Extracellular carbohydrate polymers from five desert soil algae with different cohesion in the stabilization of fine sand grain

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from four filamentous cyanobacteria Microcoleus vaginatus, Scytonema javanicum, Phormidium tenue and Nostoc sp. and a coccoid single-cell green alga Desmococcus olivaceus that had been separated from desert algal crusts of Tegger desert of China, were investigated for their chemical composition, structure,and physical properties. The EPS contained 7.5-50.3% protein (in polymers ranging from 14 to more than 200 kD, SDS-PAGE) and 16.2-46.5% carbohydrate (110-460 kD, GFC). 6-12 kinds of monosaccharides, including 2-O-methyl rhamnose, 2-O-methyl glucose, and N-acetyl glucosamine were found. The main carbohydrate chains from M. vaginatus and S. javanicum consisted mainly of equal proportion of Man, Gal and Glc, that from P. tenue consisted mainly of arabinose, glucose and rhamnose. Arabinose was present in pyranose form, mainly alpha-L 1 --> 3 linked, with branches on C4 of almost half of the units. Glucose was responsible for the terminal units, in addition of having some units as beta1 --> 3 and some as beta1 --> 4 linked. Rhamnose was mainly 1 --> 3 linked with branches on C2 on half of the units. The carbohydrate polymer from D. olivaceus was composed mainly of beta1 --> 4 linked xylose, galactose and glucose. The galactose part was present both in beta-pyranose and -furanose forms. Arabinose in alpha-L-furanose form was mainly present as 1 --> 2 and 1 --> 2, 5 linked units, rhamnose only as alpha 1 --> 3 and xylose as beta 1 --> 4. The backbone of the polysaccharide from Nostoc sp. was composed of beta-1 --> 4 linked xylose, galactose and glucose. Most of the glucose was branched on position C6, terminal glucose and 2-O-methyl glucose units are also present. The relationship between structure, physical properties and potential biological function is discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

24-二甲基戊二稀土化合物的合成

本文叙述了2.4-二甲基戊二烯基稀土金属有机化合物的合成并通过元素分析，红外光谱、核磁共振谱及质谱的鉴定。测定了Gd(2.4-GH_(11))_3的单晶结构，此外还合成了（2.4-GH_(11)K.TMEDA及K_2C_8H_8·3THF并也测定了它们的晶体结构。在所合成化合物的红外光谱中，没有属于C=C双键的吸收峰，表明分子中配位体以η~5形式的大π键体系与稀土金属离子结合，在Ln(2.4-GH_(11))_2Cl·TMF和Ln(2.4-GH_(11))Cl_2·GH_THF的红外光谱中，于1060波数附近出现一强而宽的吸收峰，即化合物中有四氢呋喃分子络合。化合物的室温NMR谱有四个吸收峰，2.4-二甲基戊二烯配位体可能为η~5平面∪或W构型。化合物的水解'H-NMR谱与质谱都证实水解产物为2.4－二甲基－1.3－戊二烯。它是－2.4二甲基戊二烯阴离子水解所得的唯一产物，它表明化合物中的配位体确为2.4－二甲基戊二烯阴离子。(2.4-GH_(11))_2Cl·TMDA配合物晶体结构是应用低温X－射线衍射技术用Nicolet R_3 M/E型四园衍射仪LT－1低温装置并利用重原子法测定的最小二乘法精修至收敛时的一致性因子R=0.055. Rw=0.057。晶体属单斜晶系P21/n空间群。晶胞参数a=11.322(4)A, b=9.242(3)A, c=15.956(5)A. β=106.70(3)分子中2.4－二甲基戊二烯阴离子呈平面∪构型。钾离子与四甲基乙二胺二啮体结合形成的络合阳离子和2.4-二甲基戊二烯阴离子相间排列形成无限链状结构分子。2.4－二甲基戊二烯阴离子的C－C键长明显分为中间与外端C－C键两组。外端组C－C键双性质较强键长较短。表明C3具有负电荷的共振杂化体贡献较大。分子中K－C键最短的是K-C(1.5)。而不是具有较多负电荷的C3－K键。这可能是由于几何因素造成的。K_2C_8H_8·3THF的晶体结构是采用与前者相同的方法测定的。它属三斜晶系，PT空间群，晶胞参数a=10.263(3)A, b=13.157(4)A, c=9.443A, α=87.51(2)°, β=114.93(2)°, γ=76.81(2)°. V=1111.6A, R=0.051. 晶体中负二价的环辛四烯阴离呈平面构型，具有中心对称性，两侧与两中心对称相关的钾离子连接，相邻的非等效的钾离子间通过两四氢呋喃分子的氧原子相连接，从而形成了无限链状结构的分子。环辛四烯反映了Huckel的4n+2芳香性规则。该结构的特别之处在于四氢呋喃分子的氧原子以桥键形式与两个钾离子同时连接。而这种形式的桥键在其它化合物中似还未发现。Go(2.4-GH_(11))_3的晶体结构亦是采用与前述相同的方法测定的。其晶体为三斜晶系，PT空间群，晶胞参数a=12.541A, b=12.853A, c=8.432A, α=91.44°, β=108.61°, γ=117.97°, V=112.54A~3. 结构测定表明，Gd(2.4-GH_(11))_3分子具有C_3h对称性。三个配位体阴离了的九个带负电荷的碳原子近似以三帽三角棱柱形式与钆离子配位。分子中2.4－二甲基戊二烯阴离子的C－C键长－亦分为而组。外端C－C键较中间C－C键强，键长较短，亦表明C3具有较多的负电荷。2.4－二甲基戊二烯阴离子本身近似呈平面∪构型。C2,C4偏离由C1 C3 C5三碳原子构成的平面0.067A。方向上远离中心钆离子。可能在此以离子性为主的化合物中，钆离子与不带电荷的C2 C4间的相互作用有些排斥性质。与Nd(2.4-GH_(11))_3不同的是，在Gd(2.4-GH_(11))_3分子中，Gd-(C(1,5）键最短，而不是Gd-C(3)键。这可能是由于钆离子的半径较小，化合物的空间位阻效应较大所致。

CO2和O3浓度升高对农作物次生代谢和残茬分解的影响

近几年来,近地面CO2、O3浓度快速升高已经对农作物生长发育造成了很大的影响，引起国内外学者的广泛关注。本文以C3作物春小麦辽春17为试材，利用农田开顶式气室（OTCs)研究CO2和O3浓度增加及其交互作用对春小麦不同发育时期生物量、总酚量、黄酮含量及成熟期产量性状的影响，以及对土壤酶活性及土壤中酚酸类物质含量的影响，同时监测了残茬分解过程中C、N的变化，还比较了小麦（C3）和玉米（C4）次生代谢的响应差异，为研究农作物对全球变化的响应与反馈提供了科学依据。结果表明： 1. CO2浓度升高条件下，春小麦生物量和产量性状都显著高于对照； O3浓度升高条件下，显著低于对照；CO2和O3交互作用下各项指标处于二者之间。 2. CO2、O3浓度升高及其交互作用显著增加了春小麦叶片中的总酚含量；其中CO2浓度升高对C3作物的影响比对C4作物大。 在小麦生长前期，各处理总黄酮含量均低于对照；而到成熟期，各处理下黄酮含量都显著高于对照。其中小麦体内PAL酶活性和C/N与酚类化合物含量变化趋势一致。 3. CO2、O3浓度升高对小麦生长初期土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶活性影响不明显，到成熟期O3浓度增加，3种酶活性均显著地高于对照；其中土壤中多酚氧化酶活性升高，和土壤中酚类化合物的积累有关，经相关分析（r=0.625，n=23，p=0.015)，二者存在显著相关关系。 4. 在CO2、O3作用下两种残茬混合物（土和根、土和秸秆) C/N在分解初期急剧下降，随后呈现平缓的下降趋势，但各处理间无显著性差异，说明短期的CO2、O3浓度升高，虽然影响了植物的化学成分组成，但对分解速率影响较小。

甜高粱重离子诱变改良研究进展

<正>甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)属C4植物,具有很高的光合效率,是世界上生物量最高的作物,故有"高能作物"之称。另外,甜高粱具有抗旱、耐涝、耐贫瘠、

用紧耦合方法研究C~(4+)和O~(6+)与He原子碰撞

用双中心原子轨道紧耦合方法计算了C4+-He以及O6+-He碰撞的单俘获总截面,入射离子的能量范围为10-100 keV／amu,所得计算结果在实验误差范围内与实验值很好符合。对满壳层入射离子,研究了单俘获截面随入射离子电荷态的变化,并讨论了原子轨道展开波函数数目对计算结果的影响。

Double electron processes in collisions of partially stripped ions Cq+ (q=1-4) with helium

The multi-electron processes are investigated for 17.9-120keV/u C1+, 30-323 keV/u C2+, 120-438 keV/u C3+, 287-480keV/u C4+ incident on a helium target. The cross-section ratios of double electron (DE) process to the total of the single electron (SE) and the double electron process (i.e. SE+DE), the direct double electron (DDI) to the direct single ionization (DSI) as well as the contributions of DDI to DE and of TI to DE are measured using coincidence techniques. The energy and charge state dependences of the measured cross-section ratios are studied and discussed.

TIME-DEPENDENT DENSITY FUNCTIONAL STUDY OF MULTIELECTRON TRANSFER IN Cq+-Na-4 COLLISIONS

The process of multielectron transfer from a Na-4 cluster induced by highly charged C6+, C4+, C2+ and C+ ions is studied using the method of time-dependent density functional theory within the local density approximation combined with the use of pseudopotential. The evolution of dipole moment changes and emitted electrons in Na-4 isobtained and the time-dependent probabilities with various charges are deduced. It is shown that the Na-4 cluster is strongly ionized by C6+ and that the number of emitted electrons per atom of Na-4 is larger than that of Na-2 under the same condition. One can find that the detailed information of the emitted electrons from Na-4 is different from the same from Na-2, which is possibly related to the difference in structure between the two clusters.

Natural 13C abundance as a tracer for studies of soil organic matter dynamics

A method for measuring the long- and medium-term turnover of soil organic matter is described. Its principle is based on the variations of 13C natural isotope abundance induced by the repeated cultivations of a plant with a high 13C/12C ratio (C4 photosynthetic pathway) on a soil which has never carried any such plant. The 13C/12C ratio in soil organic matter being about equal to the 13C/12C ratio of plant materials from which it is derived, changing the 13C content of the organic inputs to the soil (by altering vegetation from C3 type into C4 type) is equivalent to a true labelling in situ of the organic matter. Two cases of continuous corn cultivation (Zea mays: δ13C = −12%.) on soils whose initial organic matter average δ13C is −26%. were studied. The quantity of organic carbon originating from corn (that is the quantity which had turned-over since the beginning of continuous cultivation) was estimated using the 13C natural abundance data. After 13 yr, 22% of total organic carbon had turned-over, in the system studied. Particle size fractions coarser than 50μm on the one hand, and finer than 2μm on the other. contained the youngest organic matters. The turnover rate of silt-sized fractions was slower

沙漠-绿洲过渡带四种多年生植物水分关系特征

沙漠 -绿洲过渡带地区植被的可持续性在防止绿洲沙漠化的过程中非常重要。对过渡带主要植物种骆驼刺 (Alhagisparsifolia Shap)、多枝柽柳 (Tamarix ramosissima L ebed.)、胡杨 (Populus euphratica Oliv.)和头状沙拐枣 (Calligonum caput-medusae Schrenk.)水分关系的研究表明 :4种植物的水分恢复状况良好 ,清晨水势一直较高 ,水分亏缺并不严重。渗透势和正午水势的降低幅度不大 ,变化比较平稳 ,更像是一种生长过程中的结果 ,植物的水分胁迫状况并不明显。 4种植物的水势和渗透势都高于典型的荒漠植物 ,属于中生植物的范围。水分参数的变化显示在同样的环境节律下 ,四种植物在水分生理的变化特征上有一致性。一直很高的 RWCp 值表明植物不能适应剧烈的水分损失和较低的水分含量 ,植物需要稳定充足的水分供应来适应塔克拉玛干极端气候条件下的生长环境。植物对环境胁迫也有各自不同的生理适应特点 ,胡杨的ΔΠ值大 ,能忍受较多的水分损失维持气孔的开放 ;骆驼刺的Ψp 值最高 ,水分亏缺的平衡与恢复效果明显 ;C4 植物头状沙拐枣能维持较高的水势和渗透势 ,而盐土植物多枝柽柳能忍受水势的很大降低。夏季一次性灌溉对骆驼刺、多枝柽柳和胡杨水分状况的改善基本没有影响 ,对头状沙拐枣有一定的帮助。植物

碳同位素技术在土壤碳循环研究中的应用

碳在土壤中的储量和存储时间是陆地生态系统碳库中最大和最长的,而土地利用方式会影响到土壤碳储量及其循环周期,因此有效的土地利用管理可使土壤成为一个碳汇。土壤储存碳的过程就是土壤有机碳动态平衡的变化,因此认识土壤有机碳的动态变化是揭示土壤碳循环过程及其调控机制的重要方面。首先介绍了碳的一种稳定性同位素(13C)和放射性同位素(14C)在生态系统长期动态过程的重建(如C3/C4植被的历史格局)、土壤有机碳周转周期等方面的应用,探讨了同位素示踪技术在土壤有机碳来源、周转周期、土壤CO2通量的变化和组分区分、同位素