Writing disenchantment: British First World War Prose, 1914-30.

This book argues that disenchantment is not only a response to wartime experience, but a condition of modernity with a language that finds extreme expression in First World War literature. The objects of disenchantment are often the very same as the enchantments of scientific progress: bureaucracy, homogenisation and capitalism. Older beliefs such as religion, courage and honour are kept in view, and endure longer than often is realised. Social critics, theorists and commentators of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries provide a rich and previously unexplored context for wartime and post-war literature. The rise of the disenchanted narrative to its predominance in the War Books Boom of 1928 – 1930 is charted from the turn of the century in texts, archival material, sales and review data. Rarely-studied popular and middlebrow novels are analysed alongside well-known highbrow texts: D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, H. G. Wells and Rebecca West rub shoulders with forgotten figures such as Gilbert Frankau and Ernest Raymond. These sometimes jarring juxtapositions show the strained relationship between enchantment and disenchantment in the war and the post-war decade.

Two-stage laparoscopic liver resection for bilateral colorectal liver metastasis

Hepatectomy may prolong the survival of colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases. Two-stage liver surgery is a valid option for the treatment of bilobar colorectal liver metastasis. This video demonstrates technical aspects of a two-stage pure laparoscopic hepatectomy for bilateral liver metastasis. To the authors` knowledge, this is the first description of a two-stage laparoscopic liver resection in the English literature. A 54-year-old man with right colon cancer and synchronous bilobar colorectal liver metastasis underwent laparoscopic right colon resection followed by oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. The patient then was referred for surgical treatment of liver metastasis. Liver volumetry showed a small left liver remnant. Surgical planning was for a totally laparoscopic two-stage liver resection. The first stage involved laparoscopic resection of segment 3 and ligature of the right portal vein. The postoperative pathology showed high-grade liver steatosis. After 4 weeks, the left liver had regenerated, and volumetry of left liver was 43%. The second stage involved laparoscopic right hepatectomy using the intrahepatic Glissonian approach. Intrahepatic access to the main right Glissonian pedicle was achieved with two small incisions, and an endoscopic vascular stapling device was inserted between these incisions and fired. The line of liver transection was marked following the ischemic area. Liver transection was accomplished with the Harmonic scalpel and an endoscopic stapling device. The specimen was extracted through a suprapubic incision. The falciform ligament was fixed to maintain the left liver in its original anatomic position, avoiding hepatic vein kinking and outflow syndrome. The operative time was 90 min for stage 1 and 240 min for stage 2 of the procedure. The recoveries after the first and second operations were uneventful, and the patient was discharged on postoperative days 2 and 7, respectively. Two-stage liver resections can be performed safely using laparoscopy. The intrahepatic Glissonian approach is a useful tool for pedicle control of the right liver, especially after previous dissection of the hilar plate.

Laparoscopic resection of uncinate process of the pancreas

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas is an uncommon but distinctive pancreatic neoplasm with low metastatic potential [1]. Therefore, whenever feasible, an organ-preserving operation should be performed. As previously reported, women with solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas may be best treated by more conservative procedures [2]. Recently, laparoscopic pancreatic resections became more common and are being performed in highly specialized centers. There are only six cases of laparoscopic resection for solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of pancreas published in the English literature and, to our knowledge, laparoscopic resection of uncinate process of the pancreas has never been reported [3-6]. This video demonstrates the technical aspects of a totally laparoscopic resection of the uncinate process of the pancreas in a patient with solid pseudopapillary neoplasm. A 26-year-old woman with a 4-cm solid pseudopapillary pancreatic neoplasm was referred for surgical treatment. According to preoperative echoendoscopy, there was a safe margin between neoplasm and main pancreatic duct. The patient was placed in supine position with the surgeon standing between her legs. Four trocars, one 10-mm and three 5-mm, were used. At inspection, the inferior vena cava, transverse colon, duodenum, and pancreas are clearly identified. A Kocher maneuver was performed with complete exposure of pancreatic head and uncinate process. The uncinate process was dissected from the superior mesenteric vein and venous branches were divided between metallic clips or by use of laparoscopic coagulation shears (LCS; Ethicon Endo Surgery Industries, Cincinnati, OH, USA). Blood supply of the duodenum was preserved by ligature of small pancreatic branches from inferior pancreatoduodenal artery. Transection of pancreatic parenchyma was performed using laparoscopic coagulation shears, which is an effective tool for cutting the pancreas [7, 8]. Surgical specimen was removed through a suprapubic incision inside a retrieval bag. A hemostatic absorbable tissue (Surgicel; Ethicon Inc., Cincinnati, OH) was placed in the cutting pancreatic surface, and one round 19F Blake abdominal drain (Ethicon) was left in place. Operative time was 180 minutes and blood loss estimated in 40 ml with no blood transfusion. Hospital stay was 4 days. The patient did not have postoperative pancreatitis or pancreatic leakage, and the abdominal drain was removed on the tenth postoperative day. Final pathology confirmed the diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of pancreas with free surgical margins. The patient was well and asymptomatic 2 months after the procedure. Laparoscopic resection of uncinate process of the pancreas is safe and feasible and should be considered for patients suffering from pancreatic neoplasms.

Glissonian approach for laparoscopic mesohepatectomy

Experience with advanced techniques has increased the indications for laparoscopic liver resection. This video demonstrates technical aspects of a pure laparoscopic mesohepatectomy using intrahepatic Glissonian technique. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of anatomic laparoscopic mesohepatectomy using the Glissonian approach published in the English literature. A 62-year-old man with colorectal liver metastasis occupying central liver segments was referred for surgical treatment. The first step is the control of segment 4 pedicle. Using the round ligament as a guide, one incision is performed on its right margin and another is made at the bottom of segment 4. A vascular clamp is introduced through those incisions to occlude segment 4 Glissonian sheath. The next step is to control the right anterior pedicle. The first incision is made in front of the hilum and another is performed on the right edge of gallbladder bed. Laparoscopic clamp is introduced through these incisions and closed producing ischemic discoloration of segments 5 and 8. Vascular clamp is replaced by an endoscopic vascular stapling device and stapler is fired. Line of liver transection is marked along the liver surface following ischemic area. Liver transection is accomplished with bipolar vessel sealing device and endoscopic stapling device as appropriate. Specimen was extracted through a suprapubic incision. Liver raw surfaces were reviewed for bleeding and bile leaks. Operative time was 200 min with minimum blood loss and no need for blood transfusion. Recovery was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on the fifth postoperative day. Histological examination revealed clear surgical margins. Mesohepatectomy can be safely performed laparoscopically in selected patients and by surgeons with expertise in both liver surgery and laparoscopic techniques. The use of the intrahepatic Glissonian approach may help to identify the exact limits of the mesohepatectomy to avoid ischemic injury of the remnant liver.

Immunoexpression of Ki67, proliferative cell nuclear antigen, and Bcl-2 proteins in a case of ameloblastic fibrosarcoma

Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma (AFS), regarded as the malignant counterpart of the benign ameloblastic fibroma, is an extremely rare odontogenic neoplasm with only 68 cases reported in the English literature up to 2009. It is composed of a benign odontogenic epithelium, resembling that of ameloblastoma, and a malignant mesenchymal part exhibiting features of fibrosarcoma. Due to the rarity of the lesion, little is known about its molecular pathogenesis; therefore, in the current study, we sought to evaluate the immunoexpression of Ki67, proliferative cell nuclear antigen, and Bcl-2 proteins in AFS, comparing the results obtained with its benign counterpart, as well as to report a new case of this rare entity affecting a 19-year-old female patient. The results obtained revealed that all the proteins evaluated were overexpressed in the malignant mesenchymal portion of AFS if compared with ameloblastic fibroma, suggesting that nuclear proliferative factors such as Ki67 and proliferative cell nuclear antigen, in association to histopathologic features, may be useful markers for identifying the malignancy and that, despite the lack of molecular analysis in the case reported, Bcl-2 alteration may play a role in AFS pathogenesis. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Schwannoma in the lower lip mucosa: Unexpected diagnosis

Schwannoma is a benign tumor arising from nerve-sheath Schwann cells. When it affects the mouth, the lips are rarely involved. A MEDLINE search in the English literature from 1969 to 2009 revealed only 17 documented cases of schwannomas of the lip. This report describes the unusual case of a 52-year-old man who developed a schwannoma of the lower lip. Histopathologic examination and immunohistochemical staining studies were performed. Although rare, schwannoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any nodule or mass in the oral mucosa. (Quintessence Int 2010; 41: 769-771)

Emotional distress induced rhabdomyolysis in an individual with carnitine palmitolytransferase deficiency

A 48-year-old male patient with underlying CPT II enzyme deficiency is described. Emotional stress appeared to precipitate recurrent myalgias, rhabdomyolysis and reversible renal impairment over a 40-year period. Our search of the English literature indicates this to be the first time that the emotional stress has been documented to precipitate the CPT II syndrome. Although the pathogenesis of this syndrome has yet to be established, existing knowledge is briefly reviewed and the likely metabolic and neuroendocrine mechanisms which link emotional stress to muscle metabolism are examined. These mechanisms influence the extent of lipolysis or glycolysis that occurs during the process of muscle ATP generation. It is suggested that neuroendocrine and other stress related changes which favour lipolysis over glycolysis adversely effect muscle energy metabolism in patients whose mitochondria are deficient in CPT II enzyme. Possible treatment strategies are those that favour glycolysis over fatty acid metabolism and include a variety of ways of modulating sympathetic and parasympathetic tone. The use of carbohydrate supplementation P-blockers and anxiolytic agents is discussed.

Holy harlots : authority, gender, and the body in medieval English hagiography

This doctoral dissertation aims at describing the representation of holy harlots (Mary Magdalene, Mary of Egypt, Pelagia, Thai's, Afra of Augsburg) in medieval English hagiography. These saints are unique representatives that combine both extremes of the feminine in the medieval imaginaire: she is both, as a saint, the Virgin Mary, the pure and virtuous woman, and, in her past as a prostitute, Eve, the evil female tempter who led all mankind to destruction. The initial question of this thesis is how did hagiographers negotiate the representation of a formerly sinful, sexually active, long- living woman as an authoritative saint? This thesis aims at finding elements of answer to this question, investigating the intersections between gender and authority in the saints' lives of repentant prostitutes in all the vernaculars of medieval England: Old English, Anglo-Norman, and Middle English. It posits that the portrayal of holy harlots' authority and gender is dependent upon social, religious and literary shifts during the medieval period. My contention is that the harlot's gender portrayal changes over the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, due notably to the rise of affective piety and the important influence of the romance genre over hagiography. In Anglo-Saxon England, the harlot's gender changes with the saint's conversion: a woman beforehand, her gender is portrayed after her repentance as ambiguous in order for her to become a saint. Her authority derives from her own sanctity in this case. From the twelfth century onward, however, the harlot, now often turned into a beautiful and landed romance lady, is more and more represented as a woman throughout her life, and becomes after her conversion a Bride of Christ. In this way, the dangerously free woman who roamed the streets and prostituted her body becomes less threatening after her conversion, being (re-)inscribed within the male dominated institution of marriage. She now draws her authoritative stance from her gendered intimacy with Christ: although she submits to Christ as his bride, she also gains greater authority than before by way of her privileged relationship with the Savior.

Her onginþ seo boc: On the loss and retention of grammatical gender in Early Middle English

Tutkielma käsittelee kieliopillisen suvun säilymistä myöhäisessä muinaisenglannissa (Late Old English) ja varhaiskeskienglannissa (Early Middle English). Tutkielman tavoitteena on päätellä, kuinka kieliopillinen suku säilyy kolmessa muinaisenglannin/varhaiskeskienglannin aikakautta edustavassa tekstissä. Lähdeaineisto on valittu edustamaan aikaa (1150-1225), jolloin kieliopillisen suvun on sanottu kadonneen englannin kielestä. Lähdeaineisto myös edustaa kahta eri tekstilajia, ja tarjoaa siten aineistoa niiden väliseen vertailuun. Aineistosta on analysoitu nominien päätteitä, demonstratiivipronomineja sekä anaforisia persoonapronomineja, joissa substantiivien kieliopillinen suku näkyy. Osa anaforisista viittauksista on selitettävissä personifikaatiolla, jolloin elottomiin objekteihin tai käsitteisiin on liitetty inhimillistäviä piirteitä. Tutkimuksen perusteella kieliopillinen suku säilyy vielä joissakin muodoissa 1200- luvulle saakka. Merkittävää on aineistossa esiintyvä runsas vaihtelu ja pyhimyselämänkertojen ja lääketieteellisen tekstin väliset erot.

Changes in education and student-centred learning as related to senior secondary school English

The main purpose of this thesis is to t r ace broadly the educational changes in the past two decades showing a shift of emphasis from a teacher-directed, content-centred philosophy of teaching to a self-directed, student-centred mode of learning. The major justification for an Independent or an Individualized Learning programme with emphasis on "the response to literature approach" is 2 to produce the independent learner. Comprehensive r eading and t he use of t he ERIC system reveal widespread educational thought and practice related t o Individualization and Independent Study as a really democratic way of learning with freedom, independence and responsibility.

Collective violence : a study of the gendered and socio-economic factors behind early modern Italian and English witch hunts

In this study, I build upon my previous research in which I focus on religious doctrine as a gendered disciplinary apparatus, and examine the witch trials in early modem England and Italy in light of socio-economic issues relating to gender and class. This project examines the witch hunts/trials and early modem visual representations of witches, and what I suggest is an attempt to create docile bodies out of members of society who are deemed unruly, problematic and otherwise 'undesirable'; it is the witch's body that is deemed counternormative. This study demonstrates that it is neighbours and other acquaintances of accused witches that take on the role of the invisible guard of Bantham's Panoptic on. As someone who is trained in the study of English literature and literary theory, my approach is one that is informed by this methodology. It is my specialization in early modem British literature that first exposed me to witch-hunting manuals and tales of the supernatural, and it is for this reason that my research commences with a study of representations of witches and witchcraft in early modem England. From my initial exposure to such materials I proceed to examine the similarities and the differences of the cultural significance of the supernatural vis-a.-vis women's activities in early modem Italy. The subsequent discussion of visual representations of witches involves a predominance of Germanic artists, as the seminal work on the discernment of witches and the application of punishment known as the Malleus Meleficarum, was written in Germany circa 1486. Textual accounts of witch trials such as: "A Pitiless Mother (1616)," "The Wonderful Discovery of the Witchcrafts of Margaret and Philippa Flower (1619)," "Magic and Poison: The Trial ofChiaretta and Fedele (circa 1550)", and the "The Case of Benvegnuda Pincinella: Medicine Woman or Witch (1518),"and witchhunting manuals such as the Malleus Melejicarum and Strix will be put in direct dialogue with visual representations of witches in light of historical discourses pertaining to gender performance and gendered expectations. Issues relating to class will be examined as they pertain to the material conditions of presumed witches. The dominant group in any temporal or geographic location possesses the tools of representation. Therefore, it is not surprising that the physical characteristics, sexual habits and social material conditions that are attributed to suspected witches are attributes that can be deemed deviant by the ruling class. The research will juxtapose the social material conditions of suspected witches with the guilt, anxiety, and projection of fear that the dominant groups experienced in light of the changing economic landscape of the Renaissance. The shift from feudalism to primitive accumulation, and capitalism saw a rise in people living in poverty and therefore an increased dependence upon the good will of others. I will discuss the social material conditions of accused witches as informed by what Robyn Wiegman terms a "minoritizing discourse" (210). People of higher economic standing often blamed their social, medical, and/or economic difficulties on the less fortunate, resulting in accusations of witchcraft.

The logic of ideas in Christopher Hill's English revolution

This article examines the role played by ideas and their thinkers in Christopher Hill's histories of the English Revolution. Hill protested against a reductionist economic determinism with no place for the intrinsic power of ideas, but his account of ideas gave them a progressive logic parallel to, if not always easy to link with, that of economic development, and threatened to divorce them from their muddled and imperfect thinkers. This account of the logic of ideas had a striking impact on the way in which the more mainstream radicals of the English Revolution appeared in Hill's work, with both the Levellers and James Harrington being half assimilated to, and half pushed aside in favor of, the more thoroughgoing economic radicals who expressed, in however ragged a way, the intrinsic potential of their ideas. However, Hill's writings also betray a surprising attraction to religious over secular forms of radicalism.

Introduction: entire hands and main fingers

The ten-volume edition of The Collected Works of Thomas Heywood, forthcoming from Oxford University Press from 2015 to 2022, will attempt to place Heywood’s plays, poetry, and prose back where they belong: at the centre of the study of early modern English literature, drama, and theatre history. Especially as an actor, playwright, reviser, editor, and historical chronicler, Heywood had the longest and widest-ranging career of his contemporaries and thus can reveal how sixteenth- and seventeenth-century authors and theatrical and literary audiences came to see the practice and production of drama.

"Spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" : romantic imagery in Mary Shelley's Frankstein

Romantic English literature – written at a time when prose fiction was predominantly a medium for sheer entertainment – is rooted in poetry. One or two novelists may exceptionally be granted the adjective “Romantic”, but Mary Shelley is not ranked among them. For centuries, her work has been restricted to that section in handbooks reserved for exotic Gothic literature. This thesis argues that literary criticism has failed to recognize Frankenstein’s obvious relation with the movement. The argument will be fostered by a brief look at such handbooks, and developed through the analysis of the imagery of the novel, so as to trace the Romantic elements there contained. The analysis relies mainly on the frame developed by Northrop Frye concerning the nature and function of imagery in literature. The concept of intertextuality will also be useful as a tool to account for the insertion of images in the novel, and for the novel’s insertion within the Romantic context. The work is divided into three parts. The first contextualizes the main issues set forth by Frankenstein, establishing connections with the life of the author and with the Romantic movement. The second exposes the theoretical basis on which the thesis is grounded. The last presents my reading of the novel’s web of images. In the end, I hope to validate the thesis proposed, that Frankenstein embodies the aesthetic and philosophical assessments of the English Romantic agenda, and therefore deserves to be situated in its due place in the English Literary canon as the legitimate representative of Romanticism in prose form.