Systematic review of tools to measure outcomes for young children with autism spectrum disorder

BACKGROUND: The needs of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are complex and this is reflected in the number and diversity of outcomes assessed and measurement tools used to collect evidence about children's progress. Relevant outcomes include improvement in core ASD impairments, such as communication, social awareness, sensory sensitivities and repetitiveness; skills such as social functioning and play; participation outcomes such as social inclusion; and parent and family impact.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the measurement properties of tools used to measure progress and outcomes in children with ASD up to the age of 6 years. To identify outcome areas regarded as important by people with ASD and parents.

METHODS: The MeASURe (Measurement in Autism Spectrum disorder Under Review) research collaboration included ASD experts and review methodologists. We undertook systematic review of tools used in ASD early intervention and observational studies from 1992 to 2013; systematic review, using the COSMIN checklist (Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments) of papers addressing the measurement properties of identified tools in children with ASD; and synthesis of evidence and gaps. The review design and process was informed throughout by consultation with stakeholders including parents, young people with ASD, clinicians and researchers.

RESULTS: The conceptual framework developed for the review was drawn from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, including the domains 'Impairments', 'Activity Level Indicators', 'Participation', and 'Family Measures'. In review 1, 10,154 papers were sifted - 3091 by full text - and data extracted from 184; in total, 131 tools were identified, excluding observational coding, study-specific measures and those not in English. In review 2, 2665 papers were sifted and data concerning measurement properties of 57 (43%) tools were extracted from 128 papers. Evidence for the measurement properties of the reviewed tools was combined with information about their accessibility and presentation. Twelve tools were identified as having the strongest supporting evidence, the majority measuring autism characteristics and problem behaviour. The patchy evidence and limited scope of outcomes measured mean these tools do not constitute a 'recommended battery' for use. In particular, there is little evidence that the identified tools would be good at detecting change in intervention studies. The obvious gaps in available outcome measurement include well-being and participation outcomes for children, and family quality-of-life outcomes, domains particularly valued by our informants (young people with ASD and parents).

CONCLUSIONS: This is the first systematic review of the quality and appropriateness of tools designed to monitor progress and outcomes of young children with ASD. Although it was not possible to recommend fully robust tools at this stage, the review consolidates what is known about the field and will act as a benchmark for future developments. With input from parents and other stakeholders, recommendations are made about priority targets for research.

FUTURE WORK: Priorities include development of a tool to measure child quality of life in ASD, and validation of a potential primary outcome tool for trials of early social communication intervention.

STUDY REGISTRATION: This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42012002223.

FUNDING: The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

Educação de infância como tempo fundador: repensar a formação de educadores para uma acção educativa integrada

O estudo Educação de Infância como tempo fundador: Repensar a Formação de Educadores para uma acção educativa integrada inscreve-se no processo de reflexão acerca das finalidades da educação básica e da qualidade da formação e da intervenção dos profissionais de educação de infância. Considerando as condições de instabilidade, crescente insegurança e grande imprevisibilidade que caracterizam as sociedades contemporâneas e, considerando também, os avanços científicos que vêm ocorrendo nas últimas décadas, fundamentando e alertando para a importância decisiva das aprendizagens realizadas na Infância nos processos de desenvolvimento subsequentes, releva-se neste estudo a necessidade de dar continuidade e aprofundar essa reflexão procurando responder, também pela investigação, aos desafios que as mudanças sociais suscitam. Nesta linha e tendo como referente o significado que, em termos de estruturação identitária pessoal e colectiva, é reconhecido à educação de infância, enquanto contexto primeiro de educação básica e complementar da acção educativa da família, o principal objectivo do estudo consiste em aprofundar o conhecimento acerca da natureza e qualidade dos saberes básicos a promover na educação pré-escolar e das competências reconfiguradoras do perfil de desempenho profissional dos educadores de infância para que, em articulação com as famílias das crianças, se tornem facilitadores do seu desenvolvimento, no quadro de uma ampla perspectiva de cidadania e de sucesso para todos. Os eixos investigativos que se cruzam no estudo pressupõem uma dimensão de pesquisa (teórica, documental e empírica) de natureza complexa, na qual, se procura tornar compreensíveis as interacções entre os participantes anteriormente referidos, no sentido de uma possível coerência conceptual e funcional, que regule e sustente a qualidade dos processos de desenvolvimento. Do ponto de vista metodológico, a investigação inscreve-se numa abordagem de natureza qualitativa, de matriz complexa e com características de estudo de caso, centrado nos processos de formação e de intervenção dos educadores de infância em exercício de funções, no distrito de Bragança. No sentido de construir uma visão integrada do objecto de estudo foi desenvolvida uma revisão temática de literatura e de análise documental e, na dimensão empírica do estudo, foram promovidos processos mistos de recolha de dados, com recurso à inquirição por questionário e por entrevista (semi-estruturada). A inquirição por questionário foi feita a 229 educadores de infância e a 1340 pais (ou seus representantes), das crianças que frequentavam a educação pré-escolar e a entrevista a 6 educadoras, que integravam os conselhos executivos dos Agrupamentos de Escolas e, cujas funções de gestão e administração, lhes permitiam ter uma perspectiva mais global das problemáticas em estudo. Os instrumentos de recolha e de análise da informação foram validados de modo a garantir-lhes fiabilidade e credibilidade. Os resultados do estudo podem ser lidos em dois níveis, considerando a sua abrangência e especificidade. Num primeiro plano, numa leitura mais global e transversal às questões em estudo e, num segundo plano, como enfoque mais específico em função de quatro dimensões temáticas decorrentes do quadro de fundamentação teórica e organizadoras do processo de reflexão e de pesquisa. Assim, globalmente, os resultados confirmam a importância que todos os inquiridos reconhecem, quer às aprendizagens ocorridas na Infância, como factor importante no desenvolvimento pessoal e social das crianças ao longo da vida, quer ao papel que, nele, os educadores e respectiva formação (inicial e contínua) devem desempenhar. Com algumas variações, as representações dos educadores de infância e dos pais inquiridos neste estudo, embora diferentes em algumas das questões específicas, apresentam-se maioritariamente coerentes e próximas das perspectivas teóricas mais actuais, que consideram a natureza processual das aprendizagens e a importância que a qualidade dos contextos e das transições, que neles ocorrem, assumem nos processos de desenvolvimento. Ou seja, inscrevem-se na linha das teorias socioconstrutivista e ecológica também subjacentes às orientações curriculares, ao nível nacional e aos quadros teóricos de referência, ao nível internacional. Identificam a aprendizagem da cidadania (ou do aprender a ser em sociedade) como o saber mais estruturante a ser desenvolvido no conjunto da acção educativa e perspectivam-na como processo de responsabilidade partilhada e cooperado. Tratando-se de uma amostra extensa e de um distrito geograficamente marcado pela interioridade, e sem esquecer que os dados se referem a representações expressas ao nível dos discursos, é importante reconhecer os sinais de actualidade das perspectivas e das sugestões apontadas para dar continuidade aos processos de desenvolvimento integrado de todos os participantes no processo educativo. Ainda numa leitura global, as principais diferenças, genericamente observadas entre educadores e pais, evidenciam, da parte destes, uma perspectiva de cidadania mais restrita e, da parte dos educadores, uma visão mais alargada do conceito. Com efeito, são os pais com mais elevada qualificação académica que partilham com os educadores esta perspectiva ampliada e transformadora de cidadania. Numa leitura mais enfocada e mais detalhada, e tal como referido anteriormente, os resultados podem ser lidos no cruzamento de quatro dimensões que interligam as questões de pesquisa: os saberes básicos, as estratégias de intervenção para o seu desenvolvimento; a formação e intervenção dos educadores de infância e a identificação de competências que possam vir a aprofundarem a sua formação. No que se refere aos saberes básicos, e não obstante a ocorrência de variações, quer quanto aos próprios saberes, quer quanto à terminologia usada, são considerados como fundamentais: 1. O aprender a ser na perspectiva do desenvolvimento da identidade; 2. O aprender a exercer a cidadania na linha da aprendizagem e da vivência democrática na relação com o mundo e com o outro; 3. O aprender a aprender como ferramenta indispensável à aprendizagem ao longo da vida; 4. O aprender a desenvolver o pensamento crítico, enquanto possibilidade de criteriosa escolha pessoal entre alternativas possíveis e 5. O aprender a comunicar como condição relacional inalienável nos processos de interacção com os contextos e com as pessoas. A segunda dimensão tem a ver com as estratégias consideradas facilitadoras do desenvolvimento destes saberes e são considerados três níveis da intervenção educativa: a acção dos educadores propriamente dita, a cooperação dos pais no processo de aprendizagem das crianças e a interacção da instituição pré-escolar com os pais/família. A acção dos educadores surge, tendencialmente perspectivada como facilitadora do desenvolvimento dos saberes básicos, embora em relação a algumas práticas essa perspectiva surgisse pouco evidente e distingue-se quanto ao desenvolvimento da acção e relação educativa, manifestando os educadores mais experientes uma opinião mais favorável. No que se refere à cooperação dos pais no processo de aprendizagem das crianças, os resultados indicam que a maioria dos pais manifesta uma opinião favorável a práticas configuradoras de um clima facilitador do desenvolvimento dos saberes básicos enunciados, mas variando os seus pontos de vista. São os pais de habilitações académicas mais elevadas, de idade intermédia e situados em contexto urbano os que apresentam opiniões mais favoráveis. Por fim, e no que diz respeito à interacção com as famílias, os resultados evidenciam uma opinião positiva com os meios de interacção utilizados, mas deixando perceber a necessidade de melhorar o processo de cooperação, manifestando os pais uma opinião menos positiva do que os educadores sobre esse processo. A terceira dimensão diz respeito às representações sobre a formação e intervenção profissional dos educadores, evidenciando os resultados que a maioria dos educadores atribuiu muita relevância aos contributos do curso de formação inicial para o desenvolvimento da maioria das competências necessárias para o seu desempenho profissional. Permitem ainda verificar que os educadores de formação mais recente manifestaram uma opinião mais favorável desses contributos, quanto ao desenvolvimento de conhecimentos em áreas, tais como a matemática, conhecimento do mundo e expressão musical, o que significa um avanço relativamente ao reconhecimento da necessidade de fazer investimento nessas áreas sugeridas em alguns estudos e projectos. Quanto ao desenvolvimento da actividade profissional, os resultados relevam que a maior preocupação dos educadores se centra em torno do seu desempenho profissional e das condições de exercício da actividade profissional. No que se refere ao início de carreira, esta última dimensão assume maior evidência, sendo ainda possível perceber que a entrada na vida profissional tem vindo a ocorrer, nos últimos anos, através da rede privada. A quarta dimensão tem a ver com as competências profissionais a desenvolver pelos futuros educadores, e não obstante algumas diferenças nas opiniões manifestadas pelos três grupos de participantes, surgem relevadas competências que a literatura e os perfis de desempenho profissional docente apontam como devendo ser promovidas e incluídas nos programas de formação de educadores de infância/professores. Estas podem ser vistas, quer numa dimensão geral relativa ao grupo docente, quer numa dimensão mais específica da intervenção em educação de infância, tal como é especificado ao longo do trabalho.

A formação em música dos atuais e futuros professores de dança

Tese de doutoramento, Educação (Formação de Professores), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2015

Bridging the Divide in Work and Occupational Psychology: Evidence From Practice

This study explores the extent to which work and organizational (W&O) psychology practitioners use evidence, how they apply it to the everyday contexts in which they work and the types of barriers they encounter in so doing. It adopts a mixed methods approach involving the administration of a survey to a UK sample (N=163) of W&O psychologists and a series of semi-structured interviews (N=25) exploring in greater depth how evidence is applied in practice. Findings reveal that practitioners consult a wide range of different types of evidence which they employ at various stages of engagement with client organisations and that this evidence is pressed into service in the pursuit of solutions which are both acceptable from the client perspective and consistent with the scientific standards underpinning professional knowledge and expertise in W&O psychology. Barriers to evidence-use were mainly practical in nature, concerning issues around managing the client-consultant relationship and the particularities of implementation context, both of which were shown to influence evidence utilisation. The study contributes to current debate on the extent to which W&O psychologists adopt an evidence-based approach and provides a valuable and much called-for empirical insight into the enactment of the scientist-practitioner model in W&O psychology

From engagement to outcomes: measuring the impact of researcher training using the rugby team impact framework

This study addresses our approach to the difficult task of measuring the impact of an eLearning service, the Graduate Virtual Research Environment (GVRE), provided to doctoral students at a UK University since October 2009. The GVRE provides research students with access to a training needs analysis tool which is linked to a repository of video learning resources created by academics and experienced research students. This paper explores the use of the Rugby Team Impact Framework as a guide to measuring impact and our use of a number of techniques to gather evidence about the changes resulting from use of the GVRE. The framework gives four levels of evidence, starting with simple measures of provision, through attendance, interest and to outcomes. As with other research, we found the former easy to assess but the outcomes harder to define. We conclude with a critical evaluation of our research process and outcomes.

Digital evidence as a means of proof before the International Court of Justice

This article discusses the use of digital evidence as a means of proof before the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The absence of specific Court rules and procedures for digital evidence (with the exception of Practice Direction IX bis) is not necessarily an obstacle to its production and evaluation before the ICJ, as the general evidentiary rules can also be applied to digital evidence. The article first looks at the rules on the production of documentary evidence and then examines the specific issues related to audiovisual evidence. Finally, it examines the admissibility of digital evidence unlawfully obtained by a litigant through unilateral transborder access to data. The article concludes that, even if specific regulation may be needed as to the specific way in which authenticity and accuracy of digital evidence are to be established, the particular facts of the case and the grounds of challenge can vary widely, and it is doubtful that any regulation could be sufficiently flexible to deal with this in advance.

Determinants of mother-baby relationship evaluated during pregnancy

ABSTRACT Background Mental health promotion is supported by a strong body of knowledge and is a matter of public health with the potential of a large impact on society. Mental health promotion programs should be implemented as soon as possible in life, preferably starting during pregnancy. Programs should focus on malleable determinants, introducing strategies to reduce risk factors or their impact on mother and child, and also on strengthening protective factors to increase resilience. The ambition of early detecting risk situations requires the development and use of tools to assess risk, and the creation of a responsive network of services based in primary health care, especially maternal consultation during pregnancy and the first months of the born child. The number of risk factors and the way they interact and are buffered by protective factors are relevant for the final impact. Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) is not yet a totally understood and well operationalized concept. Methodological problems limit the comparison of data as many studies used small size samples, had an exploratory character or used different selection criteria and different measures. There is still a lack of studies in high risk populations evaluating the consequences of a weak MFA. Instead, the available studies are not very conclusive, but suggest that social support, anxiety and depression, self-esteem and self-control and sense of coherence are correlated with MFA. MFA is also correlated with health practices during pregnancy, that influence pregnancy and baby outcomes. MFA seems a relevant concept for the future mother baby interaction, but more studies are needed to clarify the concept and its operationalization. Attachment is a strong scientific concept with multiple implications for future child development, personality and relationship with others. Secure attachment is considered an essential basis of good mental health, and promoting mother-baby interaction offers an excellent opportunity to intervention programmes targeted at enhancing mental health and well-being. Understanding the process of attachment and intervening to improve attachment requires a comprehension of more proximal factors, but also a broader approach that assesses the impact of more distal social conditions on attachment and how this social impact is mediated by family functioning and mother-baby interaction. Finally, it is essential to understand how this knowledge could be translated in effective mental health promoting interventions and measures that could reach large populations of pregnant mothers and families. Strengthening emotional availability (EA) seems to be a relevant approach to improve the mother-baby relationship. In this review we have offered evidence suggesting a range of determinants of mother-infant relationship, including age, marital relationship, social disadvantages, migration, parental psychiatric disorders and the situations of abuse or neglect. Based on this theoretical background we constructed a theoretical model that included proximal and distal factors, risk and protective factors, including variables related to the mother, the father, their social support and mother baby interaction from early pregnancy until six months after birth. We selected the Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment (ALPHA) for use as an instrument to detect psychosocial risk during pregnancy. Method Ninety two pregnant women were recruited from the Maternal Health Consultation in Primary Health Care (PHC) at Amadora. They had three moments of assessment: at T1 (until 12 weeks of pregnancy) they filed out a questionnaire that included socio-demographic data, ALPHA, Edinburgh post-natal Depression Scale (EDPS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Sense of Coherence (SOC); at T2 (after the 20th weeks of pregnancy) they answered EDPS, SOC and MFA Scale (MFAS), and finally at T3 (6 months after birth), they repeated EDPS and SOC, and their interaction with their babies was videotaped and later evaluated using EA Scales. A statistical analysis has been done using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, univariate logistic regression and multiple linear regression. Results The study has increased our knowledge on this particular population living in a multicultural, suburb community. It allow us to identify specific groups with a higher level of psychosocial risk, such as single or divorced women, young couples, mothers with a low level of education and those who are depressed or have a low SOC. The hypothesis that psychosocial risk is directly correlated with MFAS and that MFA is directly correlated with EA was not confirmed, neither the correlation between prenatal psychosocial risk and mother-baby EA. The study identified depression as a relevant risk factor in pregnancy and its higher prevalence in single or divorced women, immigrants and in those who have a higher global psychosocial risk. Depressed women have a poor MFA, and a lower structuring capacity and a higher hostility to their babies. In average, depression seems to reduce among pregnant women in the second part of their pregnancy. The children of immigrant mothers show a lower level of responsiveness to their mothers what could be transmitted through depression, as immigrant mothers have a higher risk of depression in the beginning of pregnancy and six months after birth. Young mothers have a low MFA and are more intrusive. Women who have a higher level of education are more sensitive and their babies showed to be more responsive. Women who are or have been submitted to abuse were found to have a higher level of MFA but their babies are less responsive to them. The study highlights the relevance of SOC as a potential protective factor while it is strongly and negatively related with a wide range of risk factors and mental health outcomes especially depression before, during and after pregnancy. Conclusions ALPHA proved to be a valid, feasible and reliable instrument to Primary Health Care (PHC) that can be used as a total sum score. We could not prove the association between psychosocial risk factors and MFA, neither between MFA and EA, or between psychosocial risk and EA. Depression and SOC seems to have a clear and opposite relevance on this process. Pregnancy can be considered as a maturational process and an opportunity to change, where adaptation processes occur, buffering risk, decreasing depression and increasing SOC. Further research is necessary to better understand interactions between variables and also to clarify a better operationalization of MFA. We recommend the use of ALPHA, SOC and EDPS in early pregnancy as a way of identifying more vulnerable women that will require additional interventions and support in order to decrease risk. At political level we recommend the reinforcement of Immigrant integration and the increment of education in women. We recommend more focus in health care and public health in mental health condition and psychosocial risk of specific groups at high risk. In PHC special attention should be paid to pregnant women who are single or divorced, very young, low educated and to immigrant mothers. This study provides the basis for an intervention programme for this population, that aims to reduce broad spectrum risk factors and to promote Mental Health in women who become pregnant. Health and mental health policies should facilitate the implementation of the suggested measures.

A intervenção dos orgãos de polícia criminal em sede de julgamento

Currently, Portugal assumes itself as a democratic rule of substantive law State, sustained by a legal system seeking the right balance between the guarantee of fundamental rights and freedoms constitutional foreseen in Portugal’s Fundamental Law and criminal persecution. The architecture of the penal code lies with, roughly speaking, a accusatory basic structure, “deliberately attached to one of the most remarkable achievements of the civilizational democratic progress, and by obedience to the constitutional commandment”, in balance with the official investigation principle, valid both for the purpose of prosecution and trial. Regarding the principle of non self-incrimination - nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare, briefly defined as the defendant’s right of not being obliged to contribute to the self-incrimination, it should be stressed that there isn’t an explicit consecration in the Portuguese Constitution, being commonly accepted in an implicit constitutional prediction and deriving from other constitutional rights and principles, first and foremost, the meaning and scope of the concept of democratic rule of Law State, embedded in the Fundamental Law, and in the guidelines of the constitutional principles of human person dignity, freedom of action and the presumption of innocence. In any case, about the (in) applicability of the principle of the prohibition of self-incrimination to the Criminal Police Bodies in the trial hearing in Court, and sharing an idea of Guedes Valente, the truth is that the exercise of criminal action must tread a transparent path and non-compliant with methods to obtain evidence that violate the law, the public order or in violation of democratic principles and loyalty (Guedes Valente, 2013, p. 484). Within the framework of the penal process relating to the trial, which is assumed as the true phase of the process, the witness represents a relevant figure for the administration of criminal justice, for the testimonial proof is, in the idea of Othmar Jauernig, the worst proof of evidence, but also being the most frequent (Jauernig, 1998, p. 289). As coadjutant of the Public Prosecutor and, in specific cases, the investigating judge, the Criminal Police Bodies are invested with high responsibility, being "the arms and eyes of Judicial Authorities in pursuing the criminal investigation..." which has as ultimate goal the fulfillment of the Law pursuing the defense of society" (Guedes Valente, 2013, p. 485). It is in this context and as a witness that, throughout operational career, the Criminal Police Bodies are required to be at the trial hearing and clarify the Court with its view about the facts relating to occurrences of criminal context, thus contributing very significantly and, in some cases, decisively for the proper administration of the portuguese criminal justice. With regards to the intervention of Criminal Police Bodies in the trial hearing in Court, it’s important that they pay attention to a set of standards concerning the preparation of the testimony, the very provision of the testimony and, also, to its conclusion. Be emphasized that these guidelines may become crucial for the quality of the police testimony at the trial hearing, thus leading to an improvement of the enforcement of justice system. In this vein, while preparing the testimony, the Criminal Police Bodies must present itself in court with proper clothing, to read before and carefully the case files, to debate the facts being judged with other Criminal Police Bodies and prepare potential questions. Later, while giving his testimony during the trial, the Criminal Police Bodies must, summing up, to take the oath in a convincing manner, to feel comfortable, to start well by convincingly answering the first question, keep an attitude of serenity, to adopt an attitude of collaboration, to avoid the reading of documents, to demonstrate deference and seriousness before the judicial operators, to use simple and objective language, to adopt a fluent speech, to use nonverbal language correctly, to avoid spontaneity responding only to what is asked, to report only the truth, to avoid hesitations and contradictions, to be impartial and to maintain eye contact with the judge. Finally, at the conclusion of the testimony, the Criminal Police Bodies should rise in a smooth manner, avoiding to show relief, resentment or satisfaction, leaving a credible and professional image and, without much formality, requesting the judge permission to leave the courtroom. As final note, it’s important to stress that "The intervention of the Police Criminal Bodies in the trial hearing in Court” encloses itself on a theme of crucial importance not only for members of the Police and Security Forces, who must welcome this subject with the utmost seriousness and professionalism, but also for the proper administration of the criminal justice system in Portugal.

Determinant factors to merger control decisions in Portugal

The present paper aims to investigate the determinant factors of Portuguese merger control. Our sample comprises 652 M&A cases occurred between January of 2003 and September of 2015. Through a probit model we have tested the relevance of product and geographic market, entry barriers, type of concentration, merger effects, year of decision and the President of the Competition Authority at the time. The results suggests that the conglomerate and vertical effects, the existence of barriers to entry as well as the number of regulatory agencies listened are the main explanatory variables to determine a need for an in-depth investigation and to make a final decision. According to the evidence, cases cleared at Phase 1 are increasing over time. The number of prohibited mergers is close to zero.

Taxonomical and biogeographical problems in Mediterranean shrews of the genus Crocidura (Mammalia, Insectivora) with reference to a new karyotype from Sicily (Italy)

Shrews of the genus Crocidura from Sicily revealed a new karyotype from Europe: 2n = 36, NF = 56, NFa = 52. With reference to the revision of Vesmanis (1976), this shrew is provisionally attributed to C. caudata Miller, 1901 and it is proposed to call it the "Sicilian shrew". Its chromosome complement is similar to that of shrews from Canary Islands and a species from Burundi (Central Africa), suggesting that it might have split off from a line of Paleotropical origin. Following these findings, the modern concept of Mediterranean island colonization by shrews must be revised. The distinctive characteristics of Mediterranean shrews should also be revised.

The green movement in Canada

The green movement has evolved over the last twenty years from various social, peace and ecology activist organizations into direct political participation in parliamentary institutions through the Green Party. Although there is no definable theory of green politics, the culmination of interacting social movements as well as feminist, decentralist and in many cases, left wing political ideology, has produced a specific kind of political direction for the Greens internationally. As a result of the increased a ttention and awareness given to ecological issues , combined with the heightened evidence of large scale environmental deterioration, public attitudes and government decisions on development and natural resource management have been significantly altered. The Green Party of Canada is still r elatively young in comparison to its European counterparts, although ecologica l awareness and interest in t he green movement in Canada is strong, as reflected not only in support on a political level for the Canadian Greens I but for environmental issues and a ctivism in general. For this reason it s important to determine whether or not the Green Party is a significant aspect of the Canadian green movement, and if in fact its representation is necessary as an active participant in the Canadian political system . The Green Party of Canada, as a vital aspect of the Canadian green movement, and its connection to international green organizations can be examined primarily through the examp l es of both the Canadian Greens and the Green party of Ontario , by using original party documents and literature, information gained through Green party meetings and discussions with members, and commentary by Green theorists where app licable. As well, the influence on the Canadian green movement by the German Green Party is outlined , again mainly through party literature, documents and critiques of the party's experiences. This study reveals several existing and potential problems fo r t he Green Party in Canada, and the political fut ure of the Canadian green movement in general. Some, such as the real i ties of the Canadian political system are external to the movement, and may be overcome with adjustments in goals and methods, and a realization of the changing attitude towards environmental issues in a political context . On the other hand, internal party disfunctions in both organization and direction, caused mainly by the indefinite parameters of green ideology, threaten to exploit the already problematic aspects evident in t he Green Party . Aside from its somewhat slow beginnings, the Green Party in Canada has developed into a strong grassroots social movement, not however from its political visibility but from the steady growth in the popul ari ty of ecological pol i t ics in Canada. Due to the seeming enormity of the obstacles facing the Greens in their effort 4 to achieve electoral success, it is doubtful that Parliamentary representation will be achieved without a major re-orientation of party organization and methods. UI timately the strength of the Green Party in Canada will be based upon its ability to survive as a significant movement, and its willingness to continue to challenge political thought and practice.

Hints to both Parties

Full Title: Hints to both parties : or, Observations on the proceedings in Parliament upon the petitions against the Orders in council, and on the conduct of His Majesty's Ministers in granting licenses to import the staple commodities of the enemy. Printed for E. Sargeant

Clinician-Perceived Bridges and Barriers to Parental Implementation of Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS): An evaluation.

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is an augmentative and alternative communicative system that improves communication and decreases problem behaviors in children with Developmental Disabilities and Autism. The mediator model is a validated approach that clinicians use to train parents to perform evidence-based interventions. Parental non-adherence to treatment recommendations is a documented problem. This qualitative study investigated clinician-perceived factors that influence parental adherence to PECS recommendations. Three focus groups (n=8) were conducted with Speech Language Pathologists and Behavior Therapists experienced in providing parents with PECS recommendations. Constant comparison analysis was used. In general, clinicians believed that PECS was complex to implement. Thirty-one bridges were identified to overcome complexity. Twenty-two barriers and 6 other factors also impacted parental adherence. Strategies to address these factors were proposed based on a review of the literature. Future research will be performed to validate these findings using parents and a larger sample size.

Letter - E.C. Schmon to Arthur A. Schmon, 31 August 1918

Eleanore Celeste writes about her outing to the movies. She talks about their wedding and asks whether they can have a "double right marriage". She describes friends who have been married recently and both the bride and groom wear rings. She also mentions that Colonel McCormick had tried to call her, but she wasn't there to speak with him.

Letter - E.C. Schmon to Arthur A. Schmon, Friday A.M.

Eleanore Celeste has had a falling out with her friend Hilda Hartdegen because she doesn't want to contact "Uncle Dickie", but Hilda wants her to call him to set up an outing. Arthur had said that he didn't want Eleanore Celeste to see "Uncle Dickie" without the company of her Mother.