Incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares en pacientes diagnósticados de síndrome de apnea del sueño. Factores de riesgo e impacto del tratamiento

OSAS is an increasingly common disease in general population. In Spain, the prevalence is estimated of being around 20%. This is an important public health problem, both due to the use of health resources involved and the consequences on the quality of life of the patients. Its main risk factor is obesity, a disease whose prevalence is increasing, which consequently will also cause a long term increase in the number of OSAS diagnosis. On the other hand, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Spain and also pose high health care costs. Therefore, the union of OSA and cardiovascular disease cause a high consumption of health resources and generates a large number of comorbidities and increased mortality rates. It is because of this that the early diagnosis and treatment are of great importance. Treatment with CPAP in these patients is very effective and reduces the number of cardiovascular complications...

Intervención cognitivo-conductual para el control de ansiedad ante la biopsia insicional en pacientes con cáncer de mama

Oncological patients are submitted to invasive exams in order to obtain an accurate diagnosis; these procedures may cause maladaptative reactions (fear, anxiety and pain). Particularly in breast cancer, the most common diagnose technique is the incisional biopsy. Most of the patients are unaware about the procedure and for that reason they may focus their thoughts on possible events such as pain, bleeding, the anesthesia, or the later surgical wound care. Anxiety and pain may provoke physiological, behavioral and emotional complications, and because of this reason, the Behavioral Medicine trained psychologist takes an active role before and after the biopsy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a cognitive-behavioral program to reduce anxiety in women submitted to incisional biopsy for the first time. There were 10 participants from the Hospital Juárez de México, Oncology service; all of them were treated as external patients. The intervention program focused in psycho-education and passive relaxation training using videos, tape-recorded instructions and pamphlets. Anxiety measures were performed using the IDARE-State inventory, and a visual-analogue scale of anxiety (EEF-A), and the measurement of blood pressure and heart rate). Data were analyzed both intrasubject and intersubject using the Wilcoxon test (p≤0.05). The results show a reduction in anxiety (as in punctuation as in ranges) besides, a reduction in the EEF-A.

Estilos de vida, motivaciones, recursos y riesgo cardiovasculare en estudiantes de enfermer?a, Cali 2013: Cali 2013 [recurso electr?nico]

Se estima que, para el a?o 2020, las muertes a causa de las enfermedades cardiovasculares aumentar?n en 15 a 20 % y, en el a?o 2030, las cuatro enfermedades cr?nicas no transmisibles mencionadas anteriormente ser?n responsables del 75 % de las muertes en el mundo. Es decir, se calcula que en el a?o 2030 morir?n cerca de 23,6 millones de personas por enfermedades cardiovasculares y se pronostica que seguir?n siendo la principal causa de muerte a nivel global1. Diversos estudios evidencian un incremento de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular - FRCV en los j?venes, destac?ndose una elevada prevalencia de sedentarismo, tabaquismo, sobrepeso u obesidad e hipercolesterolemia, entre otros2. Este complejo fen?meno se debe a la conjunci?n de distintos factores que tienen diferente nivel de incidencia, entre los que destaca un estilo de vida no saludable, caracterizado por la constante exposici?n del organismo a un sin n?mero de riesgos potenciales que promueven el desarrollo de enfermedades cr?nicas(Mozaffarian, Marfisi, Levantesi y cols., 2007)3 y, en consecuencia, una alta probabilidad de muertes prematuras asociadas con ellas (C?rdoba, Lee, Hern?ndez y cols., 2008)4. Los individuos pueden adoptar comportamientos saludables y no saludables. Dichos comportamientos se agrupan entre ellos y se interrelacionan para formar patrones y configurar diversas tipolog?as de estilos de vida

“Alterações eletrofisiológicas induzidas pelo tratamento psicofarmacológico com Clomipramina endovenosa em mulheres”

Introdução: A Depressão é um problema de saúde pública, presente em 7,9% da população Portuguesa, sobretudo nas mulheres. A sua prevalência está a aumentar exponencialmente, assim como o consumo de ADTs, os quais podem causar alterações eletrocardiográficas. Objetivo: Estudar as alterações eletrofisiológicas induzidas pelo tratamento psicofarmacológico com Clomipramina endovenosa, em contexto psiquiátrico. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo do tipo observacional, longitudinal e prospetivo, tendo como base a população referenciada para o CHEDV- Hospital de São João da Madeira. Os dados são relativos ao período entre o dia 11 de Março e 9 de Setembro de 2013. A amostra é constituída por dois grupos de indivíduos do sexo feminino, agrupados em função da mediana de idade (47 anos), com o grupo 1 (≤mediana idade) e o grupo 2 (>mediana idade), cada um com 15 indivíduos. Foram recolhidos por inquérito os dados sociodemográficos, os FRCVs, as medidas antropométricas e efetuada a avaliação pressão arterial no início, pico máximo e final do tratamento. Assim como, a análise comparativa no início e no pico máximo, da FC e dos diferentes intervalos (PQ, QRS, QT, QTc, QTpeak, jT, jTpeak e Tpeak-end) e da dispersão (QT e QTc). Resultados: Foram encontrados aumentos quase estatisticamente significativos no intervalo QTpeak (p=0,06) e jTpeak (p=0,05), assim como diminuição do Tpeak-end (p=0,05) nas mulheres do grupo 1 (39,27±6,22 anos), bem como aumento da PAD (p=0,09). Relativamente aos outros parâmetros eletrocardiográficos não se verificam alterações estatisticamente significativas, em nenhum dos grupos, nem na amostra total. Conclusão: A medicação causa prolongação e dispersão espacial da repolarização, sobretudo nas mulheres do grupo 1, apesar de não ser estatisticamente significativa, podendo contribuir para maior instabilidade elétrica ventricular, da qual as arritmias ventriculares malignas poderão ser a expressão clínica expectável.

Pazienteen bihotz eta arnasketa maiztasunen monitorizazioa burmuineko infragorri hurbileko espektroskopia seinaleak erabiliz

Lan honen helburua, burmuineko oxigeno maila neurtzeko NIRS (Near Infrarred Spectroscopy) teknika ez-inbaditzaileaz baliatzen den sistema baten eraginkortasuna neurtzea da, pazientearen parametro fisiologikoak diren bihotz eta arnasketa maiztasunak neurtzerako orduan. Orain arte, pazientearen oxigenazioaren monitorizazioa gauzatzea beharrezkoa den egoeratan, atzamarreko oxigenazio maila neurtzea ahalbidetzen duen PPG (Photoplethysmogram) teknika erabili da. Emergentzia egoeratan, ordea, sistema kardiobaskularrak bizi irauteko nahitaezkoak diren organoei ematen die lehentasuna, garuna eta bihotzari, alegia. Bi organo hauek oxigeno jario jarraituaz hornituak direla egiaztatzeko, ezinbestekoa izango da burmuineko oxigenazio maila neurtzea eta berriki frogatu da NIRS teknikak esparru honetan etorkizun handiko emaitzak eskaini ditzakeela. Hau dela eta, azken urteotan, NIRS teknikak lekua hartu dio orain arte agertoki mediku gehienetan erabilitako PPG teknikari, gaur egun teknika hau aplikazio ugaritan erabiltzen hasia delarik, adibidez kirurgia kardiobaskularraren monitorizazioa edo anestesia orokorraren bitarteko monitorizazioa. NIRS teknikak, garuneko oxigenazio mailaz aparte, pazientearen beste hainbat parametro fisiologikoren neurketa ahalbidetuko balu (arnasketa eta bihotz maiztasuna), agertoki mediku asko erraztuko lituzke, gailu bakar batekin pazientearen bizi-konstante anitzen monitorizazio eramango baitzen aurrera. Tresna hau egingarria dela egiaztatzeko, lehenik eta behin, NIRS seinalea bizi-konstante hauen berri emateko gai dela balioetsi behar da eta hauxe da, hain zuzen, proiektu honen xede nagusia. Azken helburu hau lortzeko, hainbat azpi-helburu proposatzen dira hemen aurkeztuko den proiektuan: lehenik eta behin, NIRS seinaleak eta bizi konstante hauek era fidagarrian lortzea ahalbidetzen duten seinaleak biltegiratzen dituen datu base bat sortuko da. Datu base hau osatzeko, aurreko seinale guztiak aldi berean eskuratuko dituen neurketa sistema sinkrono bat sortzea ezinbestekoa izango da eta azkenik, NIRS seinaleen eraginkortasuna ebaluatzeko, seinaleen prozesaketan oinarritutako hainbat algoritmo garatuko dira.

Avaliação dos valores séricos de troponina cardíaca I (cTnI) e capacidade antioxidante total (TAC) em felídeos com doença renal crónica e seu valor de prognóstico : estudo preliminar

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária

Efectividad del sulfato de magnesio como coadyuvante de la anestesia general, en pacientes de cirugía atendidos en el Hospital Nacional "San Juan de Dios" de la ciudad de San Miguel de julio a noviembre del 2014

Esta investigación nace como respuesta a la necesidad de nuevas propuestas, que generen mayores beneficios a los pacientes, el personal médico, y paramédico de anestesiología en las instituciones hospitalarias. Se formuló el Tema: "Efectividad del sulfato de magnesio como coadyuvante de la anestesia general, en pacientes de cirugía atendidos en el hospital San Juan de Dios". A través de este estudio se pretende comprobar si el sulfato de magnesio es efectivo como coadyuvante durante la inducción de la anestesia general para verificar si existen mas ventajas, con el uso de este medicamento, por tal razón se tiene como Objetivos. Efectividad del sulfato de magnesio para, disminuir el uso de relajantes musculares, estabilidad del sistema cardiovascular, disminución del tiempo de inicio y aumento del tiempo de duración de los relajantes musculares y si este también disminuye la presencia de laringoespasmo y Broncoespasmo. La Metodología: fue construida en base a los tipos, de campo y ensayo clínico controlado. La población tomada para el estudio fue de 50 pacientes que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y se dividieron en dos grupos de 25 cada uno. Haciendo uso de una guía de observación se recolecto información acerca del comportamiento del uso del sulfato de magnesio Resultados: se procedió al análisis estadístico haciendo uso de pruebas estadísticas realizadas por el programa SPSS versión 19, determinando que: el sulfato de magnesio fue efectivo como coadyuvante durante la inducción de la anestesia general en pacientes sometidos a cirugía general en el Hospital Nacional San Juan de Dios, San Miguel.

Eficacia a largo plazo del tratamiento con treprostinil subcutáneo en pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar

La hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP) se define como un grupo de enfermedades caracterizadas por el aumento de las resistencias vasculares pulmonares, que conduce a la insuficiencia respiratoria progresiva, al fracaso del ventrículo derecho y finalmente a la muerte prematura. Es una enfermedad rara, con una prevalencia baja (16 casos por millón de habitantes), de origen desconocido, posiblemente multifactorial y muy devastadora con una supervivencia del 68% a los 5 años. La definición de HP es fundamentalmente hemodinámica, y viene determinada por la presencia de una presión arterial pulmonar media en reposo por encima de 25 mmHg; el promedio normal de la PAP media es 14 ± 3 mmHg, con un límite superior de 20 mmHg; los valores entre 21-24 mmHg tienen aún significado incierto, los pacientes que presentan una presión arterial pulmonar en este rango deben ser seguidos porque pueden desarrollar hipertensión arterial pulmonar , como ocurre en los pacientes con enfermedad del tejido conectivo o familiares de los pacientes con HAP heredable. Estos pacientes sufren un gran deterioro en su calidad de vida y aunque en los últimos tiempos se están produciendo grandes avances en la investigación, con numerosos logros tanto en la etiopatogenia como en el tratamiento y han proporcionado pequeñas mejorías es necesario seguir, hasta conseguir que el diagnóstico sea precoz, antes de que se produzcan cambios iniciales y las presiones pulmonares comiencen a elevarse. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad se realiza todavía en el 70% de los casos es en fase avanzada, con afectación importante del ventrículo derecho y una clase funcional III a IV de la OMS...

Diferente evolución de la fibrilación auricular tras el primer episodio documentado

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The importance of physical fitness in the performance of adequate cardiopulmonary resuscitation

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the influence of the physical fitness of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) provider on the performance of and physiologic response to CPR. To this end, comparisons were made of sedentary and physically active subjects in terms of CPR performance and physiologic variables. Two study groups were established: group P (n = 14), composed of sedentary, professional CPR rescuers (mean [± SD]; age, 34 ± 6 years; V̇O2max, 32.5 ± 5.5 mL/kg/min), and group Ex (n = 14), composed of physically active, nonexperienced subjects (age, 34 ± 6 years; V̇O2max, 44.5 ± 8.5 mL/kg/min). Each subject was required to perform an 18-min CPR session, which involved manual external cardiac compressions (ECCs) on an electronic teaching mannequin following accepted standard CPR guidelines. Subjects' gas exchange parameters and heart rates (HRs) were monitored throughout the trial. Variables indicating the adequacy of the ECCs (ECC depth and the percentage of incorrect compressions and hand placements) also were determined. Overall CPR performance was similar in both groups. The indicators of ECC adequacy fell within accepted limits (ie, an ECC depth between 38 and 51 mm). However, fatigue prevented four subjects from group P from completing the trial. In contrast, the physiologic responses to CPR differed between groups. The indicators of the intensity of effort during the trial, such as HR or percentage of maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) were higher in group P subjects than group Ex subjects, respectively (HRs at the end of the trial, 139 ± 22 vs 115 ± 17 beats/min, p < 0.01; percentage of V̇O2max after 12 min of CPR, 46.7 ± 9.7% vs 37.2 ± 10.4%, p < 0,05). These results suggest that a certain level of physical fitness may be beneficial to CPR providers to ensure the adequacy of chest compressions performed during relatively long periods of cardiac arrest.

Effects of fibrosis morphology on reentrant ventricular tachycardia inducibility and simulation fidelity in patient-derived models

Myocardial fibrosis detected via delayed-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to be a strong indicator for ventricular tachycardia (VT) inducibility. However, little is known regarding how inducibility is affected by the details of the fibrosis extent, morphology, and border zone configuration. The objective of this article is to systematically study the arrhythmogenic effects of fibrosis geometry and extent, specifically on VT inducibility and maintenance. We present a set of methods for constructing patient-specific computational models of human ventricles using in vivo MRI data for patients suffering from hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and chronic myocardial infarction. Additional synthesized models with morphologically varied extents of fibrosis and gray zone (GZ) distribution were derived to study the alterations in the arrhythmia induction and reentry patterns. Detailed electrophysiological simulations demonstrated that (1) VT morphology was highly dependent on the extent of fibrosis, which acts as a structural substrate, (2) reentry tended to be anchored to the fibrosis edges and showed transmural conduction of activations through narrow channels formed within fibrosis, and (3) increasing the extent of GZ within fibrosis tended to destabilize the structural reentry sites and aggravate the VT as compared to fibrotic regions of the same size and shape but with lower or no GZ. The approach and findings represent a significant step toward patient-specific cardiac modeling as a reliable tool for VT prediction and management of the patient. Sensitivities to approximation nuances in the modeling of structural pathology by image-based reconstruction techniques are also implicated.

Long-term benefit of early pre-reperfusion metoprolol administration in patients with acute myocardial infarction: Results from the Metocard-CNIC trial (Effect of Metoprolol in Cardioprotection during an Acute Myocardial Infarction)

The goal of this trial was to study the long-term effects of intravenous (IV) metoprolol administration before reperfusion on left ventricular (LV) function and clinical events. Early IV metoprolol during ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been shown to reduce infarct size when used in conjunction with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). The METOCARD-CNIC (Effect of Metoprolol in Cardioprotection During an Acute Myocardial Infarction) trial recruited 270 patients with Killip class ≤II anterior STEMI presenting early after symptom onset (<6 h) and randomized them to pre-reperfusion IV metoprolol or control group. Long-term magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 202 patients (101 per group) 6 months after STEMI. Patients had a minimal 12-month clinical follow-up. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at the 6 months MRI was higher after IV metoprolol (48.7 ± 9.9% vs. 45.0 ± 11.7% in control subjects; adjusted treatment effect 3.49%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44% to 6.55%; p = 0.025). The occurrence of severely depressed LVEF (≤35%) at 6 months was significantly lower in patients treated with IV metoprolol (11% vs. 27%, p = 0.006). The proportion of patients fulfilling Class I indications for an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) was significantly lower in the IV metoprolol group (7% vs. 20%, p = 0.012). At a median follow-up of 2 years, occurrence of the pre-specified composite of death, heart failure admission, reinfarction, and malignant arrhythmias was 10.8% in the IV metoprolol group versus 18.3% in the control group, adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 0.55; 95% CI: 0.26 to 1.04; p = 0.065. Heart failure admission was significantly lower in the IV metoprolol group (HR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.015 to 0.95; p = 0.046). In patients with anterior Killip class ≤II STEMI undergoing pPCI, early IV metoprolol before reperfusion resulted in higher long-term LVEF, reduced incidence of severe LV systolic dysfunction and ICD indications, and fewer heart failure admissions.

Myocardial edema after ischemia/reperfusion is not stable and follows a bimodal pattern: Imaging and histological tissue characterization

It is widely accepted that edema occurs early in the ischemic zone and persists in stable form for at least 1 week after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. However, there are no longitudinal studies covering from very early (minutes) to late (1 week) reperfusion stages confirming this phenomenon. This study sought to perform a comprehensive longitudinal imaging and histological characterization of the edematous reaction after experimental myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. The study population consisted of 25 instrumented Large-White pigs (30 kg to 40 kg). Closed-chest 40-min ischemia/reperfusion was performed in 20 pigs, which were sacrificed at 120 min (n = 5), 24 h (n = 5), 4 days (n = 5), and 7 days (n = 5) after reperfusion and processed for histological quantification of myocardial water content. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) scans with T2-weighted short-tau inversion recovery and T2-mapping sequences were performed at every follow-up stage until sacrifice. Five additional pigs sacrificed after baseline CMR served as controls. In all pigs, reperfusion was associated with a significant increase in T2 relaxation times in the ischemic region. On 24-h CMR, ischemic myocardium T2 times returned to normal values (similar to those seen pre-infarction). Thereafter, ischemic myocardium-T2 times in CMR performed on days 4 and 7 after reperfusion progressively and systematically increased. On day 7 CMR, T2 relaxation times were as high as those observed at reperfusion. Myocardial water content analysis in the ischemic region showed a parallel bimodal pattern: 2 high water content peaks at reperfusion and at day 7, and a significant decrease at 24 h. Contrary to the accepted view, myocardial edema during the first week after ischemia/reperfusion follows a bimodal pattern. The initial wave appears abruptly upon reperfusion and dissipates at 24 h. Conversely, the deferred wave of edema appears progressively days after ischemia/reperfusion and is maximal around day 7 after reperfusion.

Use of intracardiac echocardiography as a guide during interventricular septum puncture in a patient undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy

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Impact of the timing of metoprolol administration during STEMI on infarct size and ventricular function

Pre-reperfusion administration of intravenous (IV) metoprolol reduces infarct size in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study sought to determine how this cardioprotective effect is influenced by the timing of metoprolol therapy having either a long or short metoprolol bolus-to-reperfusion interval. We performed a post hoc analysis of the METOCARD-CNIC (effect of METOprolol of CARDioproteCtioN during an acute myocardial InfarCtion) trial, which randomized anterior STEMI patients to IV metoprolol or control before mechanical reperfusion. Treated patients were divided into short- and long-interval groups, split by the median time from 15 mg metoprolol bolus to reperfusion. We also performed a controlled validation study in 51 pigs subjected to 45 min ischemia/reperfusion. Pigs were allocated to IV metoprolol with a long (−25 min) or short (−5 min) pre-perfusion interval, IV metoprolol post-reperfusion (+60 min), or IV vehicle. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was performed in the acute and chronic phases in both clinical and experimental settings. For 218 patients (105 receiving IV metoprolol), the median time from 15 mg metoprolol bolus to reperfusion was 53 min. Compared with patients in the short-interval group, those with longer metoprolol exposure had smaller infarcts (22.9 g vs. 28.1 g; p = 0.06) and higher left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (48.3% vs. 43.9%; p = 0.019) on day 5 CMR. These differences occurred despite total ischemic time being significantly longer in the long-interval group (214 min vs. 160 min; p < 0.001). There was no between-group difference in the time from symptom onset to metoprolol bolus. In the animal study, the long-interval group (IV metoprolol 25 min before reperfusion) had the smallest infarcts (day 7 CMR) and highest long-term LVEF (day 45 CMR). In anterior STEMI patients undergoing primary angioplasty, the sooner IV metoprolol is administered in the course of infarction, the smaller the infarct and the higher the LVEF. These hypothesis-generating clinical data are supported by a dedicated experimental large animal study.