Use of concept maps in reforming teaching Family and Consumer Sciences in Kuwait

This paper addresses the professional development of Kuwaiti teachers in the use of concept maps to teach Family and Consumer Science. A key aim of the study was to evaluate the degree to which the use of concept maps would influence the way Kuwaiti teachers approach and teach Family and Consumer Studies (FCS) subjects and the degree to which concept maps empower students to critically identify and express their knowledge of the subject being taught. A case study methodology was adopted to follow the implementation of lessons using concept maps by four teachers of middle years. An analysis of the data revealed the positive impact that student-centred teaching tools can have on the reformation of traditional teaching environments. For all teachers, the primary strengths of using concept maps were the ability to generate student interest, to motivate student participation and to enhance student understanding of content. Although a case study design may limit the generalisation and comparative value of the study, the findings of this study remain important to the planning of future professional development programs and the use of concept maps within Kuwait’s FCS curriculum area.

Teaching and learning family and consumer sciences through K-W-L charts

While much of the control and many of the activities found in today’s classrooms have been placed in the hands of the learners and learning has become inquiry-based, there remains a need for teachers to use teaching tools that would facilitate this student-centered teaching process. This article identifies the K-W-L Chart as one such tool and follows a case study of four Kuwaiti ‘Family and Consumer Sciences’ teaching / learning events to evaluate their ability to enhance the learning outcomes of eight students. The research was designed from a qualitative, multi-tiered design approach and was assessed through a constant comparative method of data analysis of interview responses, classroom observations and worksheet-assessments. The results showed that the use of K-W-L Charts influenced the teachers and learners toward a more inquiry-based approach and facilitated a more student-centered and collaborative learning environment, raising the level of interest and the amount of personal input given by the students.

Understanding preconditions for digital school transformation

While over the past decade many Australian schools have come to understand the transformative potential of digitally-rich teaching and learning, traditional models of schooling continue to dominate. Even with significant investment in the area, both in terms of digital resourcing and teacher professional development, innovation has generally only occurred in individual classrooms or ‘pockets’ in schools. This article discusses three interdependent conditions which need to exist as a foundation in order to facilitate the opportunity for transformation from traditional to digitally-rich ways of working in primary, middle and secondary schools or colleges. Distributed and transformational leadership approaches are critiqued with core elements identified which facilitate change. The establishment of a vision is identified and discussed as a fundamental driver and rudder for school transformation. The importance of creating and maintaining urgency to compel a school community to adopt and embed change is unpacked. This report concludes with a synthesis of the three preconditions and recommendations for proponents of digital school transformation.

Innovation through action research in environmental education : from project to praxis

This thesis is a work-in-progress that articulates my research journey based on the development of a curriculum innovation in environmental education. This journey had two distinct, but intertwined phases: action research based fieldwork, conducted collaboratively, to create a whole school approach to environmental education curriculum planning; and a phase of analysis and reflection based on the emerging findings, as I sought to create personal "living educational theory" about change and innovation. A key stimulus for the study was the perceived theory-practice gap in environmental education, which is often presented in the literature as a criticism of teachers for failing to achieve the values and action objectives of critical environmental education. Hence, many programs and projects are considered to be superficial and inconsequential in terms of their ability to seriously address environmental issues. The intention of this study was to work with teachers in a project that would be an exemplar of critical environmental education. This would be in the form of a whole school "learnscaping" curriculum in a primary school whereby the schoolgrounds would be utilised for interdisciplinary critical environment education. Parallel with the three cycles of action research in this project, my research objectives were to identify and comment upon the factors that influence the generation of successful educational innovation. It was anticipated that the project would be a collaboration involving me, as researcher-facilitator, and many of the teachers in the school as active participants. As the project proceeded through its action cycles, however, it became obvious that the goal of developing a critical environmental education curriculum, and the use of highly participatory processes, were unrealistic. Institutional and organisational rigidities in education generally, teachers' day-to-day work demands, and the constant juggle of work, family and other responsibilities for all participants acted as significant constraints. Consequently, it became apparent that the learnscaping curriculum would not be the hoped-for exemplar. Progress was slow and, at times, the project was in danger of stalling permanently. While the curriculum had some elements of critical environmental education, these were minor and not well spread throughout the school. Overall, the outcome seemed best described as a "small win"; perhaps just another example of the theory-practice gap that I had hoped this project would bridge. Towards the project's end, however, my continuing reflection led to an exploration of chaos/complexity theory which gave new meaning to the concept of a "small win". According to this theory, change is not the product of linear processes applied methodically in purposeful and diligent ways, but emerges from serendipitous events that cannot be planned for, or forecast in advance. When this perspective of change is applied to human organisations - in this study, a busy school - the context for change is recognised not as a stable, predictable environment, but as a highly complex system where change happens all the time, cannot be controlled, and no one can be really sure where the impacts might lead. This so-called "butterfly effect" is a central idea of this theory where small changes or modifications are created - the effects of which are difficult to know, let alone determine - and which can have large-scale impacts. Allied with this effect is the belief that long term developments in an organisation that takes complexity into account, emerge by spontaneous self-organising evolution, requiring political interaction and learning in groups, rather than systematic progress towards predetermined goals or "visions". Hence, because change itself and the contexts of change are recognised as complex, chaos/complexity theory suggests that change is more likely to be slow and evolutionary - cultural change - rather than fast and revolutionary where the old is quickly ushered out by radical reforms and replaced by new structures and processes. Slow, small-scale changes are "normal", from a complexity viewpoint, while rapid, wholesale change is both unlikely and unrealistic. Therefore, the frustratingly slow, small-scale, imperfect educational changes that teachers create - including environmental education initiatives - should be seen for what they really are. They should be recognised as successful changes, the impacts of which cannot be known, but which have the potential to magnify into large-scale changes into the future. Rather than being regarded as failures for not meeting critical education criteria, "small wins" should be cause for celebration and support. The intertwined phases of collaborative action research and individual researcher reflection are mirrored in the thesis structure. The first three chapters, respectively, provide the thesis overview, the literature underpinning the study's central concern, and the research methodology. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 report on each of the three action research cycles of the study, namely Laying the Groundwork, Down to Work!, and The Never-ending Story. Each of these chapters presents a narrative of events, a literature review specific to developments in the cycle, and analysis and critique of the events, processes and outcomes of each cycle. Chapter 7 provides a synthesis of the whole of the study, outlining my interim propositions about facilitating curriculum change in schools through action research, and the implications of these for environmental education.

A collaborative robotics engagement project

This paper reports on an evaluation of a collaborative robotics engagement project involving teachers from local schools and an academic from Queensland University of Technology (QUT). Engaged community projects are aimed at building stronger relationships between universities and their local communities (Sandman, Williams & Abrams, 2009). This partnership leads to mutually beneficial outcomes, builds community capacity, and can focus on aspirations and access to higher education for school students (Scull & Cuthill, 2010). The Robotics@QUT project aimed to build a partnership between local teachers and the university in order to provide students from a low SES area opportunity to engage in robotics-based Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) activities. Students from low SES regions are underrepresented at university and less likely to pursue studies in these fields (Bradley, Noonan, Nugent, & Scales, 2008). Having teachers who provide engaging STEM activities is an important motivating factor for students to enjoy STEM and do well in STEM subjects (Tytler, Osborne Williams Tytler & Clark, 2008).

Lesson studies in Chinese kindergartens

Lesson studies are a powerful form of professional development (Doig and Groves, 2011). The processes of creating, enacting, analyzing, and refining lessons to improve teaching practices are key components of lesson studies. Lesson studies have been the primary form of professional development in Japanese classrooms for many years (Lewis, Perry and Hurd, 2009). This model is now used to improve instruction in many South-East Asian countries (White and Lim, 2008), as well as increasingly in North America (Lesson Study Research Group, 2004), and South Africa (Ono and Ferreira, 2010). In China, this form of professional development aimed at improving teaching, has also been adopted, originating from Soviet models of teacher professional development arising from influences post 1949 (China Education Yearbook, 1986). Thus, China too has a long history of improving teaching and learning through this form of school-based professional learning.

Teaching Teachers for the Future : an Australian government national project

This paper describes the Teaching Teachers of the Future (TTF) Project – a national project funded ($8.8mil AUD) by the Australian Government. The project was aimed at building the capacity of student teachers to use technology to improve student learning outcomes. It discusses the aims and objectives of the project, its genesis in a changing educational and political landscape, the use of TPACK as a theoretical scaffold, and briefly reports on the operations of the various components and part-ners. Further, it discusses the research opportunities afforded by the project includ-ing a national survey of all PSTs in Australia gauging their TPACK confidence and the use of the Most Significant Change (MSC) methodology. Finally the paper dis-cusses the outcomes of the project and its future.

Conceptualisation and enactment of critical literacy for senior high school EAL learners in Queensland, Australia : commitments, constraints and contradictions

This case study examined four teachers' understandings and teaching of Critical Literacy with senior English as an Additional Language (EAL) learners in two Queensland high schools. Despite continuous, rapid curriculum change in Australia and efforts to diminish Critical Literacy, the four teachers continued to feature it successfully in their teaching with often marginalised learners. They used critical literacy to provide access to and critique dominant language codes, and to draw on learners' diverse experiences. To a lesser extent, the teachers created opportunities for redesigning dominant texts. Implications are important for policy production and interpretation, school planning and teacher professional development.

EFL teachers' perceptions and experiences of blended learning in a Vietnamese university

This qualitative study investigates English as Foreign Language (EFL) teachers' perceptions and practices of blended learning in a Vietnamese university and influencing factors. Findings revealed that teachers have limited understandings and use of blended learning due to three primary influential factors: (i) the traditional teacher-centred pedagogy, (ii) institutional management and leadership styles, and (iii) fragmented knowledge of technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) for blended learning. To improve the take up and potential benefits of blended learning in EFL education in Vietnamese universities, this study proposes (i) a systematic understanding of blended learning concepts, (ii) a localised TPACK framework, and (iii) a model of teacher professional development program.

Orientations to Critical Literacy for English as an Additional Language or Dialect (EAL/D) learners: A case study of four teachers of senior English

Recently, the debate around critical literacy has dissipated as literacy education agendas and attendant policies shift to embrace more hybrid approaches to the teaching of senior English. This paper reports on orientations towards critical literacy as expressed by four teachers of senior English who teach culturally and linguistically diverse learners. Teachers’ understandings of critical literacy are important given the emphasis on Critical and Creative Thinking as well as Literacy as General Capabilities underpinning the Australian Curriculum. Using critical discourse analysis and Janks' (2010) Synthesis Model of Critical Literacy, interview and classroom data from four teachers of English as an Additional Language or Dialect (EAL/D) learners in two high schools were analysed for the ways these teachers constructed critical literacy in their talk and practice. While all four teachers indicated significant commitment to critical literacy as an approach to English language teaching, their understandings varied. These ranged from providing access to powerful genres, to rationalist approaches to interrogating text, with less emphasis on multimodal design and drawing on learner diversity. This has significant implications for what kind of learning is being offered to EAL/D learners in the name of English teaching, for syllabus design, and for teacher professional development.

Matka koulun kestävän kehittämisen maisemassa

A Journey in the Landscape of Sustainable School Development “A Journey in the Landscape of Sustainable School Development” is a story of the Sorrila School development process. This research deals with a school development project as a process, and as a part of international projects on Education for Sustainable Development, with ENSI (Environment and School Initiatives) being the most important. The main purpose of the study was to analyze the change process as a general phenomenon as well as the learning connected to it. The research describes the development period 2001–2008 at the Sorrila Primary school. The research questions are as follows: 1. What did pupils learn during the research and development period? 2. How did the coordinating teacher develop personally? 3. How were the ENSI targets and other closely linked projects reached? 4. What was the feedback from the pupils, their parents and other teachers at the school? 5. How did the developing process proceed in 2001–2008? The method used was integrating action research, which also had ethnographical elements. Narrative was the form of the data as well as the manner of reporting. The method as a whole was integrating, ethnographical action research as a story. The research data consisted mostly of Knowledge Forum notes written by the teacher-researcher. Knowledge Forum is an Internetbased collaborative knowledge-building programme. Pupils’, parents’ and other teachers’ feedback, newspaper articles and students’ writings complied the data, which consists of material from seven years. Sustainable development was the basis of the school improvement. The targets of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005–2014) were part of the development projects. According to the research results the school was seen as part of complex systems where manifold and interactive learning took place. The learning of pupils, teachers and the school as a community can be characterised socioculturally. The school was able to reach a level of collaborative transformative learning. As well as several concrete projects, such as Comenius school project, school development consisted of networking at many levels. Along with the projects and networking, the school was able to apply the pedagogy of connection, by carrying out integrative and cross-disciplinary themes and using various learning and teaching methods. International cooperation was a natural part of the work. A figure of Aunt Green, the role model of the teacher researcher, was an innovation which resembled a change agent. The other role of the teacherresearcher as a coordinator, was important for her own professional development. According to the results the change process, which relied on sustainable school development, led the school along a road of positive renewals. It was not a series of projects but an ongoing process. The objectives of the international projects were accomplished to a great extent during the research period. According to the principles of action research, the main results were put forward in order to help others to develop their schools. Frictions and problems as well as positive experiences and rejecting dualities were seen as change forces. Keywords: education for sustainable development (ESD), sustainable school development, teacher professional development, integrating, pedagogy of connection, transformative learning

The gradual release of responsibility: A case study of teaching science inquiry skills

This thesis investigated how a year-4 teacher used a pedagogical approach referred to as the Gradual Release of Responsibility (GRR) model of instruction for teaching Science Inquiry Skills in a primary classroom. Through scaffolding her students' learning using the GRR, the teacher guided her students towards developing an understanding about Scientific Inquiry leading to the foundations of scientific literacy. A learning environment was established in which students engaged in rich conversations, designed and conducted experiments using fair testing procedures, analysed and offered justifications for results, and negotiated knowledge claims in ways similar to some of those in the scientific community.

Residência Pedagógica: criando caminhos para o desenvolvimento profissional docente

Esta dissertação se insere nos estudos da linha de pesquisa Formação de Professores, História, Memória e Práticas Educativas do Mestrado em Educação da Faculdade de Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). Trata-se de uma pesquisa sobre programa de inserção profissional, denominado Residência Pedagógica, realizado na rede municipal de educação de Niterói no ano de 2011. O presente trabalho se desenvolverá a partir da seguinte questão: quais as possibilidades e a relevância desse modelo de inserção profissional docente? Para responder a esse questionamento, foi definido como objetivo geral investigar o modelo de formação implementado no primeiro ano de estágio probatório para os professores ingressantes. Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa se constitui em um estudo de caso, que descreve o modelo proposto e analisa a complexidade de um processo de formação docente em serviço em parceria com uma universidade pública. Propomos traçar um panorama sobre os docentes em exercício, que atuaram como professores residentes e as condições da formação destes profissionais. Compõe ainda como estratégias metodológicas a utilização de entrevistas, o levantamento e exame da legislação vigente e a análise de documentos produzidos sobre a Residência Pedagógica. O referencial teórico adotado para embasar a questão aqui apresentada centra-se principalmente nas contribuições de Nóvoa e Marcelo Garcia para refletirmos sobre a relevância dos anos iniciais da docência e desenvolvimento profissional docente, e Fontoura e Cavaco, com relação à importância de criarmos espaços compartilhados de formação docente e com ampla participação de todos os envolvidos nas etapas destas formações. Esperamos contribuir com uma ampliação sobre o entendimento da Residência Pedagógica realizada no município de Niterói, de modo a possibilitar que iniciativas futuras, semelhantes a esta, possam se beneficiar da análise aqui desenvolvida

Diversidade linguística e desenvolvimento profissional de professores: um estudo no 1º ciclo do ensino básico

O estudo apresentado centra-se em duas temáticas fundamentais: o desenvolvimento profissional docente e a sensibilização à diversidade linguística e cultural nos primeiros anos de escolaridade. Assim, entende-se o desenvolvimento profissional de professores, por um lado, como um processo contínuo e em permanente (re)construção que se inscreve na prática docente e que precisa de a ter como referente e, por outro, como um processo que se expande numa visão da educação onde cabe a abordagem de diferentes línguas como espaço de promoção do respeito e da valorização da diversidade linguística e cultural, do plurilinguismo como valor e competência e de uma educação para a cidadania mais global e mais plural. Este estudo procura analisar o contributo da participação em projetos de sensibilização à diversidade linguística e cultural no 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico para o desenvolvimento profissional de professores generalistas. Para o efeito, analisaram-se dois grupos de professoras generalistas que participaram em dois projetos diferentes durante o ano letivo de 2008/2009. Num grupo, as professoras, pertencendo à mesma escola, observaram práticas de sala de aula planificadas e desenvolvidas nas suas turmas por uma professora/investigadora. No outro, as docentes integraram uma oficina de formação que decorreu na instituição de Ensino Superior e que tinha como finalidade preparar professores de vários níveis de ensino para o desenvolvimento de uma educação em línguas promotora do plurilinguismo. Neste contexto, as professoras que integravam este grupo planificaram e desenvolveram projetos de investigação-ação, em conjunto com as formadoras/investigadoras, implementando práticas de sensibilização à diversidade linguística e cultural com os seus alunos e recolhendo dados dessas mesmas práticas. Em ambos os contextos analisados, os dados foram recolhidos através de um inquérito por questionário e uma reflexão individual de caracterização escrita por todas as professoras participantes no estudo. Foram ainda realizados um inquérito por entrevista a cada professora e uma sessão de focus group com todas as docentes. A investigadora participou sempre nos momentos de trabalho conjunto, estando como observadora direta. A análise dos dados seguiu uma metodologia de natureza qualitativa, assente numa perspetiva interpretativo-fenomenológica, que permitiu aceder ao conhecimento das professoras envolvidas no estudo sobre si, sobre a profissão, sobre o currículo e sobre o contexto de trabalho. O estudo desenvolvido permitiu concluir que importa criar espaços de formação que assentem num acompanhamento sistemático aos professores, tendo em conta os seus contextos específicos de trabalho. Os resultados evidenciaram que percursos de formação baseados na articulação teoria e prática, na partilha e discussão com outros profissionais e no contacto com práticas concretas de sala de aula permitem que os professores desenvolvam uma atitude mais reflexiva e crítica, adquirindo uma maior consciência de si e do papel que desempenham na escola e na sociedade atuais. Finalmente, este trabalho de investigação revelou ainda que o envolvimento em projetos de sensibilização à diversidade linguística e cultural contribui para que os professores se sintam protagonistas de uma gestão curricular que, através de uma educação em línguas mais plural, promove valores de cidadania e de justiça social desde os primeiros anos de escolaridade.

A educação intercultural na formação contínua de professores de línguas

Situado entre o discurso investigativo e o profissional da Didática de Línguas, o presente estudo assenta: num entendimento da educação em línguas como um processo valorizador da diversidade linguística e cultural, tendo como fim último a promoção da intercompreensão e do diálogo intercultural, dentro dos pressupostos de uma didática das línguas e do plurilinguismo; na conceção do professor de línguas como um dos principais atores na educação de cidadãos / comunicadores interculturais, vendo-se, portanto, a braços com novas exigências, para as quais, muitas vezes, não se sente preparado; e nos pressupostos de que a identidade profissional condiciona fortemente a forma como o professor desempenha a sua ação didática, sendo este processo de se tornar professor contínuo e dependente, quer do sujeito-professor e dos seus percursos profissionais e formativos, quer do contexto (profissional, local, nacional, global) em que este se insere. Pretende-se, com este estudo, contribuir para que a educação intercultural seja uma realidade nas nossas escolas, potenciando a sua migração contextualizada dos documentos orientadores das políticas linguísticas e educativas nacionais e transnacionais e dos discursos da investigação em Didática de Línguas. Para o efeito, desenvolvemos um programa de investigação/formação denominado O Professor Intercultural, durante o ano letivo 2006/2007, com professores de línguas (materna e estrangeiras) de três escolas básicas e secundárias do distrito de Aveiro. Este programa integrava um curso (25 horas) e uma oficina (50 horas), ambas as ações de formação acreditadas pelo Conselho Científico-Pedagógico da Formação Contínua. Do ponto de vista formativo, com este programa pretendíamos levar as professoras em formação a desenvolver competências pessoais e profissionais que lhes permitissem gerir a diversidade nos seus contextos profissionais, tendo em vista o desenvolvimento nos seus alunos de uma competência de comunicação intercultural (CCI). Do ponto de vista investigativo, não só pretendíamos compreender as representações dos sujeitos relativamente à educação intercultural em geral e à CCI em particular; como também identificar princípios e estratégias de formação potenciadores do desenvolvimento de competências profissionais docentes para trabalhar a CCI, a partir das perspetivas dos próprios sujeitos. Trata-se, portanto, de um estudo de caso de cariz qualitativo e interpretativo / fenomenológico, com potencialidades heurísticas, que pretende evidenciar os sujeitos, as suas representações, as interações consigo e com os outros e a forma como conceptualizam a identidade profissional docente e as suas dinâmicas de desenvolvimento. Como instrumentos de recolha de dados, privilegiámos os Portefólios Profissionais que foram sendo construídos ao longo do percurso de formação; a sessão “Entre Línguas e Culturas” da plataforma Galanet (www.galanet.eu), recurso de formação no âmbito da oficina (entre fevereiro e maio de 2007); o “Diário do Investigador”; e as “entrevistas narrativas e de confrontação” efetuadas sensivelmente um ano após o final do programa de investigação/formação. Os resultados da análise de conteúdo revelam que os sujeitos consideram a CCI uma competência multidimensional e complexa, reconhecendo três componentes: afetiva (domínio do saber ser e saber viver com o outro), cognitiva (domínio do saber) e praxeológica (domínio do saber-fazer). A componente afetiva constitui, de acordo com os resultados, o motor de arranque do desenvolvimento desta competência, que, posteriormente, é alargada em dinâmicas de informação-(inter)ação-reflexão. Por outro lado, dada a grande pertinência que atribuem à abordagem intercultural e à urgência com que veem a sua integração escolar, os sujeitos consideram a CCI uma das competências inerentes à competência profissional docente, elemento integrador da identidade profissional, numa forte ligação com a missão ética e política que cada vez mais é associada ao docente (de línguas). Para além disso, percecionam o seu desenvolvimento profissional docente como um processo que os acompanha ao longo da vida, fruto das idiossincrasias e predisposições do próprio indivíduo, mas também das dinâmicas da sua formação, das caraterísticas dos contextos em que se movimenta e da colaboração com o Outro, no seu espaço profissional ou fora dele. Importa salientar que este desenvolvimento profissional é potenciado, segundo os nossos resultados, por propostas de formação assentes numa abordagem acional e reflexiva, articulando dinâmicas investigação-ação-reflexão como as propostas no nosso programa de formação, nomeadamente no âmbito da oficina. Neste quadro, concluímos o presente estudo, indicando alguns caminhos possíveis para a formação de professores de línguas para a educação intercultural.