peritécios se formaram sob condições de pH variável de 4,0 a 6,0; peritécios ejetam ascosporos em condições de alta umidade; a temperatura em que foram obtidos os peritécios foi sempre de 209C. Do acasalamento de linhagens conidiais de C.lindemuthianum o autor obteve resultados a priori comparáveis aos de trabalhos genéticos feitos com G.cingulata, chegando-se a conclusão de que as linhagens usadas sao heterotãlicas possivelmente condicionadas por varios fatores genéticos. Isolamentos ascospóricos foram inoculados, sendo todos patogênicos ao feijoeiro, pelo menos para a variedade Michelite. Comparando morfológicamente a fase ascogena de C.lindemuthvanwn com G.cvngulata, o autor propõe o nome de Glomerelia cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld et v. Schrenk f.phaseoli n.f.

Nutrição mineral do cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.): III - absorção de nutrientes - nota prévia

Na presente nota prévia os autores apresentam os primeiros dados acerca da extração e exportação de nutrientes através do cajueiro a partir de 1 a 14 anos de idade. As plantas foram colhidas de uma plantação localizada no Município de Terezinha, BA, situadas em um latossolo de baixa fertilidade, exceto em K. As plantas foram pesadas e analisadas para N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. Constataram os autores que o cajueiro cresce continuamente até aos 14 anos. Uma árvore aos 10 anos de idade contém: N- 1,5 kg; P- 0,2 kg; K- 1,1 kg; Ca-0,2 kg;Mg-0,3 kg; S- 0,1 kg; B- 4,0 g;Cu-1,4 g;Fe- 2,0 g;Mn- 7,8 g;Zn- 2,6 g. Aquilataram os autores que a exportação de nutrientes através de 1 kg de frutos é a seguinte: N- 13,9 g; P- 1,3 g; K- 6,2 g; Ca- 0,3 g; Mg- 1,3 g; S- 0,5 g; B-18,5 mg; Cu-16,2 mg; Fe- 36,9 mg; Mn-13,2 mg. Finalmente observaram que a concentração de N, Mg, S, Cu, Fe e Zn não varia nas folhas em função da idade da planta; sendo que a concentração em P, K, Ca, B e Mn varia com a idade da planta.

Fixação de fósforo por um latossolo vermelho escuro-orto

Este trabalho relata os resultados de um ensaio realizado com o objetivo de estudar a fixação de P por um Latossolo Vermelho Escuro-Orto, serie Iracema, de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo. O ensaio foi realizado em vasos de plástico, cada um recebendo 500 g de terra e os tratamentos, correspondentes a 0, 100, 200, 400, 600 e 1.200 kg/ha de P2O5 na forma de Ca (H2PO4)2. H2O. Houve 4 repetições de cada tratamento. Seguiu-se um período de incubação de 3 semanas, durante o qual as parcelas permaneceram umidecidas, entre 40 e 70% do poder de retenção de umidade. Depois foram feitos trabalhos necessários do que se concluiu que: a) grande proporção do P fixado permaneceu solúvel em H2SO4 0,05 N; b) o Fe e o Al foram importantes na fixação do P; c) o pré-tratamento do solo com Ca (H2P0(4))2· H2O reduziu-lhe a capacidade de fixação de fosfato.

Vitamin D has a direct immunomodulatory effect on CD8+ T cells of patients with early multiple sclerosis and healthy control subjects.

Little is known on a putative effect of vitamin D on CD8+ T cells. Yet, these cells are involved in the immmunopathogenesis of MS. We assessed the cytokine profile of EBV-specific CD8+ T cells of 10 early MS patients and 10 healthy control subjects with or without 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and found that, with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), these cells secreted less IFN-γ and TNF-α and more IL-5 and TGF-β. CD4+ T cell depletion or even culture with CD8+ T cells only did not abolish the immunomodulatory effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on CD8+ T cells, suggesting that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) can act directly on CD8+ T cells.

A Ca2+/H+ antiport system driven by the tonoplast pyrophosphate-dependent proton pump from maize roots.

Calcium uptake by tonoplast enriched membrane vesicles from maize (Zea mays L. cv. LG 11) primary roots was studied. A pH gradient, measured by the fluorescence quenching of quinacrine, was generated across sealed vesicles driven by the pyrophosphate-dependent proton pump. The fluorescence quenching was strongly inhibited by Ca2+; moreover, when increasing Ca2+ concentrations were added to vesicles at steady-state, a concomitant decrease in the proton gradient was observed. Ca2+ uptake using Ca-45(2+) was linear from 10 min when oxalate (10 mM) was present, while Ca2+ uptake was completely inhibited with proton ionophores (FCCP and monensin), indicating a Ca2+/H+ antiport. Membranes were further fractionated using a linear sucrose density gradient (10-45%) and were identified with marker enzymes. Ca2+ uptake co-migrated with the tonoplast pyrophosphate-dependent proton pumping, pyrophosphatase and ATPase activities: the Ca2+/H+ antiport is consequently located at the tonoplast.

Tonoplast localization of a calmodulin-stimulated Ca2+-pump from maize roots.

The subcellular localization of a calmodulin-stimulated calcium (Ca2+)-ATPase activity from maize roots (Zea mays L., cv LG 11) was studied. For this purpose, an efficient procedure was developed to prepare sealed plasma membrane vesicles allowing the measurement of proton and Ca2+ transport activities. Two-day-old root membranes were fractionated by sucrose and dextran density gradient centrifugation. Marker enzymes were used to study the distribution of the different membranes in the gradients and a filtration technique was developed to measure Ca-45(2+) transport in sealed vesicles. Most of the ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport activity was associated with the ER. However, a small part of this activity was associated with the tonoplast (corresponding to the activity of the H+/Ca2+ antiport) and the plasma membrane. When the Ca2+ transport was measured in the presence of exogenous calmodulin (1 muM), a 3-5-fold increase of uptake was measured. The calmodulin-stimulated activity was associated with the tonoplast vesicles only. This activity was insensitive to monensin, a proton ionophore, ruling out a direct effect of calmodulin on the H+/Ca2+ antiport. In conclusion, four different Ca2+ transporters are present in young maize root cells. A Ca2+/H+ antiport system is present on the tonoplast, whereas, the plasma membrane and the ER possess each a calmodulinin-sensitive Ca2+-ATPase. Finally, a calmodulin-stimulated Ca2+-ATPase is associated with the tonoplast.

Congenital ataxia and hemiplegic migraine with cerebral edema associated with a novel gain of function mutation in the calcium channel CACNA1A.

Mutations in the CACNA1A gene, encoding the α1 subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel Ca(V)2.1 (P/Q-type), have been associated with three neurological phenotypes: familial and sporadic hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1, SHM1), episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2), and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6). We report a child with congenital ataxia, abnormal eye movements and developmental delay who presented severe attacks of hemiplegic migraine triggered by minor head traumas and associated with hemispheric swelling and seizures. Progressive cerebellar atrophy was also observed. Remission of the attacks was obtained with acetazolamide. A de novo 3 bp deletion was found in heterozygosity causing loss of a phenylalanine residue at position 1502, in one of the critical transmembrane domains of the protein contributing to the inner part of the pore. We characterized the electrophysiology of this mutant in a Xenopus oocyte in vitro system and showed that it causes gain of function of the channel. The mutant Ca(V)2.1 activates at lower voltage threshold than the wild type. These findings provide further evidence of this molecular mechanism as causative of FHM1 and expand the phenotypic spectrum of CACNA1A mutations with a child exhibiting severe SHM1 and non-episodic ataxia of congenital onset.

A Genetic Validation Study Reveals a Role of Vitamin D Metabolism in the Response to Interferon-Alfa-Based Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND: To perform a comprehensive study on the relationship between vitamin D metabolism and the response to interferon-α-based therapy of chronic hepatitis C. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Associations between a functionally relevant polymorphism in the gene encoding the vitamin D 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1-1260 rs10877012) and the response to treatment with pegylated interferon-α (PEG-IFN-α) and ribavirin were determined in 701 patients with chronic hepatitis C. In addition, associations between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25[OH]D(3)) and treatment outcome were analysed. CYP27B1-1260 rs10877012 was found to be an independent predictor of sustained virologic response (SVR) in patients with poor-response IL28B genotypes (15% difference in SVR for rs10877012 genotype AA vs. CC, p = 0.02, OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.061-2.188), but not in patients with favourable IL28B genotype. Patients with chronic hepatitis C showed a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (25[OH]D(3)<20 ng/mL) during all seasons, but 25(OH)D(3) serum levels were not associated with treatment outcome. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study suggests a role of bioactive vitamin D (1,25[OH](2)D(3), calcitriol) in the response to treatment of chronic hepatitis C. However, serum concentration of the calcitriol precursor 25(OH)D(3) is not a suitable predictor of treatment outcome.

Nouvelle carte routière de la France : d'après celle revue par de Simencourt indiquant les routes royales et départementales, chemins de traverse, ch[em]ins de fer et canaux navigables, avec les distances en chiffres / dressée par Frémin, géographe ; Gravé par Ch. Dyonnet ; Écrit sur acier par Ch. Simon

Échelle(s) : [ca 1:2 440 000], échelle 100 kilomètres [= 4,1 cm]

Carte de France / dressée par Pierre Tardieu

Échelle(s) : [ca 1:2 128 000], échelle 10 myriamètres [= 4,7 cm]