Silent Ureteral Stones: Impact on Kidney Function-Can Treatment of Silent Ureteral Stones Preserve Kidney Function?

OBJECTIVE To report our experience with silent ureteral stones and expose their true influence on renal function. METHODS We analyzed 506 patients who had undergone ureterolithotripsy from January 2005 to May 2010. Silent ureteral stones were calculi found in the absence of any specific or subjective ureteral stone-related symptoms. Of the 506 patients, 27 (5.3%) met these criteria (global cohort). All patients were assessed postoperatively with dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy (DMSA). A difference in relative kidney function of >10% was considered abnormal. Pre- and postoperative comparative DMSA analyses were electively obtained for 9 patients (kidney function cohort). A t test was used to assess the numeric variables, and the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used for categorical variables. Two-tailed P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Stones were diagnosed by radiologic abdominal evaluation for nonurologic diseases in 40% and after previous nephrolithiasis treatment in 33%. The primary therapy was ureterolithotripsy in 88%. The mean follow-up time was 23 months. The overall ureteral stone-free rate after 1 and 2 procedures was 96% and 100%, respectively. In the global cohort, the mean pre- and postoperative serum creatinine levels were similar (P = .39), and the mean postoperative function on DMSA was 31%. In the kidney function cohort, no difference was found between the pre-and postoperative DMSA findings (22% +/- 12.1% vs 20% +/- 11.8%; P = .83) and serum creatinine (0.8 +/- 0.13 mg/dL vs 1.0 +/- 0.21 mg/dL; P = .45). CONCLUSION Silent ureteral stones are associated with decreased kidney function present at the diagnosis. Hydronephrosis tends to diminish after stone removal, and kidney function remains unaltered. UROLOGY 79: 304-309, 2012. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Bioconversion of Iodoacetophenones by Marine Fungi

Nine marine fungi (Aspergillus sclerotiorum CBMAI 849, Aspergillus sydowii Ce19, Beauveria felina CBMAI 738, Mucor racemosus CBMAI 847, Penicillium citrinum CBMAI 1186, Penicillium miczynskii Ce16, P. miczynskii Gc5, Penicillium oxalicum CBMAI 1185, and Trichoderma sp. Gc1) catalyzed the asymmetric bioconversion of iodoacetophenones 1-3 to corresponding iodophenylethanols 6-8. All the marine fungi produced exclusively (S)-ortho-iodophenylethanol 6 and (S)-meta-iodophenylethanol 7 in accordance to the Prelog rule. B. felina CBMAI 738, P. miczynskii Gc5, P. oxalicum CBMAI 1185, and Trichoderma sp. Gc1 produced (R)-para-iodophenylethanol 8 as product anti-Prelog. The bioconversion of para-iodoacetophenone 3 with whole cells of P. oxalicum CBMAI 1185 showed competitive reduction-oxidation reactions.

Edge Colourings of Graphs Avoiding Monochromatic Matchings of a Given Size

Let k and l be positive integers. With a graph G, we associate the quantity c(k,l)(G), the number of k-colourings of the edge set of G with no monochromatic matching of size l. Consider the function c(k,l) : N --> N given by c(k,l)(n) = max {c(k,l)(G): vertical bar V(G)vertical bar = n}, the maximum of c(k,l)(G) over all graphs G on n vertices. In this paper, we determine c(k,l)(n) and the corresponding extremal graphs for all large n and all fixed values of k and l.

Stereoselective Bioreduction of 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethanone by Whole Cells of Marine-Derived Fungi

Nine strains of marine-derived fungi (Aspergillus sydowii Ce15, A. sydowii Ce19, Aspergillus sclerotiorum CBMAI 849, Bionectria sp. Ce5, Beauveria felina CBMAI 738, Cladosporium cladosporioides CBMAI 857, Mucor racemosus CBMAI 847, Penicillium citrinum CBMAI 1186, and Penicillium miczynskii Gc5) were screened, catalyzing the asymmetric bioreduction of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl) ethanone 1 to its corresponding 1-(4-methoxyphenyl) ethanol 2. A. sydowii Ce15 and Bionectria sp. Ce5 produced the enantiopure (R)-alcohol 2 (>99% ee) in accordance with the anti-Prelog rule and, the fungi B. felina CBMAI 738 (>99% ee) and P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 (69% ee) in accordance with the Prelog rule. Stereoselective bioreduction by whole cells of marine-derived fungi described by us is important for the production of new reductases from marine-derived fungi.

Excessive iodine intake in schoolchildren

Inadequate iodine intake may result in iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Thus, for more than 50 years, policies for the regulation of salt fortification with iodine have existed in Brazil. In 2003, a study on 6-14-year-old schoolchildren from regions of the state of So Paulo showed a median urinary iodine concentration of 360 mu g/L. The objective of the present study was to assess the iodine nutrition status among schoolchildren. The study was conducted on 828 schoolchildren aged 4-13 years from eight schools in the interior of the state of So Paulo. A casual urine sample was collected from each volunteer for iodine determination by the adapted method of Sandell-Kalthoff. Only 1.9% (n = 16) of the children evaluated had low values of urinary iodine (< 100 mu g/L), while 24.6% had urinary iodine excretion values between 200 and 300 mu g/L, and 67.1% had values above > 300 mu g/L. The results show that the iodine nutritional status of the schoolchildren studied is characterized by a high urinary iodine excretion, which might reveal an increase in iodine consumption by this population.

Hypergraphs with many Kneser colorings

For fixed positive integers r, k and E with 1 <= l < r and an r-uniform hypergraph H, let kappa(H, k, l) denote the number of k-colorings of the set of hyperedges of H for which any two hyperedges in the same color class intersect in at least l elements. Consider the function KC(n, r, k, l) = max(H epsilon Hn) kappa(H, k, l), where the maximum runs over the family H-n of all r-uniform hypergraphs on n vertices. In this paper, we determine the asymptotic behavior of the function KC(n, r, k, l) for every fixed r, k and l and describe the extremal hypergraphs. This variant of a problem of Erdos and Rothschild, who considered edge colorings of graphs without a monochromatic triangle, is related to the Erdos-Ko-Rado Theorem (Erdos et al., 1961 [8]) on intersecting systems of sets. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Soil sulfur fractions dynamics and distribution in a tropical grass pasture amended with nitrogen and sulfur fertilizers

Soil sulfur (S) partitioning among the various pools and changes in tropical pasture ecosystems remain poorly understood. Our study aimed to investigate the dynamics and distribution of soil S fractions in an 8-year-old signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) pasture fertilized with nitrogen (N) and S. A factorial combination of two N rates (0 and 600?kg N ha1 y1, as NH4NO3) and two S rates (0 and 60?kg S ha1 y1, as gypsum) were applied to signal grass pastures during 2 y. Cattle grazing was controlled during the experimental period. Organic S was the major S pool found in the tropical pasture soil, and represented 97% to 99% of total S content. Among the organic S fractions, residual S was the most abundant (42% to 67% of total S), followed by ester-bonded S (19% to 42%), and C-bonded S (11% to 19%). Plant-available inorganic SO4-S concentrations were very low, even for the treatments receiving S fertilizers. Low inorganic SO4-S stocks suggest that S losses may play a major role in S dynamics of sandy tropical soils. Nitrogen and S additions affected forage yield, S plant uptake, and organic S fractions in the soil. Among the various soil fractions, residual S showed the greatest changes in response to N and S fertilization. Soil organic S increased in plots fertilized with S following the residual S fraction increment (16.6% to 34.8%). Soils cultivated without N and S fertilization showed a decrease in all soil organic S fractions.

Solid Dispersion of Ursolic Acid in Gelucire 50/13: a Strategy to Enhance Drug Release and Trypanocidal Activity

Solid dispersions (SDs) are an approach to increasing the water solubility and bioavailability of lipophilic drugs such as ursolic acid (UA), a triterpenoid with trypanocidal activity. In this work, Gelucire 50/13, a surfactant compound with permeability-enhancing properties, and silicon dioxide, a drying adjuvant, were employed to produce SDs with UA. SDs and physical mixtures (PMs) in different drug/carrier ratios were characterized and compared using differential scanning calorimetry, hot stage microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size, water solubility values, and dissolution profiles. Moreover, LLC-MK2 fibroblast cytotoxicity and trypanocidal activity evaluation were performed to determine the potential of SD as a strategy to improve UA efficacy against Chagas disease. The results demonstrated the conversion of UA from the crystalline to the amorphous state through XRD. FTIR experiments provided evidence of intermolecular interactions among the drug and carriers through carbonyl peak broadening in the SDs. These findings helped explain the enhancement of water solubility from 75.98 mu g/mL in PMs to 293.43 mu g/mL in SDs and the faster drug release into aqueous media compared with pure UA or PMs, which was maintained after 6 months at room temperature. Importantly, improved SD dissolution was accompanied by higher UA activity against trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, but not against mammalian fibroblasts, enhancing the potential of UA for Chagas disease treatment.

Oral health profile in patients infected with HTLV-1: Clinical findings, proviral load, and molecular analysis from HTLV-1 in saliva

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and has also been implicated in several disorders, including periodontal disease. The proviral load is an important biological marker for understanding HTLV-1 pathogenesis and elucidating whether or not the virus is related to the clinical manifestation of the disease. This study describes the oral health profile of HTLV-1 carriers and HAM/TSP patients in order to investigate the association between the proviral load in saliva and the severity of the periodontal disease and to examine virus intra-host variations from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and saliva cells. It is a cross-sectional analytical study of 90 individuals carried out from November 2006 to May 2008. Of the patients, 60 were HTLV-1 positive and 30 were negative. Individuals from the HTLV-1 positive and negative groups had similar mean age and social-economic status. Data were analyzed using two available statistical software packages, STATA 8.0 and SPSS 11.0 to conduct frequency analysis. Differences of P?<?0.05 were considered statistically significant. HTLV-1 patients had poorer oral health status when compared to seronegative individuals. A weak positive correlation between blood and saliva proviral loads was observed. The mean values of proviral load in blood and saliva in patients with HAM/TSP was greater than those in HTLV-1 carriers. The HTLV-1 molecular analysis from PBMC and saliva specimens suggests that HTLV-1 in saliva is due to lymphocyte infiltration from peripheral blood. A direct relationship between the proviral load in saliva and oral manifestations was observed. J. Med. Virol. 84:1428-1436, 2012. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Multihoming su Symbian per VoIP

Sviluppata di un'applicazione che consente di ottimizzare il traffico VoIP SIP sfruttando contemporaneamente tutte le interfacce a disposizione dei dispositivi mobili.

Virus-Wirt-Interaktionen bei Hepatitis-B-Virus-Infektionen: Die Rolle von Gamma2-Adaptin

Mit etwa 350 Millionen chronisch-infizierten Menschen gehört die Hepatitis-B neben der Tuberkulose und AIDS zu den häufigsten Infektionskrankheiten der Welt. Der einzig sichere Schutz vor dem bis zur Leberzirrhose persistierenden Virus bietet eine vorbeugende Impfung. Eine angemessene Therapie chronisch-erkrankter Patienten ist durch die Unkenntnis über viele Bereiche des HBV-Lebenszyklus nur eingeschränkt möglich. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit war vor allem etwas Licht in das Wechselspiel zwischen HBV und der Wirtszelle zu bringen und zelluläre Komponenten und Mechanismen zu identifizieren, die am Sortierungs- und Transportmechanismus viraler Substrukturen zur sogenannten Assembly-Plattform beteiligt sind, um dort die Freisetzung des Virus zu initiieren. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit habe ich Methoden der Zellbiologie, Mikrobiologie, Molekularbiologie und Virologie vereint, um neue Einblicke in den HBV-Lebenszyklus zu gewinnen. Für die Ausschleusung von HBV wird seither der konstitutive Weg der Sekretion angenommen. In Anlehnung an den Mechanismus umhüllter RNA-Viren kann die Hypothese aufgestellt werden, dass das MVB (Multivesicular Body) im Prozess der HBV-Freisetzung beteiligt sein könnte. Die Freisetzung des Hepatitis-B-Virus aus einer infizierten Zelle ist ein streng organisierter Prozess, der sowohl das HBV-Coreprotein als auch die HBV-Hüllproteine zu benötigen scheint. (max. 5.000 Zeichen)Inhaltszusammenfassung in einer weiteren Sprache deutschenglischfranzösischrussischmehrsprachigsonst.Ausgangspunkt der Arbeit war eine spezifische Interaktion des großen HBV-Hüllproteins (L) mit einem neuen Mitglied der Adaptor-Protein-Komplex-Familie (AP-Komplex), dem g2?Adaptin (Hartmann-Stühler und Prange, 2001), das mutmaßlich an endosomalen Sortierungs- und Transportprozessen beteiligt ist. In Analogie zur Funktionsweise von Adaptin-Molekülen wurde vom g2-Adaptin eine Rolle in der Initiation und Steuerung der Sprossung und Freisetzung von HBV vermutet. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erweiterte Charakterisierung der g2/L-Interaktion zeigte zum einen, dass die Ohrdomäne des Adaptins für die Interaktion essentiell ist und zum anderen, dass die Rekrutierung des Adaptins durch das L-Protein zu cis-Golgi-Strukturen innerhalb kleiner Transportvesikel entlang des Nukleus (perinukleär) erfolgt. Erste Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit deuteten bereits an, dass das virale Coreprotein mit demselben Adaptorprotein zu interagieren vermag. Für die g2/Core-Interaktion erwies sich in Folgearbeiten die Kopfregion des g2-Adaptins als die entscheidende Bindungsdomäne (Rost et al., 2006). Sowohl eine funktionelle Inaktivierung des g2-Adaptins durch RNA-Interferenz als auch eine g2-Adaptin- Überexpression störten die Virusmontage in späten Phasen der Morphogenese. Während ein g2-Adaptin-Überschuss die HBV-Produktion indirekt durch die Induktion dysfunktioneller endosomaler Kompartimente blockierte, verhinderte der siRNA-induzierte g2-Adaptin-Verlust die späte Ausschleusung des Virus aus der Zelle. Das Silencing von g2-Adaptin zeigte dabei weder einen Einfluss auf endosomale Strukturen noch auf die Freisetzung subviraler Partikel (Viren ohne Genom). Demzufolge scheinen sich die Mechanismen der Produktion von subviralen und viralen HBV-Partikeln bezüglich ihrer Anforderungen an Zellfunktionen und Transportwegen deutlich voneinander zu unterscheiden. Es konnten erste Hinweise darauf gefunden werden, dass die Virusmontage an endosomalen Kompartimenten (zum Beispiel dem MVB) erfolgen könnte, was durch bereits weitergeführte Untersuchungen bestätigt werden konnte (Lambert et al., J Virol, epub ahead of print). Darüber hinaus ist inzwischen bekannt, dass das Hepatitis-B-Virus für den Zusammenbau und die Freisetzung nicht nur das Adaptor-verwandte g2-Adaptin, sondern auch die endosomale Ubiquitin Ligase Nedd4, wahrscheinlich in Zusammenhang mit Ubiquitin selbst (Rost et al., 2006), benötigt. Eine Untersuchung dieser weiterführenden Aspekte war jedoch nicht mehr Inhalt dieser Arbeit. Insgesamt weisen die Daten darauf hin, dass die Sortierung und der Transport der Substrukturen des Hepatitis-B-Virus durch den MVB-Komplex zu erfolgen scheint. Dabei könnte das g2-Adaptin mit Hilfe einer Reihe von Kofaktoren (wie zum Beispiel Nedd4, Ubiquitin, etc.) eine entscheidende Rolle an der Sortierung und Anbindung des viralen L- und Coreproteins an die Assembly-Plattform spielen. Doch der genaue Mechanismus, welcher große Ähnlichkeit mit dem umhüllter RNA-Viren (wie zum Beispiel HIV-1) aufweist, bleibt noch ungeklärt. Ob weitere zelluläre Kofaktoren an der HBV-Sprossung und Freisetzung beteiligt sind, bleibt ebenfalls unbekannt und bedarf weiterer Untersuchungen.

Use of modern and traditional products to self-treat symptoms of sexually transmitted infections in South African women

The objective of the study is to investigate products used by women self-treating symptoms of reproductive tract infections (RTIs), including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and their methods of administration. A household survey using a multi-stage cluster sample design was undertaken in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Women aged 18-60 years were interviewed (n = 867) and information was collected on demographics, reproductive health and sexual behaviours. A fifth of women reported having RTI/STI symptoms (20.5%), of whom 41.9% were treating these symptoms (mostly discharge [79.1%], ulcers [6.8%] and itching [7.7%]). Only three women were using medication prescribed by a health provider, while the remainder were self-treating using traditional medicines and modern products, including antiseptics, soaps, petroleum jelly, menthol creams and alum. Products were administered in various ways. Although RTI/STI treatment is widely available and free in public health facilities, many women are still self-treating. Potential harm of products for self-treatment requires further investigation and efforts should be made to improve STI service uptake.