Texto para discuss??o 41: gest??o de custos no setor p??blico

Este trabalho objetiva apresentar tr??s experi??ncias implementadas por institui????es p??blicas federais no sentido de apurar os custos de seus bens e servi??os produzidos, bem como mostrar as a????es empreendedoras que os gestores dessas institui????es v??m realizando, relacionadas ao acompanhamento da cria????o e da utiliza????o de indicadores, relat??rios e outras ferramentas gerenciais que possibilitem melhorias significativas para a efic??cia e qualidade dos bens e servi??os prestados

Identificação Química em Nível Molecular de Amostras de Maconha por ESI-FT-ICR MS

mais consumida no país, e proscrita pela Lei n° 11.343 de 23 de agosto de 2006 (chamada de “nova lei de droga”), onde todos os isômeros, sais, éteres e ésteres do ∆9-Tetrahidrocannabinol (THC), princípio ativo, foram proscritos. O método utilizado pela Polícia Civil do Estado do Espírito Santo para a identificação de cannabinóides é o teste colorimétrico, por meio de solução básica de Salt Fast Blue B, o qual apresenta resultados falsos negativos e falsos positivos. A técnica de espectrometria de massas de altíssima resolução e exatidão de massas (ESI(-)FTICR MS), permite detectar os principais cannabinóides na forma de molécula desprotonada, íon [M-H]-. Alguns íons que podem ser identificados são: [CBN - H]- de m/z 309 (CBN = cannabinol); [THC - H]- de m/z 313 (THC = tetrahidrocannabinol) e [CBD - H]- de m/z 313; [CBC - H]- de m/z 327 (CBC = cannabicromeno); [CBEA - H]- de m/z 345 (CBEA = ácido cannabielsóico); [CBNA - H]- de m/z 353 (CBNA = ácido cannabinólico); [THCA - H]- de m/z 357 (THCA = ácido tetrahidrocannabinólico); [8α, 11-Bis-hydroxy-∆9-THC-A - H]- de m/z 389); [∆9-THCA +C2H2O - H]- de m/z 357; e dímeros com m/z de 637, 653, 673, 681, 685 e 717. Foram encontrados adulterantes identificados como [M + N + H]+ : 491; [2M + N + H]+ : 819 e [3M + N + H]+ : 1147, onde M = OTHC (328Da C21H28O3) e N = Nicotina (162Da C10H14N2), além de lidocaína e cocaína. Ainda foram identificados alguns noncannabinóides como Cannflavino A e B e ácidos graxos como palmítico, oleico, linolênico e gama-linolênico nos extratos de sementes de Cannabis. Este estudo tem o objetivo de identificar o perfil químico de amostras de maconha, apreendidas pela Polícia Civil do Estado do Espírito Santo, por ESI(±)-FT-ICR MS.

The G-77, BASIC, and global climate governance: a new era in multilateral environmental negotiations

The G-77 has historically organized the participation of developing countries in multilateral environmental negotiations. This article analyses the impact of a new coalition of emerging powers - Brazil, China, India, and South Africa as BASIC - on the G-77's role in climate governance. While there are important benefits for both sides in their relationship, I argue that the G-77 is also disadvantaged in several concrete ways by the BASIC countries.

Production of basic potato seed minitubers in substrate and different nitrogen rates

The optimal dose of nitrogen (N) in potato crop depends on the production system. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal dose of N for the production of basic potato seed minitubers and evaluate the effect of N rates on physiological and nitrogen indices in the youngest fully developed leaf (fourth leaf) and in the oldest leaf of the plants at 60 days after planting. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. The treatments consisted of five N rates (0, 45, 90, 180 and 360 mg dm-3), with 10% of each dose applied at planting and the remainder through irrigation water, daily, for 30 days. The nitrogen rates positively influenced the physiological indices (length, width, leaf area, number of leaves, fresh mass and dry mass) and nitrogen (level and content of N and N-NO³ in the dry mass and SPAD) both in the fourth leaf and in the oldest leaf. Likewise, the N rates positively influenced the number and mass of harvested tubers. The largest number (5.44 tubers/plant) and the maximum mass of tubers (243.5 g/plant) were obtained with 360.0 and 332.9 mg N dm-3, respectively. Therefore, the mass and number of tubers were not optimized by the same N rate. The critical SPAD index was 38.8 in the fourth leaf, which was more sensitive to the effect of N rates than the oldest leaf.

Conceptual design of a conveyer system for supporting basic quality of life of bedridden elderly people

With the increasing number of aged people, especially in developed countries, Ambient Assisted Living solutions have become an important subject to be explored and developed. Currently, as specialized Institutions in geriatric care cannot cope with the increasing requests for support of quality of life, patients have to remain at their homes having as caregiver the other member of the couple or a member of close family. A solution for supporting the caregiver, during assisting the bedridden person with some basic tasks as eating, taking a bath and/or hygiene care is of utmost importance. This paper presents an approach for supporting the caregiver in moving and repositioning the bedridden elderly people (BEP) with the assistance of a mechanical system conveyer. The conceptual design of the mechanical system must be devoted to assist the caregiver in the handling and repositioning of the BEP. The proposed mechatronic system must, ideally, minimize the system's handling complexity, reduce the number of caregivers and the amount of spended and needed effort.

Conceptual design of a mechatronic system for supporting basic quality of life of bedridden elderly people

Ambient Assisted Living is an important subject to be explored and developed, especially in developed countries, due to the increasing number of aged people. In this context the development of mechatronic support systems for bedridden elderly people (BEP) living in their homes is essential in order to support independence, autonomy and improve their quality of life. Some basic tasks as eating, taking a bath and/or hygiene cares become difficult to execute, regarding that often the main caregiver is the other element of the aged couple (husband or wife). This paper presents the conceptual design of a mechanical system especially devoted to assist the caregiver in the handling and repositioning of the BEP. Issues as reducing the number of caregivers, to only one, and reducing the system's handling complexity (because most of the time it will be used by an aged person) are considered. The expertise obtained from the visits to rehabilitation centers and hospitals, and from working meetings, are considered in the development of the proposed mechatronic system.

Ultrapassando as dificuldades da dislexia através da arte

Resumo: A intervenção em crianças disléxicas nem sempre é fácil uma vez que, à partida, serão crianças desmotivadas por insucessos repetidos, complexos de inferioridade, timidez, baixa autoconfiança e auto-estima, com pouca capacidade de atenção e concentração. A família, a escola e a sociedade em geral têm um papel decisivo, não deverão exigir nem impor metas complicadas, adaptando sempre uma postura de compreensão da criança. A criança disléxica aprende num ritmo diferente, como tal, precisa que a escola adeqúe as suas práticas educativas tendo em conta as suas características e especificidades. Pretende-se com este trabalho aprofundar conhecimentos sobre a temática da dislexia e sua aplicação, dentro da sala de aula, na disciplina Educação Visual e Tecnológica, numa turma do 2º Ciclo do Ensino Básico que inclui uma aluna considerada disléxica. Começámos por caracterizar a turma, a aluna e os contextos envolventes em que as mesmas se inserem, seguidamente fez-se uma intervenção estruturada, a longo e curto prazo, numa dinâmica de planificação, acção e reflexão, numa perspectiva de educação inclusiva, com práticas educativas cooperativas e diferenciadas. Ao longo das sessões de trabalho, a turma teve a oportunidade de se manifestar nas assembleias de turma, na negociação das actividades, de trabalhar em pares, em grande e pequeno grupo, criando desta forma um clima de inter-ajuda e de cooperação na sala de aula, funcionando com as duas professoras da disciplina, partilhando momentos de aprendizagem e socialização de saberes. A aluna considerada disléxica passou a interagir na turma com os colegas, de forma positiva, e estes com ela. As suas dificuldades foram superadas com a ajuda dos colegas, partilhando os seus saberes, dúvidas e experiências. Foi uma experiência positiva para o grupo, para a aluna e para as professoras da turma. Abstract: The intervention in dyslexic children is not always easy from the start, a priori, children will be discouraged by repeated failures, inferiority complexes, shyness, low selfconfidence and self- esteem, with little attention span and concentration. The family, school and society in general have a decisive role, should not require or impose complicated goals, always adapting an attitude of understanding of the child. The dyslexic children learn at a different pace, as such, requires the school to adjust its educational practices in view of their characteristics and specificities. The aim of this work to deepen knowledge on the subject of dyslexia and its application in the classroom, Visual and Technological Education as the subject, in a class of the 2nd Cycle of Basic Education that includes a student considered dyslexic. We have began by characterizing the class, the student and the surrounding contexts in which they are involved, then became a structured intervention in the long and short term, in order of creating a dynamic planning, action and reflection, with a inclusive education perspective, with cooperative practical education and differentiated. During the work seasons, the class had the opportunity to express themselves in class meetings, the negotiation activities, working in pairs, in large and small groups, thus creating a climate of mutual help and cooperation in the classroom, working with two teachers of the subject, sharing moments of learning and socialization of knowledge. The student consider as dyslexic has started to interact in the class with the colleagues in a positive way, and they with her. Their difficulties were overcome with the help of colleagues, sharing their knowledge, doubts and experiences. It was a positive experience for the group, to the student and the teachers of the class.

Monetary channels of social inclusion: a case study of basic income and the Caixa Econômica Federal in Brazil

This article reports evidence of new monetary channels for social inclusion involving basic income policies and the Caixa Econômica Federal, a Brazilian government savings bank. Since the Plano Real (Brazilian currency) and the liberalization of banking in the 1990s, the realization of competitive advantages by the Caixa as social policy agent and the importance of citizenship cards differ from existing theories of bank change, financial inclusion and monetary policy. Multi-method research reveals the importance of 1) political theories of basic income, 2) conceptions of citizenship and social justice, and 3) a back to the future modernization of government banking. This provides alternatives to contemporary market-based banking theory, neo-liberal policies, private and non-governmental microfinance strategies, and theories in political economy about fiscal constraints to social policies. New monetary channels of change also suggest that zero sum theories about politics, monetary authority and social inclusion are amiss.

Fungi, bacteria and pollens seasonally quantified at 3 basic schools in Lisbon: evaluation of ventilation need

Nowadays, most individuals spend about 80% of their time indoor and, consequently, the exposure to the indoor environment becomes more relevant than to the outdoor one. Children spend most of their time at home and at school and evaluations of their indoor environment are important for the time-weighted exposure. Due to their airways still in development, children are a sensitive group with higher risk than adults. Larger impact in health and educational performance of children demand indoor air quality studies of schools. The aim of this study was to assess the children exposure to bioaerosols. A methodology based upon passive sampling was applied to evaluate fungi, bacteria and pollens; its procedures and applicability was optimized. An indoor air study by passive sampling represents an easier and cheaper method when comparing with the use of automatic active samplers. Furthermore, it is possible to achieve important quality information without interfering in the classroom activities. The study was conducted in three schools, representative of different environments in the Lisbon urban area, at three different periods of the year to obtain a seasonal variation, to estimate the variability through the city and to understand the underneath causes. Fungi and bacteria were collected indoor and outdoor of the classrooms to determine the indoor/outdoor ratios and to assess the level of outdoor contamination upon the indoor environment. The children's exposure to pollen grains inside the classrooms was also assessed.

Blue-enhanced thin-film photodiode for dual-screen x-ray imaging

This article reports on a-Si:H-based low-leakage blue-enhanced photodiodes for dual-screen x-ray imaging detectors. Doped nanocrystalline silicon was incorporated in both the n- and p-type regions to reduce absorption losses for light incoming from the top and bottom screens. The photodiode exhibits a dark current density of 900 pA/cm(2) and an external quantum efficiency up to 90% at a reverse bias of 5 V. In the case of illumination through the tailored p-layer, the quantum efficiency of 60% at a 400 nm wavelength is almost double that for the conventional a-Si:H n-i-p photodiode.

Stacked pin Devices for Imaging Applications

In this paper we present results on the optimization of device architectures for colour and imaging applications, using a device with a TCO/pinpi'n/TCO configuration. The effect of the applied voltage on the color selectivity is discussed. Results show that the spectral response curves demonstrate rather good separation between the red, green and blue basic colors. Combining the information obtained under positive and negative applied bias a colour image is acquired without colour filters or pixel architecture. A low level image processing algorithm is used for the colour image reconstruction.

Reorganização do controlo postural em indivíduos com AVE. Intervenção em fisioterapia

Objectivos: Identificar as alterações no controlo postural do tronco e repercussões na independência funcional de indivíduos com acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), bem como averiguar se ocorreram mudanças a esse nível após a intervenção, baseada na abordagem segundo o Conceito de Bobath. Metodologia: Foram seleccionados para este estudo dois indivíduos com alterações no controlo postural, resultantes de um AVE, em fase aguda. A avaliação foi realizada em dois momentos (M0 e M1), antes e após quatro semanas da realização da intervenção através da análise do movimento, da aplicação da Escala de Avaliação Postural para Pacientes com Sequelas de AVE (PASS), da Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg (EEB), da Escala Modificada de Barthel (BEM), do Teste Timed Up & Go (TUG) e da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF). Resultados: Os scores obtidos em M1 nos vários instrumentos aplicados, bem como a análise de movimento traduzem a evolução favorável no controlo postural do tronco e na independência nas actividades da vida diária (AVD), observada em ambos os casos clínicos. Verificou-se uma evolução mais evidente na EMB e EEB onde o indivíduo A evoluiu na EMB de 51 em M0 para 94 pontos em M1e o indivíduo B de 51 para 89 pontos. Na EEB o indivíduo A progrediu de 22 para 41 pontos e o indivíduo B de 10 para 36 pontos. Conclusão: Os participantes em estudo evidenciaram modificações no controlo postural com repercussões positivas na independência funcional, após a intervenção com base numa abordagem segundo o conceito de Bobath.