A periodization of Latin American development in the Robinsonian tradition

This paper analyzes Joan Robinson's growth model and then adapts it in order to provide an explanatory taxonomy of Growth Eras. The Growth Eras or Ages were for Robinson a way to provide logical connections between output growth, capital accumulation, the degree of thriftiness, the real wage and illustrate a catalogue of growth possibilities. This modified taxonomy follows the spirit of Robinson's work, but it takes different theoretical approaches. which imply that some of the classifications do not fit perfectly the ones here suggested. Latin America has moved from a Golden Age in the 1950s and 1960s to a Leaden Age in the 1980s, having two traverse periods, one of which the process of growth and industrialization accelerated in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which is referred to as a Galloping Platinum Age, an one in which a process of deindustrialization and reprimarization and maquilization of the productive structure took place, starting in the 1990s, which could be referred as the Creeping Platinum Age.

Women in Wisdom Tradition: Review of Carol Fontaine, Smooth Words: Women, Proverbs and Performance in Biblical Wisdom

Smooth Words is a well-researched and entertaining, if somewhat uneven, book on women in the Wisdom tradition in ancient Israel. Fontaine, a faculty member at a small Protestant seminary in Newton, MA, writes with her students constantly in mind, her interactions with them informing her scholarship throughout the book. She is also in dialogue with other scholars in the fields of Wisdom literature and feminist scholarship, a dialogue that gives the book academic rigor and depth.

Tradition, Change and Variation : Past and Present Trends in Public Old-age Care

The general aim of this dissertation is to describe and analyse how public old-age care in Sweden has developed and changed during the last century. The study applies a provider perspective on how care has been planned and professionally carried out. A broader social policy perspective, studying old-age care at central/national as well as local/municipal level, is also developed. A special focus is directed at the large local variation in care and services for the elderly. The empirical base is comprised of official documents and other public sources, survey data from interviews with elderly recipients of public old-age care, and official statistics on publicly financed and controlled old-age care and services. Study I addresses the development of old-age care in Sweden during the twentieth century by studying an important occupation in this field – the supervisors and their professional roles, tasks and working conditions. Throughout, the roles of supervisors have followed the prevailing official policy on the proper way to provide care for elderly people in Sweden; from poor relief at the beginning of the 1900s, via a generous level of services in the 1960s and 1970s, to today’s restricted and economy-controlled mode of operation. Study II describes and compares two main forms of public old-age care in Sweden today, home help services and institutional care. The care-load found in home-based care was comparable to and sometimes even larger than in service-homes and other institutions, indicating that large care needs among elderly people in Sweden today can be met in their homes as well as in institutional settings. Studies III and IV analyse the local variation in public old-age care in Sweden. During the last decades there has been an overall decline in home help services. The coverage of home help for elderly people shows large differences between municipalities throughout this period, and the relative variation has increased. The local disparity seems to depend more on historical factors, e.g., previous coverage rates, than on the present municipal situation in levels of need or local economy and politics. In an introductory part the four papers are linked together by an outline of the demographic situation and the social policy model for old-age care in Sweden. Trends that have been apparent over time, e.g. professionalisation and market orientation, are traced and discussed. Conflicts between prevailing ideologies are analysed, in regards to for instance home-based and institution-based care, social and medical culture, and local and central levels of decision-making. ’Welfare municipality’, ‘path dependency’, and ‘decentralisation’ are suggested as a conceptual framework for describing the large and increasing local variations in old-age care. Finally, implications of the four studies with regard to old-age care policy and further research are discussed.

Il cavo orale nel paziente obeso

Le condizioni di sovrappeso ed obesità anche in età evolutiva sono aumentate negli ultimi decenni al punto che, secondo l'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità, sono diventate un problema di salute pubblica in tutti i Paesi occidentali. Questa tesi è nata nell’obiettivo di individuare caratteristiche odontostomatologiche in pazienti affetti da obesità; il gruppo campione(80 pazienti, età media 10,5 anni) è stato suddiviso in due sottogruppi: sottogruppo A comprendente 54 pazienti affetti da obesità primaria, sottogruppo B comprendente 26 pazienti obesi portatori o di sindromi genetiche in cui l’obesità risulta essere, in letteratura, parte del quadro sindromico o affetti da varie forme di disabilità. Al gruppo controllo, randomizzato, appartengono 54 pazienti normopeso con anamnesi medica negativa. Sono state principalmente indagate la prevalenza del la patologia cariosa, l’ età dentale, il grado di maturazione ossea e la presenza di malocclusioni. Dallo studio non emerge una correlazione tra obesità primaria e suscettibil ità al la patologia cariosa. Si rileva invece che tutti i pazienti affetti da obesità presentano un’anticipata età dentale, un’avanzata maturazione ossea e patologie ortopedico-ortodontiche. Da qui la necessità di progettare piani di trattamento in relazione al l’anomala tipologia di accrescimento,valutando la maturità scheletrica sulla base dello stadio di maturazione delle vertebre cervicali. Il trattamento del paziente af fetto da obesità va affrontato in un’ottica di interdisciplinarietà in cui all’odontoiatra e all’ortodontista si affiancano il pediatra anche per l’ individuazione delle fasce di pazienti a rischio di patologie del cavo orale e per la sensibilizzazione del paziente e dei familiari nei confronti della prevenzione odontoiatrica, e figure specialistiche quali l’otorino, il fisiatra, l’auxologo e l’endocrinologo.

Salute orale del figlio disabile in età evolutiva e sintomatologia depressiva della madre

Relationships between oral health status in children with disability and their mothers’ depressive symptoms Aim. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationships between oral health status in children with chronic medical conditions and their mothers’ depressive symptoms. Methods. Fifty-one children (25 male and 26 female, ranging from 2 to 18 years) affected by chronic systemic diseases followed at the Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital in Bologna, ,and, were referred with their mothers at the Dental Department of Bologna. Children were subclassified in 3 groups according to the ASA classification and orally examined for hygiene status, gingival condition and dental caries. The indexes used were O’Leary plaque Index (PI), bleeding on probing index (BOP), dmft/DMFT. Mothers were interviewed on knowledge about oral diseases prevention for their children and daily management (hygiene habits, sugared aliments consumption). Statistical analysis was performed through the use of linear regression. Results. The relationships between ASA and IP as well as between ASA and BOP are statistically significant (α = 0,01). Seventy percent of patients and their relatives in ASA groups 3 and 4 never received information on oral health and prevention of oral diseases by paediatricians and/or dentists. The 53% of mothers present depressive symptoms. The relationships between degree of depressive symptoms and dmft/DMFt as well as between degree of depressive symptoms and sugared aliments daily consumption are statistically significant (α = 0,05). Conclusion. Our results give support to the hypothesis of an association between degree of systemic disease and oral hygiene status. The psychological mothers condition seams to play a role on the oral conditions of their sons. Our analysis shows the needs for an interdisciplinar approach in order to promote the oral health of children with disability.

Il cavo orale del paziente obeso

La frequenza delle condizioni di sovrappeso ed obesità è andata aumentando negli ultimi decenni al punto che, secondo l’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità, l’obesità è diventata un problema di salute pubblica di proporzioni epidemiche in tutti i Paesi occidentali. Questa tesi nasce dall’obiettivo di individuare caratteristiche odontostomatologiche peculiari in pazienti affetti da obesità. Lo studio è stato condotto su 160 pazienti. Il gruppo campione, composto da 93 pazienti di età compresa tra i 6 ed i 16 anni (età media 11 anni) ed affetti da obesità (percentile oltre il 95°), è stato suddiviso in due sottogruppi: sottogruppo A comprendente 67 pazienti con anamnesi medica negativa affetti da obesità primaria; sottogruppo B comprendente 26 pazienti obesi portatori di sindromi genetiche in cui l’obesità risulta essere dalla letteratura parte del quadro sindromico. Al gruppo controllo, randomizzato, appartengono 67 pazienti normopeso con anamnesi medica negativa. Sono state indagate: - prevalenza della patologia cariosa - stato di salute parodontale - età dentale - grado di maturazione ossea - presenza di malocclusioni. Dallo studio non emerge una correlazione positiva tra obesità primaria e suscettibilità alla patologia cariosa. Si rileva invece una relazione statisticamente significativa tra obesità e infiammazione dei tessuti parodontali (CPI pari ad 1 nella quasi totalità dei pazienti del sottogruppo A) - età dentale e maturazione ossea anticipata e - patologie ortopedico-ortodontiche. Da qui la necessità di progettare efficaci programmi di prevenzione e piani di trattamento specifici, in relazione alle problematiche relative ai rischi connessi al possibile sviluppo di malattia parodontale e all’anomala tipologia di accrescimento. Il trattamento del paziente affetto da obesità va affrontato in un’ottica di interdisciplinarietà: all’odontoiatra e all’ortodontista si dovranno affiancare il pediatra, per l’individuazione delle fasce di pazienti a rischio e per la sensibilizzazione del paziente e dei familiari nei confronti della prevenzione odontoiatrica, e figure specialistiche quali l’otorino, il fisiatra, l’auxologo e l’endocrinologo.