Mitigated directness in Honglou meng: directive speech acts and politeness in eighteenth century Chinese

This paper is situated within a theoretical discussion that asserts a positive correlation between indirectness and politeness, and uses these claims as a springboard for an examination of polite ways of issuing directives in eighteenth century Chinese. On the basis of an analysis of directive speech acts from dialogue in the novel Honglou meng, it argues that the concept of indirectness, as it applies to the illocutionary transparency of individual speech acts, has no particular value in the culture and language of eighteenth century Chinese men. It is found that other linguistic devices such as particles, the reduplication of verbs, terms of address, and the presence and sequencing of supportive moves are far more significant to the communication of politeness. The findings suggest a need to rethink current theoretical positions on this subject and move beyond the analysis of individual speech acts to examine the role discourse structure and management play in the enactment of politeness. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

O trabalho e a competência industriosa no beneficiamento de granitos : uma cartografia ergológica

O intuito inicial desta pesquisa foi acompanhar processos de trabalho à luz do referencial teórico da Ergologia e, portanto, concebendo o trabalho como relação dialética entre técnica e ação humana. O objetivo era cartografar o trabalho no processo de beneficiamento de granitos em uma organização de grande porte localizada no Espírito Santo e, após algum tempo em campo, o problema delineou- se do seguinte modo: como se constitui a competência industriosa no beneficiamento de granitos em uma organização de grande porte? A pesquisa justifica-se uma vez que, a despeito da relevância econômica, o cenário capixaba de rochas ornamentais apresenta problemas precários no que diz respeito à gestão. Para os Estudos Organizacionais, a relevância é reforçada pelo fato de aproximar desta área a abordagem ergológica e demarcar no debate sobre competência a noção de competência industriosa, ainda não explorada nesse campo de estudo. Para realização da pesquisa, foi praticada uma cartografia ergológica, a partir da articulação das pistas cartográficas com o referencial teórico-conceitual da Ergologia, sendo utilizadas como técnicas: observação participante durante 6 meses, com uma média de 3 visitas a campo por semana; 8 entrevistas semiestruturadas e em profundidade de cerca de 50 minutos cada com trabalhadores operacionais; uma entrevista com gerente de produção e outra com representante da área de Gestão de Pessoas; conversas com os demais trabalhadores, a fim de enriquecer o diário de campo; novas conversas e observações ao final da análise, para confrontação-validação com os trabalhadores. A sistematização dos procedimentos de análise pode ser assim descrita: a) leituras flutuantes com objetivo de fazer emergirem aspectos centrais relacionados às duas dimensões do trabalho, técnica e ação humana; b) leituras em profundidade com objetivo de fazer emergirem singularidades e especificidades relativas à dialética entre ambas; c) leituras em profundidade com objetivo de fazer emergirem aspectos relativos aos ingredientes da competência industriosa. A despeito da não delimitação de categorias analíticas e subcategorias, a partir da análise emergiram cinco eixos analíticos: 1) os procedimentos a serem empregados no processo de beneficiamento de granitos, englobando: as etapas do beneficiamento; as funções a serem desempenhadas e as tarefas a serem desenvolvidas; as normas regulamentadoras; os conhecimentos técnicos necessários para programação e operação de máquinas; a ordem de produção prescrita pelo setor comercial; 2) o trabalho real, diferenciado do trabalho como emprego de procedimentos pelo foco dado à ação humana no enfrentamento de situações reais, repletas de eventos e variabilidades, em todo o processo, englobando: preparo de carga; laminação; serrada; levigamento; resinagem; polimento-classificação; retoque; fechamento de pacote; ovada de contêiner; 3) diferentes modos de usos de si que, em tendência, são responsáveis pela constituição do agir em competência em cada etapa do processo, na dialética entre técnica e ação humana; 4) o modo como cada ingrediente da competência industriosa atua e se constitui, bem como sua concentração, em tendência, em cada etapa do processo, a partir dos tipos de usos de si que, também em tendência, são mais responsáveis pelo agir em competência, apresentando assim o perfil da competência industriosa no beneficiamento de granitos na empresa em análise; 5) dois possíveis fatores potencializadores dos ingredientes da competência industriosa, a saber, a transdução e os não-humanos. A partir de todo o exposto, as últimas considerações problematizam aspectos relativos ao debate sobre competências e práticas de gestão de pessoas a partir da competência compreendida da seguinte forma: mestria no ato de tirar partido do meio e de si para gerir situações de trabalho, em que a ação consiste na mobilização de recursos dificilmente perceptíveis e descritíveis, inerentes ao trabalhador, porém constituídos e manifestos por usos de si por si e pelos outros no e para o ato real de trabalho, marcadamente num nível infinitesimal, diante de situações que demandam aplicação de protocolos concomitante à gestão de variabilidades e eventos em parte inantecipáveis e inelimináveis.

A atuação do professor de Educacao fisica nos centros de atencao álcool e drogas

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo conhecer e analisar a atuação do professor de Educação Física no tratamento de pessoas que fazem uso prejudicial de álcool e outras drogas, especificamente em dois Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas (CAPSad) da região da Grande Vitória, ES, buscando elementos para subsidiar a questão a partir dos professores e demais integrantes da equipe multidisciplinar. Antes de adentrar no tema da pesquisa, considerei necessário expor os caminhos que fizeram com que se encontrassem, ao longo da história, os personagens protagonistas deste trabalho – professor de Educação Física e CAPSad. Para isso, retomei a Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira, a instituição dos CAPS, as intervenções políticas em álcool e outras drogas e a inserção do professor de Educação Física na saúde mental/saúde pública. A metodologia empregada foi a observação e a condução de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os professores e trabalhadores da equipe de saúde. Na descrição e análise dos dados, foi possível constatar que há certa semelhança nas atividades desenvolvidas pelos professores em ambos os CAPSad, os quais demonstraram a participação na equipe de modo multidisciplinar e intersetorial. A pesquisa demonstrou a relevância dos professores de Educação Física não somente como mais um membro da equipe, portador de uma série de intervenções, mas como um trabalhador que pode vir a somar significativamente com o campo da saúde mental. Mesmo não possuindo formação específica para atuarem, os professores se mostraram comprometidos com o trabalho dos CAPSad a partir de práticas corporais e outras atuações que evidenciam as relações humanas.

Physical consequences of falls in the elderly: a literature review from 1995 to 2010

In the last decade, population ageing has been registered as a global phenomenon. A relation exists between falling and ageing, since falling frequency increases significantly with age. In fact, one in three older adult falls annually. Although ageing is generically associated with decrease and degeneration of psychological and physical functions, it is still not common for the correct identification of risk factors to lead to a clinical prognosis of the elder being in risk of falling. Therefore, the goal of this review article is to identify, categorise and analyse typical ageing and fall factors mentioned in the literature as well as to quantify the number of times they were referenced. The research considered hundreds of publications, but analysis was then restricted to the 87 most pertinent articles written in English and published in journals or scientific magazines between 1995 and 2010. We concluded that falls among older adults can be characterised by the following: anatomic characteristics and physiological consequences of ageing; the pathologies that induce falls, which can be neurological, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and other diseases; causes and risk factors of falls that can be behavioural, biological, environmental or socio-economic; type of physical consequences of falls, including fractures, bruises, injuries or other physical consequences; and strategies to prevent, mitigate or rehabilitate, which can be of a physical, environmental or behavioural nature.

Annotation taken, in the perspective of criminal and constitutional law, as well as in criminology, to the decision of the portuguese constitutional court, of January 13, 2011 – with respect to the problems of “consent” and “medical act”

1 – Summary of the decision taken by the Portuguese Constitutional Court, of January 13, 2011; 2 – Complete text of the decision of the Portuguese Constitutional Court, of January 13, 2011, Judge Maria João ANTUNES (Reporter), Judge Carlos Pamplona de OLIVEIRA, Judge José Borges SOEIRO, Judge Gil GALVÃO, Judge Rui Manuel Moura RAMOS (President) –in terms of the tribunalconstitucional.pt, August 1, 2011; 3 – Brief annotation to the problem of the “medical act”; 3.1 – Plus some conclusions on the brief annotation to the problem of the “medical act”; 3.2 – Brief annotation to the problem of “consent”– continuation of the previous comments; 4 – Conclusions. It must never be forgotten that “consent” does not stand as the only cause of exclusion of unlawfulness.

Academic dishonesty: understanding how undergraduate students think and act

The purpose of this investigation is to explore and understand the justifications given by students to the existence of dishonest behavior and understanding the extent to which the justifications given might influence denouncing and cheating behavior. 1277 undergraduate students of two Portuguese Public Universities were surveyed about their own cheating behavior, their propensity to denounce and the ―neutralizing attitudes‖. As predicted, ―neutralizing attitudes‖ was negatively correlated with self cheating behavior and positively correlated with reporting. The likelihood of copying is greater when the purpose is ―helping a friend‖, ―when the courses are more difficult‖, ―to get higher marks/grades‖, and because ―peers accept and tend to see copying practices as normal‖. Results support the notion that context emerges as a very important influence in the decision to cheating. The environment-peer pressure and the normalized attitudes towards academic dishonesty are the main influences on the propensity to cheating.

The Interpretation of Verbal Probability Expressions Used in the IAS/IFRS: the auditors Rrgistered with the portuguese securities market commission

One of the main arguments in favour of the adoption and convergence with the international accounting standards published by the IASB (i.e. IAS/IFRS) is that these will allow comparability of financial reporting across countries. However, because these standards use verbal probability expressions (v.g. “probable”) when establishing the recognition and disclosure criteria for accounting elements, they require professional accountants to interpret and classify the probability of an outcome or event taking into account those terms and expressions and to best decide in terms of financial reporting. This paper reports part of a research we carried out on the interpretation of “in context” verbal probability expressions used in the IAS/IFRS by the auditors registered with the Portuguese Securities Market Commission, the Comissão do Mercado de Valores Mobiliários (CMVM). Our results provide support for the hypothesis that culture affects the CMVM registered auditors’ interpretation of verbal probability expressions through its influence on the accounting value (or attitude) of conservatism. Our results also suggest that there are significant differences in their interpretation of the term “probable”, which is consistent with literature in general. Since “probable” is the most frequent verbal probability expression used in the IAS/IFRS, this may have a negative impact on financial statements comparability.

Os Crimes fiscais: em especial, o crime de abuso de confiança (fiscal)

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças Orientador: Professor Dr. António da Costa Oliveira

Distribuição dos receptores da adenosina no plexo mioentérico – músculo longitudinal do íleo de rato: implicações funcionais

A acetilcolina (ACh) é o neurotransmissor mais importante no controlo da motilidade gastrointestinal. A libertação de ACh dos neurónios entéricos é regulada por receptores neuronais específicos (De Man et al., 2003). Estudos prévios demonstraram que a adenosina exerce um papel duplo na libertação de ACh dos neurónios entéricos através da activação dos receptores inibitórios A1 e facilitatórios A2A (Duarte-Araújo et al., 2004). O potencial terapêutico dos compostos relacionados com a adenosina no controlo da motilidade e da inflamação intestinal, levou-nos a investigar o papel dos receptores com baixa afinidade para a adenosina, A2B e A3, na libertação de acetilcolina induzida por estimulação eléctrica nos neurónios mioentéricos. Estudos de imunolocalização mostraram que os receptores A2B exibem um padrão de distribuição semelhante ao do marcador de células gliais (GFAP). No que respeita aos receptores A1 e A3, estes encontram-se distribuídos principalmente nos corpos celulares dos neurónios ganglionares mioentéricos, enquanto os receptores A2A estão localizados predominantemente nos terminais nervosos colinérgicos. Neste trabalho mostrou-se que a modulação da libertação de ACh-[3H] (usando os antagonistas selectivos DPCPX, ZM241385 e MRS1191) é balanceada através da activação tónica dos receptores inibitórios (A1) e facilitatórios (A2A e A3) pela adenosina endógena. O antagonista selectivo dos receptores A2B, PSB603, não foi capaz de modificar o efeito inibitório da NECA (análogo da adenosina com afinidade para receptores A2). O efeito facilitatório do agonista dos receptores A3, 2-Cl-IB MECA (1-10 nM), foi atenuado pelo MRS1191 e pelo ZM241385, os quais bloqueiam respectivamente os receptores A3 e A2A. Contrariamente à 2-Cl-IB MECA, a activação dos receptores A2A pelo CGS21680C, atenuou a facilitação da libertação de ACh induzida pela activação dos receptores nicotínicos numa situação em que a geração do potencial de acção neuronal foi bloqueada pela tetrodotoxina. A localização diferencial dos receptores excitatórios A3 e A2A ao longo dos neurónios mioentéricos explica porque razão a estimulação dos receptores A3 (com 2-Cl-IB MECA) localizados nos corpos celulares dos neurónios mioentéricos exerce um efeito sinérgico com os receptores facilitatórios A2A dos terminais nervosos no sentido de aumentarem a libertação de ACh. Os resultados apresentados consolidam e expandem a compreensão actual da distribuição e função dos receptores da adenosina no plexo mioentérico do íleo de rato, e devem ser tidos em consideração para a interpretação de dados relativos às implicações fisiopatológicas da adenosina nos transtornos da motilidade intestinal.

Interpretation of gravity data to delineate structural features connected to low-temperature geothermal resources at Northeastern Portugal

A great number of low-temperature geothermal fields occur in Northern-Portugal related to fractured rocks. The most important superficial manifestations of these hydrothermal systems appear in pull-apart tectonic basins and are strongly conditioned by the orientation of the main fault systems in the region. This work presents the interpretation of gravity gradient maps and 3D inversion model produced from a regional gravity survey. The horizontal gradients reveal a complex fault system. The obtained 3D model of density contrast puts into evidence the main fault zone in the region and the depth distribution of the granitic bodies. Their relationship with the hydrothermal systems supports the conceptual models elaborated from hydrochemical and isotopic water analyses. This work emphasizes the importance of the role of the gravity method and analysis to better understand the connection between hydrothermal systems and the fractured rock pattern and surrounding geology. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The gambin model provides a superior fit to species abundance distributions with a single free parameter : evidence, implementation and interpretation

The species abundance distribution (SAD) has been a central focus of community ecology for over fifty years, and is currently the subject of widespread renewed interest. The gambin model has recently been proposed as a model that provides a superior fit to commonly preferred SAD models. It has also been argued that the model's single parameter (α) presents a potentially informative ecological diversity metric, because it summarises the shape of the SAD in a single number. Despite this potential, few empirical tests of the model have been undertaken, perhaps because the necessary methods and software for fitting the model have not existed. Here, we derive a maximum likelihood method to fit the model, and use it to undertake a comprehensive comparative analysis of the fit of the gambin model. The functions and computational code to fit the model are incorporated in a newly developed free-to-download R package (gambin). We test the gambin model using a variety of datasets and compare the fit of the gambin model to fits obtained using the Poisson lognormal, logseries and zero-sum multinomial distributions. We found that gambin almost universally provided a better fit to the data and that the fit was consistent for a variety of sample grain sizes. We demonstrate how α can be used to differentiate intelligibly between community structures of Azorean arthropods sampled in different land use types. We conclude that gambin presents a flexible model capable of fitting a wide variety of observed SAD data, while providing a useful index of SAD form in its single fitted parameter. As such, gambin has wide potential applicability in the study of SADs, and ecology more generally.

Evaluation of 99mTc-Sestamibi as a potential tool to investigate PgP activity in inflammation

Introduction: In the XXI Century ’s Society the scientific investigation process has been growing steadily , and the field of the pharmaceutical research is one of the most enthusiastic and relevant . Here, it is very important to correlate observed functional alterations with possibly modified drug bio distribution patterns . Cancer, inflammation and inf ection are processes that induce many molecular intermediates like cytokines, chemokines and other chemical complexes that can alter the pharmacokinetics of many drugs. One cause of such changes is thought to be the modulator action of these complexes in t he P - Glyco p rotein activity, because they can act like inducers/inhibitors of MDR - 1 expression. This protein results from the expression of MDR - 1 gene, and acts as an ATP energy - dependent efflux pump, with their substrates including many drugs , like antiretrovirals, anticancers, anti - infectives, immunosuppressants, steroids or opioids . Objectives: Because of the lack of methods to provide helpful information in the investigation of in vivo molecular changes in Pgp activity during infection/infl ammation processes, and its value in the explanation of the altered drug pharmacokinetic, this paper want to evaluate the potential utility of 99m Tc - Sestamibi scintigraphy during this kind of health sciences investigation. Although the a im is indeed to create a technique to the in vivo study of Pgp activity, this preliminary Project only reaches the in vitro study phase, assumed as the first step in a n evaluation period for a new tool development. Materials and Methods: For that reason , we are performing in vitro studies of influx and efflux of 99m Tc - Sestamibi ( that is a substrate of Pgp) in hepatocytes cell line (HepG2). We are interested in clarify the cellular behavior of this radiopharmaceutical in Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) stimulated cells ( well known in vitro model of inflammation) to possibly approve this methodology. To validate the results, the Pgp expression will be finally evaluated using Western Blot technique. Results: Up to this moment , we still don’t have the final results, but we have already enough data to let us believe that LPS stimulation induce a downregulation of MDR - 1, and consequently Pgp, which could conduce to a prolonged retention of 99m Tc - Sestamibi in the inflamed cells . Conclusions: If and when this methodology demonstrate the promising results we expect, one will be able to con clude that Nuclear Medicine is an important tool to help evidence based research also on this specific field .

Telling stories of culture through literature

Grounded on Raymond Williams‘s definition of knowable community as a cultural tool to analyse literary texts, the essay reads the texts D.H.Lawrence wrote while travelling in the Mediterranean (Twilight in Italy, Sea and Sardinia and Etruscan Places) as knowable communities, bringing to the discussion the wide importance of literature not only as an object for aesthetic or textual readings, but also as a signifying practice which tells stories of culture. Departing from some considerations regarding the historical development of the relationship between literature and culture, the essay analyses the ways D. H. Lawrence constructed maps of meaning, where the readers, in a dynamic relation with the texts, apprehend experiences, structures and feelings; putting into perspective Williams‘s theory of culture as a whole way of life, it also analyses the ways the author communicates and organizes these experiences, creating a space of communication and operating at different levels of reality: on the one hand, the reality of the whole way of Italian life, and, on the other hand, the reality of the reader who aspires to make sense and to create an interpretative context where all the information is put, and, also, the reality of the writer in the poetic act of writing. To read these travel writings as knowable communities is to understand them as a form that invents a community with no other existence but that of the literary text. The cultural construction we find in these texts is the result of the selection, and interpretation done by D.H.Lawrence, as well as the product of the author‘s enunciative positions, and of his epistemological and ontological filigrees of existence, structured by the conditions of possibility. In the rearticulation of the text, of the writer and of the reader, in a dynamic and shared process of discursive alliances, we understand that Lawrence tells stories of the Mediterranean through his literary art.