Follicular dynamics in zebu cattle

The aim of this study was to investigate the follicular dynamics during estrous cycle in Gir breed (Bos indicus) cows. Follicular growth and atresia during estrous cycle were evaluated using a portable ultrasound device. Luteal activity was evaluated by serum progesterone levels. Cycles with two (6.67%), three (60.00%), four (26.67%) and five (6.67%) follicular waves were observed. There was no difference (P>0.05) in dominant or subordinate follicles growth or atresia rates among follicular waves. The maximum diameter of the ovulatory follicle was higher than the diameter of the other dominant follicles in cycles with four waves, and higher than the diameter of the second dominant follicle in cycles with three waves (P<0.05). There was no difference (P>0.05) in estrous cycle length (21.11±1.76 and 22.25±1.71 days) or progesterone levels during diestrous (4.48±1.45 and 5.08±1.40 ng/mL) between cycles with three or four waves. Follicular dynamics in Gir cattle is characterized by a higher incidence of cycles with three or four waves, associated with a low persistence of the dominant follicle.

Mesiodens: concepto, evaluación clínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento

La presencia de dientes supernumerarios en la línea media maxilar, conocidos bajo el término de mesiodens, puede causar diferentes alteraciones tales como malposición de dientes vecinos, erupción anómala o retraso de erupción de los incisivos centrales superiores permanentes, diastema interincisal y formación de quistes, entre otros. En este artículo presentamos una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva de este tipo de patología y evaluamos los aspectos clínico, etiológico, diagnóstico y terapéutico.

La succión del pulgar: evolución conceptual

Dentro de la etiopatogenia de las maloclusiones y entre los hábitos orales, tenemos la succión digital, y el dedo pulgar con mayor frecuencia, como una de las formas más influyentes en la deformación maxilar y maloclusión subsiguiente. En este artículo se hace un repaso de las diferentes teorías que, a lo largo de la historia, han ido ilustrando las opiniones de los diferentes autores, tanto a favor como en contra del hábito de succión del pulgar.

Diagnóstico radiológico de un cuerpo extraño en fosas nasales. A propósito de un caso con retraso de erupción de incisivos laterales.

Se presenta el caso de un paciente con un objeto inanimado en fosa nasal izquierda, que acudió a la Clínica Odontológica de Bellvitge, por la ausencia de los incisivos laterales permanentes en el maxilar superior. Al confirmar la presencia de los incisivos, a partir de una radiografía oclusal, descubrimos, de forma casual, un objeto radiopaco al que acompañaba una específica sintomatología. Después de la intervención del otorrinolaringólogo, dicha sintomatología desapareció. Referimos el manejo de los cuerpos extraños en fosas nasales y aprovechamos la ocasión para revisar las pautas generales de orientación diagnóstico-terapéuticas frente a esta patología.

Prótesis maxilofacial, ¿prótesis mixta, o combinada?

Presentamos un caso clínico que sirve de base para la discusión de los conceptos protésicos que se relacionan con la restauración y rehabilitación de pacientes que han sufrido amplias resecciones maxilares y cuya extensión va más allá de los límites bucales. Se expone la realización de una prótesis labial, obturadora maxilar y dental que realizadas consecutivamente dan lugar a la recuperación (limitada) de funciones del sistema masticatorio.

Maternal age-specific risk of non-chromosomal anomalies.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the excess risk of non-chromosomal congenital anomaly (NCA) among teenage mothers and older mothers. DESIGN AND SETTING: Population-based prevalence study using data from EUROCAT congenital anomaly registers in 23 regions of Europe in 15 countries, covering a total of 1.75 million births from 2000 to 2004. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 38,958 cases of NCA that were live births, fetal deaths with gestational age > or = 20 weeks or terminations of pregnancy following prenatal diagnosis of a congenital anomaly. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of NCA according to maternal age, and relative risk (RR) of NCA and 84 standard NCA subgroups compared with mothers aged 25-29. RESULTS: The crude prevalence of all NCA was 26.5 per 1000 births in teenage mothers (<20 years), 23.8 for mothers 20-24 years, 22.5 for mothers 25-29 years, 21.5 for mothers 30-34 years, 21.4 for mothers 35-39 years and 22.6 for mothers 40-44 years. The RR adjusted for country for teenage mothers was 1.11 (95% CI 1.06-1.17); 0.99 (95% CI 0.96-1.02) for mothers 35-39; and 1.01 (95% CI 0.95-1.07) for mothers 40-44. The pattern of maternal age-related risk varied significantly between countries: France, Ireland and Portugal had higher RR for teenage mothers, Germany and Poland had higher RR for older mothers. The maternal age-specific RR varied for different NCAs. Teenage mothers were at a significantly greater risk (P < 0.01) of gastroschisis, maternal infection syndromes, tricuspid atresia, anencephalus, nervous system and digestive system anomalies while older mothers were at a significantly greater risk (P < 0.01) of fetal alcohol syndrome, encephalocele, oesophageal atresia and thanatophoric dwarfism. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and public health interventions are needed to reduce environmental risk factors for NCA, giving special attention to young mothers among whom some risk factors are more prevalent. Reassurance can be given to older mothers that their age in itself does not confer extra risk for NCA.

Anorectal anomalies associated with or as part of other anomalies.

Anorectal anomalies occurring with other anomalies or as part of syndromes were analyzed to determine how their epidemiological characteristics differed from those of isolated anal anomalies. Almost 15% of cases were chromosomal, monogenic or teratogenic syndromes, whereas the rest were of unknown cause including sequences (9.3%), VACTERL associations (15.4%) and multiple congenital anomalies (MCA) (60.2%). Almost half of babies with MCA had one or two VACTERL anomalies with distribution frequencies that did not differ significantly from those in babies with the full VACTERL association. There were considerable differences in the frequency of the VACTERL association among babies with different types of anorectal anomaly. Babies with anal anomalies occurring with sequences, VACTERL or MCA showed the same sex differences as babies with isolated anal anomalies, namely male predominance in anal atresia without fistula or cloaca, no sex difference in anal atresia with fistula, and female predominance in ectopic anus and congenital anal fistula. These anomalies, however, were associated with significantly lower mean gestational lengths and birth weights, and higher frequencies of fetal death and pregnancy termination than babies with isolated anal anomalies. Twins were more frequent in sequences, VACTERL and MCA than in isolated anomalies, monogenic syndromes or chromosome anomalies. Five cases were conjoined twins, representing 15% of all cases of twin pregnancies with an anal anomaly. Indeterminate sex was more frequent in babies with anal atresias without fistula than in those with fistula. Anal anomalies are defects of blastogenesis attributable to disorders in expression of pattern determining genes. The differential sex involvement in different types of anal anomaly may be manifestations of expression of the HY/SRY genes during blastogenesis or of X-linkage.

Prevalence, prenatal diagnosis and clinical features of oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum: a registry-based study in Europe.

Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum is a complex developmental disorder characterised mainly by anomalies of the ear, hemifacial microsomia, epibulbar dermoids and vertebral anomalies. The aetiology is largely unknown, and the epidemiological data are limited and inconsistent. We present the largest population-based epidemiological study to date, using data provided by the large network of congenital anomalies registries in Europe. The study population included infants diagnosed with oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum during the 1990-2009 period from 34 registries active in 16 European countries. Of the 355 infants diagnosed with oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum, there were 95.8% (340/355) live born, 0.8% (3/355) fetal deaths, 3.4% (12/355) terminations of pregnancy for fetal anomaly and 1.5% (5/340) neonatal deaths. In 18.9%, there was prenatal detection of anomaly/anomalies associated with oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum, 69.7% were diagnosed at birth, 3.9% in the first week of life and 6.1% within 1 year of life. Microtia (88.8%), hemifacial microsomia (49.0%) and ear tags (44.4%) were the most frequent anomalies, followed by atresia/stenosis of external auditory canal (25.1%), diverse vertebral (24.3%) and eye (24.3%) anomalies. There was a high rate (69.5%) of associated anomalies of other organs/systems. The most common were congenital heart defects present in 27.8% of patients. The prevalence of oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum, defined as microtia/ear anomalies and at least one major characteristic anomaly, was 3.8 per 100,000 births. Twinning, assisted reproductive techniques and maternal pre-pregnancy diabetes were confirmed as risk factors. The high rate of different associated anomalies points to the need of performing an early ultrasound screening in all infants born with this disorder.

Persistent left superior vena cava in cardiac congenital surgery.

Persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC) is a relatively frequent finding in congenital cardiac malformation. The scope of the study was to analyze the timing of diagnosis of persistent LSVC, the timing of diagnosis of associated anomalies of the coronary sinus, and the global impact on morbidity and mortality of persistent LSVC in children with congenital heart disease after cardiac surgery. Retrospective analysis of a cohort of children after cardiac surgery on bypass for congenital heart disease. Three hundred seventy-one patients were included in the study, and their median age was 2.75 years (IQR 0.65-6.63). Forty-seven children had persistent LSVC (12.7 %), and persistent LSVC was identified on echocardiography before surgery in 39 patients (83 %). In three patients (6.4 %) with persistent LSVC, significant inflow obstruction of the left ventricle developed after surgery leading to low output syndrome or secondary pulmonary hypertension. In eight patients (17 %), persistent LSVC was associated with a partially or completely unroofed coronary sinus and in two cases (4 %) with coronary sinus ostial atresia. Duration of mechanical ventilation was significantly shorter in the control group (1.2 vs. 3.0 days, p = 0.04), whereas length of stay in intensive care did not differ. Mortality was also significantly lower in the control group (2.5 vs. 10.6 %, p = 0.004). The results of study show that persistent LSVC in association with congenital cardiac malformation increases the risk of mortality in children with cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass. Recognition of a persistent LSVC and its associated anomalies is mandatory to avoid complications during or after cardiac surgery.

Initial experience with hybrid surgery in congenital heart disease in a single center : P171

Introduction: A hybrid intervention is a joint procedure involving the interventional cardiologist and the cardiac surgeon. At our institution we have opted for this type of approach in congenital heart disease since 2005. We report here our initial experience. Cases: 1. A 3 year old boy with double aortic arch and multiple muscular ventricular septal defects (VSD),was readdressed for pulmonary band (PAB) removal and residual VSD closure after previous palliation. After surgical removal of the PAB, the surgeon provided a minimal transventricular access for placement of a 6mm Amplatzer® muscular VSD occluder by the cardiologist under transoesophageal guidance. The patient was extubated the same day and discharged after 5 days. 2. An 8 year old girl with Williams syndrome was followed for two large VSDs and severe peripheral pulmonary arteries (PA) stenosis. The membranous VSD was closed surgically, the muscular VSD during the same operation by direct placement of a 12 mm Amplatzer® muscular VSD occluder. During rewarming, balloon angioplasty of peripheral PA stenosis was achieved under fluoroscopy. Patient was extubated the following day and discharged after 8 days. 3. A 9 year old boy post tetralogy of Fallot repair had severe distal stenosis of the right ventricular to PA conduit.With patient on partial cardiopulmonary bypass, an incision was made on the conduit and a CP 8 Zig 16 stent placed on the stenosis. The child passed on full bypass and the definitive placement of the stent achieved. The child was extubated at the end of the intervention and discharged after 6 days. 4. A newborn presented at 2 days life with complex aortic arch anatomy: left aortic arch and right descending thoracic aorta perfused directly from a right arterial duct and left PA atresia. The arterial duct was stented with a Genesis XD stent dilated at 7mm. Two days later the cardiac surgeon made banded the right PA. The child was extubated after the operation and discharged a week later. Conclusion: Hybrid approach opens new ways of correction or palliation in congenital heart disease with encouraging results and less morbidity.

Granuloma periférico de células gigantes. A propósito de 5 casos y revisión de la literatura

El granuloma periférico de células gigantes (GPCG) es una lesión reactiva benigna relativamente frecuente de la cavidad bucal. Se origina a partir del periostio o de la membrana periodontal tras una irritación o un traumatismo crónico que actúa localmente. Se manifiesta en forma de nódulo de color rojo-púrpura, situado en la encía o en el reborde alveolar edéntulo, preferentemente en la mandíbula. Aparece a cualquier edad, con una mayor incidencia entre la quinta y sexta décadas de la vida, con una ligera predilección por el sexo femenino. Es una lesión de las partes blandas que muy rara vez implica el hueso subyacente, aunque puede causarle una erosión superficial. Se han revisado cinco casos de GPCG que afectaban a 3 hombres y a 2 mujeres de edades comprendidas entre los 19 y 66 años, presentándose tres de ellos en el maxilar superior. En dos casos se observaba radiográficamente una reabsorción ósea en forma de"aplanamiento". El tratamiento consistió en realizar la exéresis-biopsia, efectuándose dos casos mediante láser de CO2 y tres con bisturí frío. No se ha observado ninguna recidiva en el seguimiento postoperatorio (rango de 10 meses a 4 años). En el diagnóstico diferencial se deben descartar lesiones de características clínicas e histológicas muy similarescomo el granuloma central de células gigantes-, que asientan en el interior del propio maxilar y cuyo comportamiento es más agresivo; solamente el estudio radiológico permitirá esta distinción. El diagnóstico precoz y preciso de esta lesión permite efectuar un tratamiento conservador sin riesgo para los dientes vecinos ni para el hueso adyacente

Granuloma periférico de células gigantes. A propósito de 5 casos y revisión de la literatura

El granuloma periférico de células gigantes (GPCG) es una lesión reactiva benigna relativamente frecuente de la cavidad bucal. Se origina a partir del periostio o de la membrana periodontal tras una irritación o un traumatismo crónico que actúa localmente. Se manifiesta en forma de nódulo de color rojo-púrpura, situado en la encía o en el reborde alveolar edéntulo, preferentemente en la mandíbula. Aparece a cualquier edad, con una mayor incidencia entre la quinta y sexta décadas de la vida, con una ligera predilección por el sexo femenino. Es una lesión de las partes blandas que muy rara vez implica el hueso subyacente, aunque puede causarle una erosión superficial. Se han revisado cinco casos de GPCG que afectaban a 3 hombres y a 2 mujeres de edades comprendidas entre los 19 y 66 años, presentándose tres de ellos en el maxilar superior. En dos casos se observaba radiográficamente una reabsorción ósea en forma de"aplanamiento". El tratamiento consistió en realizar la exéresis-biopsia, efectuándose dos casos mediante láser de CO2 y tres con bisturí frío. No se ha observado ninguna recidiva en el seguimiento postoperatorio (rango de 10 meses a 4 años). En el diagnóstico diferencial se deben descartar lesiones de características clínicas e histológicas muy similares -como el granuloma central de células gigantes-, que asientan en el interior del propio maxilar y cuyo comportamiento es más agresivo; solamente el estudio radiológico permitirá esta distinción. El diagnóstico precoz y preciso de esta lesión permite efectuar un tratamiento conservador sin riesgo para los dientes vecinos ni para el hueso adyacente

Granuloma reparador de células gigantes: relato de cinco casos

O granuloma reparador de células gigantes é lesão óssea rara, correspondendo a cerca de 7% de todos os tumores ósseos benignos da mandíbula, com maior incidência no sexo feminino. Embora seja considerada resposta a um trauma, este antecedente nem sempre está presente. O aspecto radiológico característico é de lesão lítica, uni ou multiloculada, com afilamento da cortical, podendo apresentar calcificações no seu interior. Neste trabalho relatamos os aspectos clínicos e radiológicos de cinco casos de granuloma reparador de células gigantes envolvendo a mandíbula e o maxilar, e as principais características que permitem o diagnóstico diferencial com outras lesões fibro-ósseas que acometem a face.

Comprometimento órbito-craniano por tumores malignos sinonasais: estudo por tomografia computadorizada

Tumores malignos das cavidades sinonasais são raros e freqüentemente diagnosticados em estágio avançado da doença. A extensão destes tumores para locais críticos como a órbita e o crânio gera dificuldades no tratamento destas lesões. Dez pacientes com neoplasia maligna sinonasal, sem qualquer tratamento prévio e com evidência radiológica de extensão órbito-craniana, foram estudados por tomografia computadorizada. Dos dez tumores, cinco (50%) foram neoplasias epiteliais, tendo sido a mais comum o carcinoma epidermóide (três casos). O sítio de origem tumoral mais comum foi o seio etmoidal, em quatro pacientes (40%), seguido pelo seio maxilar (30%) e pela fossa nasal (30%). Dezesseis órbitas foram comprometidas, já que seis pacientes (60%) apresentaram acometimento orbitário tumoral bilateral. Os tumores se estenderam mais freqüentemente para as órbitas através de erosão da parede medial e do soalho orbitários. A maioria das órbitas teve todos os compartimentos acometidos. Extensão dos tumores para a cavidade craniana foi mais comum através do teto etmoidal (70%) e teto orbitário (30%). A fossa craniana anterior foi acometida em oito casos (80%), seguida pela fossa craniana média (40%) e pelo lobo frontal (excluindo-se a fossa anterior) (30%). Trinta e sete regiões da face foram acometidas pelos dez tumores, excluindo-se o sítio de origem da neoplasia e a região órbito-craniana, corroborando a grande extensão loco-regional do tumor no momento do diagnóstico.

Carcinoma espinocelular de gengiva: análise das imagens de sete casos

Os autores estudaram sete casos de carcinoma de gengiva atendidos no Serviço de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço e Otorrinolaringologia e no Serviço de Diagnóstico por Imagem do Complexo Hospitalar Heliópolis, São Paulo, SP, entre 1985 e 1996. Todos os casos eram carcinomas do tipo espinocelular. Os sete pacientes eram do sexo masculino (100%), com idade variando entre 48 e 72 anos (média de 57 anos). Exame de tomografia computadorizada foi realizado em seis (85,6%) dos sete pacientes. Quatro pacientes (57,1%) eram não tratados na ocasião do exame de imagem e três pacientes (42,8%) já tinham tido algum tipo de tratamento (cirurgia ou radioterapia). Além disso, os autores analisaram o local primário e as extensões locais para a mandíbula (5/7 casos; 71,4%), para o soalho da boca (3/7 casos; 42,8%), para o soalho do seio maxilar (1/7 casos; 14,2%) e para o trígono retromolar (1/7 casos; 14,2%). Linfonodos metastáticos foram observados em cinco pacientes (71,4%). Biópsia e exame histopatológico confirmaram todos os casos. Confrontação com achados cirúrgicos foi possível em cinco casos (71,4%).