The new institutionalism in the context of Kosovo's transition:regulatory institutions in contested states

This article explores the new institutionalist literature in political economy in the context of Kosovo's contested statehood, focusing on institutional arbitrage and legitimacy. This article considers both the consequences of institutions for actors' behaviour and the norms that shape this, as well as the factors determining the legitimacy of institutions. In doing so, it combines the new institutionalist theory with documentary and interview material collected during research on energy regulation in one contested state, Kosovo. Rather than singling out one particular variety of "new institutionalism", the article attempts to blend insights from historical (or "political"), rational choice, and sociological institutionalism. © 2014 © 2014 Taylor & Francis.

Tax implications of dividend policy

This study examines the tax-arbitrage possibilities on the Budapest Stock Exchange between 1995 and 2007. The theoretical possibility for the arbitrage is the different taxation for different stockholders, for the private investors and for the institutions: the institutions had higher taxation on capital gain while private persons in the whole period had tax-benefits on capital gains. The dynamic clientele model shows, that there is a range of the price drops after dividend payouts which guarantees a risk-free profit for both parties. The research is based on the turnover data from 97 companies listed on the Budapest Stock Exchange. We have tested the significant turnovers around the dividend-dates. The study presents clear evidence that investors continuously did take advantages on the different taxation.

Valószínűség, esély, relatív súlyok. Opciók és reálopciók (Probability, chance, relative weights)

There is a long debate (going back to Keynes) how to interpret the concept of probability in economics, in business decisions, in finance. Iván Bélyácz suggested that the Black–Scholes– Merton analysis of fi nancial derivatives has a contribution to this risk vs. uncertainty debate. This article tries to interpret this suggestion, from the viewpoint of traded options, real options, Arrow–Debreu model, Heath–Jarrow–Morton model, insurance business. The article suggests making clear distinction and using different naming ● when the frequents approach and the statistics is relevant, ● when we just use consequent relative weights during the no-arbitrage pricing, and these weight are just interpreted as probabilities, ● when we just lack the necessary information, and there is a basic uncertainty in the business decision making process. The paper suggests making a sharp distinction between fi nancial derivatives used for market risk management and credit risk type derivatives (CDO, CDS, etc) in the reregulation process of the fi nancial markets.

A kockázat megjelenése a származtatott pénzügyi termékekben (The risk appearing in financial derivatives)

A pénzügyi kockázatok szerepe, modellezése, kezelése az utóbbi évtizedekben vált egyre hangsúlyosabbá az elméletben és a gyakorlatban egyaránt. A 2007-ben kezdődő pénzügyi válság egyik kiváltó oka a kockázatok nem megfelelő felmérése volt. A válság egyik tanulsága, hogy bár a matematika és a fizika hozzájárulása rendkívül mély módszertani apparátust biztosított a kockázatok számszerűsítésére, ezen eredmények pénzügyi alkalmazása csak akkor sikeres, ha pontosan értjük a modellek feltételeit és korlátait. Jelen cikk a pénzügyi derivatívák értékelésének alapelveit, valamint a származtatott ügyletekben megjelenő kockázatokat tekinti át, illetve bemutatja azokat a bizonytalansági tényezőket, amelyek megkérdőjelezik az értékelés objektivitását. / === / The modeling and management of financial risks became one of the most important topics of the last decade both in theory and fi nancial practice. The mismanagement of fi nancial risks can be mentioned among the reasons contributing to the eruption of the recent crisis. In order to use successfully the methodology of mathematics and physics in pricing of derivatives, we have to consider the assumptions and limits of the models. This paper introduces the main concepts – no arbitrage pricing and risk neutral valuation – in derivatives’ pricing, then presents and quantifies the risk of some derivative products. I am arguing that the assumptions of the Black–Scholes and Merton model are injured at several points, so the pricing can not be perfectly cleared from all the risk preferences. All those risks, deriving from the difference of the reality and the model are priced in the volatility parameter in the practice.

Derivatív pénzügyi termékek árdinamikája és az új típusú kamatlábmodellek (Interest rate models and the price processes of financial derivatives)

Ennek a cikknek az a célja, hogy áttekintést adjon annak a folyamatnak néhány főbb állomásáról, amit Black, Scholes és Merton opcióárazásról írt cikkei indítottak el a 70-es évek elején, és ami egyszerre forradalmasította a fejlett nyugati pénzügyi piacokat és a pénzügyi elméletet. / === / This review article compares the development of financial theory within and outside Hungary in the last three decades starting with the Black-Scholes revolution. Problems like the term structure of interest rate volatilities which is in the focus of many research internationally has not received the proper attention among the Hungarian economists. The article gives an overview of no-arbitrage pricing, the partial differential equation approach and the related numerical techniques, like the lattice methods in pricing financial derivatives. The relevant concepts of the martingal approach are overviewed. There is a special focus on the HJM framework of the interest rate development. The idea that the volatility and the correlation can be traded is a new horizon to the Hungarian capital market.

Le rapport de communication dans l'ajustement mutuel : le cas d'une coopérative de travailleurs

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Le rapport de communication dans l'ajustement mutuel : le cas d'une coopérative de travailleurs

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Analysis of the Bovespa Futures and Spot Indexes With High Frequency Data. Chinese Business Review

Data from the World Federation of Exchanges show that Brazil’s Sao Paulo stock exchange is one of the largest worldwide in terms of market value. Thus, the objective of this study is to obtain univariate and bivariate forecasting models based on intraday data from the futures and spot markets of the BOVESPA index. The interest is to verify if there exist arbitrage opportunities in Brazilian financial market. To this end, three econometric forecasting models were built: ARFIMA, vector autoregressive (VAR), and vector error correction (VEC). Furthermore, it presents the results of a Granger causality test for the aforementioned series. This type of study shows that it is important to identify arbitrage opportunities in financial markets and, in particular, in the application of these models on data of this nature. In terms of the forecasts made with these models, VEC showed better results. The causality test shows that futures BOVESPA index Granger causes spot BOVESPA index. This result may indicate arbitrage opportunities in Brazil.

Étude du modèle multifacteurs de Farrell dans le contexte canadien

L'hypothèse sous-jacente au modèle de marché de SHARPE(1964) est que les actifs ont une tendance à évoluer ensemble seulement à cause du lien commun qu'ils ont avec le marché. Depuis lors, quelques recherches ont permis de découvrir qu'il y a d'autres facteurs qui influencent le mouvement des prix des actifs financiers. Notamment, KING(1963), MEYERS(1973), FARRELL(1970,74,77), LIVINGSTON(1977) et ARNOTT(1980) ont cerné quelques-uns de ces autres facteurs. ROLL et ROSS(1976) ont spécifié un modèle général qui tient compte de facteurs importants dans les marchés financiers. Cependant, les tests empiriques sur l'A.P.T. (arbitrage pricing theory) effectués par CHEN, ROLL et ROSS(1986) n'ont pas donné de résultats probants. L'objectif de cette étude sera d'étudier le comportement des sous-indices de la Bourse de Toronto pour créer un modèle multifacteurs selon la méthodologie de James L. FARRELL. En bref, on étudie les comportements des actifs financiers par l'utilisation de procédures de regroupements statistiques pour former quelques indices supplémentaires au modèle de marché de SHARPE(1964).

Le monétarisme et la politique monétaire de la Banque du Canada, 1975-1982

Les années soixante-dix furent décidément, on peut le dire, celles du triomphe du monétarisme. La conjoncture économique venait à peine de le sortir de l'ombre, avec la stagflation qui reléguait dorénavant au second plan le principe d'un arbitrage durable entre l'inflation et le chômage "combattu" par les monétaristes, que les autorités monétaires des pays industrialisés faisaient des principes monétaristes le point de mire de la politique économique au milieu de la décennie. En effet face à l'inflation aiguë qui sévissait à cette période, ces pays décidaient non seulement de donner dorénavant la priorité à la lutte contre l'inflation, mais décidaient aussi de centrer la politique monétaire sur l'annonce d'objectifs de croissance de la masse monétaire à long terme plutôt que sur des considérations liées aux événements purement conjoncturels. L'intention, disent-ils, était de rendre moins incertain l'environnement des agents économiques et de rendre la politique monétaire plus claire et plus crédible. Ceci a suffi à l'opinion publique et aux économistes pour qualifier tout de go cette prise de position d'"adhésion au monétarisme") ainsi Hilton Friedman disait "cela a pour résultat final l'adhésion, au moins verbale, d'un grand nombre de banques centrales du monde à ce qu'il est maintenant convenu d'appeler une politique monétariste". […]

Le partage de la dette et des actifs de la province du Canada, 1867-1910

Au cours d'un de nos séminaires de recherche sous la direction d'un spécialiste en histoire administrative de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Marc Vallières, certains sujets inédits étaient offerts aux étudiants comme hypothèses de travail. Parmi ces sujets figurait celui désigné sous le titre lapidaire « Le partage de la dette et des actifs de la province du Canada ». N'ayant aucune notion précise sur ce thème, nous avons dû dépouiller les documents de la session, fédéraux et provinciaux, pour au moins prendre connaissance des faits essentiels. Ces faits se résumaient alors comme suit : à la suite de la mise en application de la nouvelle constitution sanctionnée à Londres en I867 et nommée l'Acte de l'Amérique du Nord Britannique, deux commissions d'arbitrage furent mises sur pied pour diviser entre l'Ontario et le Québec les dettes et les actifs accumulés de 1841 à 1867 alors que les deux provinces ne formaient qu'une seule colonie, la province du Canada, Ces quelques recherches préliminaires n'ont cependant pas assouvi notre curiosité sur cet épisode mouvementé des relations fédérales-provinciales et interprovinciales au début de la Confédération, Les problèmes auxquels nous ferons allusion sont très mal connus des historiens eux-mêmes et certains sont mis à jour pour la première fois. Le résultat de ces recherches, que nous exposons ici, démontre que nous avons eu raison de poursuivre nos travaux dans cette voie et éclaire des conflits constitutionnels et financiers actuels à la lumière de leur mise-en-scène originelle. [...]

Three Essays in Empirical Asset Pricing

The financial crisis of 2007-2008 led to extraordinary government intervention in firms and markets. The scope and depth of government action rivaled that of the Great Depression. Many traded markets experienced dramatic declines in liquidity leading to the existence of conditions normally assumed to be promptly removed via the actions of profit seeking arbitrageurs. These extreme events motivate the three essays in this work. The first essay seeks and fails to find evidence of investor behavior consistent with the broad 'Too Big To Fail' policies enacted during the crisis by government agents. Only in limited circumstances, where government guarantees such as deposit insurance or U.S. Treasury lending lines already existed, did investors impart a premium to the debt security prices of firms under stress. The second essay introduces the Inflation Indexed Swap Basis (IIS Basis) in examining the large differences between cash and derivative markets based upon future U.S. inflation as measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). It reports the consistent positive value of this measure as well as the very large positive values it reached in the fourth quarter of 2008 after Lehman Brothers went bankrupt. It concludes that the IIS Basis continues to exist due to limitations in market liquidity and hedging alternatives. The third essay explores the methodology of performing debt based event studies utilizing credit default swaps (CDS). It provides practical implementation advice to researchers to address limited source data and/or small target firm sample size.

Essays on the term structure of interest rates

This PhD thesis contains three main chapters on macro finance, with a focus on the term structure of interest rates and the applications of state-of-the-art Bayesian econometrics. Except for Chapter 1 and Chapter 5, which set out the general introduction and conclusion, each of the chapters can be considered as a standalone piece of work. In Chapter 2, we model and predict the term structure of US interest rates in a data rich environment. We allow the model dimension and parameters to change over time, accounting for model uncertainty and sudden structural changes. The proposed timevarying parameter Nelson-Siegel Dynamic Model Averaging (DMA) predicts yields better than standard benchmarks. DMA performs better since it incorporates more macro-finance information during recessions. The proposed method allows us to estimate plausible realtime term premia, whose countercyclicality weakened during the financial crisis. Chapter 3 investigates global term structure dynamics using a Bayesian hierarchical factor model augmented with macroeconomic fundamentals. More than half of the variation in the bond yields of seven advanced economies is due to global co-movement. Our results suggest that global inflation is the most important factor among global macro fundamentals. Non-fundamental factors are essential in driving global co-movements, and are closely related to sentiment and economic uncertainty. Lastly, we analyze asymmetric spillovers in global bond markets connected to diverging monetary policies. Chapter 4 proposes a no-arbitrage framework of term structure modeling with learning and model uncertainty. The representative agent considers parameter instability, as well as the uncertainty in learning speed and model restrictions. The empirical evidence shows that apart from observational variance, parameter instability is the dominant source of predictive variance when compared with uncertainty in learning speed or model restrictions. When accounting for ambiguity aversion, the out-of-sample predictability of excess returns implied by the learning model can be translated into significant and consistent economic gains over the Expectations Hypothesis benchmark.

Low-Volatility Anomaly in Helsinki Stock Exchange

International research shows that low-volatility stocks have beaten high-volatility stocks in terms of returns for decades on multiple markets. This abbreviation from traditional risk-return framework is known as low-volatility anomaly. This study focuses on explaining the anomaly and finding how strongly it appears in NASDAQ OMX Helsinki stock exchange. Data consists of all listed companies starting from 2001 and ending close to 2015. Methodology follows closely Baker and Haugen (2012) by sorting companies into deciles according to 3-month volatility and then calculating monthly returns for these different volatility groups. Annualized return for the lowest volatility decile is 8.85 %, while highest volatility decile destroys wealth at rate of -19.96 % per annum. Results are parallel also in quintiles that represent larger amount of companies and thus dilute outliers. Observation period captures financial crisis of 2007-2008 and European debt crisis, which embodies as low main index annual return of 1 %, but at the same time proves the success of low-volatility strategy. Low-volatility anomaly is driven by multiple reasons such as leverage constrained trading and managerial incentives which both prompt to invest in risky assets, but behavioral matters also have major weight in maintaining the anomaly.