Ground-water resources data of Charlotte, DeSoto, and Hardee Counties, Florida

Charlotte, De Soto, and Hardee counties are east-southeast of Tampa in west-central peninsular Florida, figure 1. In order to plan the future water-resource development of the area, information about the water resources is needed. To meet this need, the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Peace River Basin Board of the Southwest Florida Water Management District as part of the statewide cooperative program with the Division of Geology, Florida Board of Conservation, began a continuing hydrologic data collection program in July, 1963, as an initial step in the investigation and evaluation of the groundwater resources of Hardee and De Soto counties. A similar hydrologic data program commenced in Charlotte County in July, 1964. Previous work in Hardee and De Soto counties included a one year reconnaissance by the Division of Water Resources and Conservation, Florida Board of Conservation, which concluded in June, 1963, and resulted in a hydrologic report (Woodard, 1964). As an outgrowth of the hydrologic data program, a Map Series report portraying the chemical character of water in the Floridan aquifer in the southern Peace River basin was prepared in 1967 (Kaufman and Dion). The data contained herein constitute the basis for the Map Series report. Additional selected data, including records of wells and chemical analyses,, on the ground-water resources of the three county area are also included and are published to make the data available. (Document has 28 pages.)

Interim report on the hydrologic features of the Green Swamp area in Central Florida

The Green Swamp area in central Florida is another area where man is developing agricultural land from marginal land. Though the area is by no means as extensive as that of the Everglades, the present efforts for its development are similar to the early efforts for developing the Everglades in that many miles of canals and ditches have been constructed to improve the drainage. Lest the early mistakes of the Everglades be repeated, the Florida Department of Water Resources considered that an appraisal of the physical and hydrologic features of the area was needed to determine the broad effects of draining and developing the swamp. This reconnaissance provides information required by the State of Florida for determining its responsibility and policy in regard to the Green Swamp area and for formulating future plans for water management of the area. Some of the features that have been determined are: the amount of rainfall on the area; the pattern of surfacewater drainage; the amount and direction of surface-water runoff; the direction of ground-water movement; the interrelationship of rainfall, surface water, and ground water; the effects of improved drainage facilities'; and the effects of the hydrologic environment on the chemical quality of water of the area.(PDF contains 106 pages.)

Integrating cultural, economic and environmental requirements for fish production in Borno State

The study examines the integration of cultural, economic and environmental requirements for fish production in Borno State, Nigeria. A reconnaissance survey was conducted transferring some selected Local Government Areas. 60 questionnaires were administered in the six Local Governments representing Southern Borno State with Biu and Shani, central Borno with Konduga & Jere and Northern Borno with Gubia and Kukawa respectively. There is no cultural constraint to fish production but about 63% prefers to invest in other farming activities than in fish farming. 33% are not aware that fish can be cultured apart from getting it from the wild. 35% have the impression that fish farming ventures can be handled by government only. The economic earnings for fish production are high especially in some parts of Northern Borno, but the Local market potentials throughout the state are great. Nigeria has suitable soil for ponds apart from few locations at the central and Northern Borno that are made by sandy soil. Numerous perennial and seasonal rivers, streams, lakes, pools and flood plains adequate for fish culture especially in Southern Borno exist. The mean annual rainfall can result in some water storage in ponds. In areas where the annual precipitation is less than 550mm, exist few flow boreholes with potentials for fish production. The temperature regime may support growth and survival of fish even during the hottest months of the year (March, April and May). With the understanding and manipulation of these requirements, fish production in Nigeria can be greatly enhanced

Plate tectonic constraints on flat subduction and paleomagnetic constraints on rifting

Plate tectonics shapes our dynamic planet through the creation and destruction of lithosphere. This work focuses on increasing our understanding of the processes at convergent and divergent boundaries through geologic and geophysical observations at modern plate boundaries. Recent work had shown that the subducting slab in central Mexico is most likely the flattest on Earth, yet there was no consensus about what caused it to originate. The first chapter of this thesis sets out to systematically test all previously proposed mechanisms for slab flattening on the Mexican case. What we have discovered is that there is only one model for which we can find no contradictory evidence. The lack of applicability of the standard mechanisms used to explain flat subduction in the Mexican example led us to question their applications globally. The second chapter expands the search for a cause of flat subduction, in both space and time. We focus on the historical record of flat slabs in South America and look for a correlation between the shallowing and steepening of slab segments with relation to the inferred thickness of the subducting oceanic crust. Using plate reconstructions and the assumption that a crustal anomaly formed on a spreading ridge will produce two conjugate features, we recreate the history of subduction along the South American margin and find that there is no correlation between the subduction of a bathymetric highs and shallow subduction. These studies have proven that a subducting crustal anomaly is neither a sufficient or necessary condition of flat slab subduction. The final chapter in this thesis looks at the divergent plate boundary in the Gulf of California. Through geologic reconnaissance mapping and an intensive paleomagnetic sampling campaign, we try to constrain the location and orientation of a widespread volcanic marker unit, the Tuff of San Felipe. Although the resolution of the applied magnetic susceptibility technique proved inadequate to contain the direction of the pyroclastic flow with high precision, we have been able to detect the tectonic rotation of coherent blocks as well as rotation within blocks.

Identifying and interpreting stratification in sedimentary rocks on Mars : insight from Rover and orbital observations and terrestrial field analogs

Sedimentary rocks on Mars provide insight into past aqueous and atmospheric processes, climate regimes, and potential habitability. The stratigraphic architecture of sedimentary rocks on Mars is similar to that of Earth, indicating that the processes that govern deposition and erosion on Mars can be reasonably inferred through reference to analogous terrestrial systems. This dissertation aims to understand Martian surface processes through the use of (1) ground-based observations from the Mars Exploration Rovers, (2) orbital data from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and (3) the use of terrestrial field analogs to understand bedforms and sediment transport on Mars. Chapters 1 and 2 trace the history of aqueous activity at Meridiani Planum, through the reconstruction of eolian bedforms at Victoria crater, and the identification of a potential mudstone facies at Santa Maria crater. Chapter 3 uses Terrestrial Laser Scanning to study cross-bedding in pyroclastic surge deposits on Earth in order to understand sediment transport in these events and to establish criteria for their identification on Mars. The final chapter analyzes stratal geometries in the Martian North Polar Layered Deposits using tools for sequence stratigraphic analysis, to better constrain past surface processes and past climate conditions on Mars.

Seismic reflection experiments imaging the physical nature of crustal structures in southern California

Seismic reflection methods have been extensively used to probe the Earth's crust and suggest the nature of its formative processes. The analysis of multi-offset seismic reflection data extends the technique from a reconnaissance method to a powerful scientific tool that can be applied to test specific hypotheses. The treatment of reflections at multiple offsets becomes tractable if the assumptions of high-frequency rays are valid for the problem being considered. Their validity can be tested by applying the methods of analysis to full wave synthetics.

Three studies illustrate the application of these principles to investigations of the nature of the crust in southern California. A survey shot by the COCORP consortium in 1977 across the San Andreas fault near Parkfield revealed events in the record sections whose arrival time decreased with offset. The reflectors generating these events are imaged using a multi-offset three-dimensional Kirchhoff migration. Migrations of full wave acoustic synthetics having the same limitations in geometric coverage as the field survey demonstrate the utility of this back projection process for imaging. The migrated depth sections show the locations of the major physical boundaries of the San Andreas fault zone. The zone is bounded on the southwest by a near-vertical fault juxtaposing a Tertiary sedimentary section against uplifted crystalline rocks of the fault zone block. On the northeast, the fault zone is bounded by a fault dipping into the San Andreas, which includes slices of serpentinized ultramafics, intersecting it at 3 km depth. These interpretations can be made despite complications introduced by lateral heterogeneities.

In 1985 the Calcrust consortium designed a survey in the eastern Mojave desert to image structures in both the shallow and the deep crust. Preliminary field experiments showed that the major geophysical acquisition problem to be solved was the poor penetration of seismic energy through a low-velocity surface layer. Its effects could be mitigated through special acquisition and processing techniques. Data obtained from industry showed that quality data could be obtained from areas having a deeper, older sedimentary cover, causing a re-definition of the geologic objectives. Long offset stationary arrays were designed to provide reversed, wider angle coverage of the deep crust over parts of the survey. The preliminary field tests and constant monitoring of data quality and parameter adjustment allowed 108 km of excellent crustal data to be obtained.

This dataset, along with two others from the central and western Mojave, was used to constrain rock properties and the physical condition of the crust. The multi-offset analysis proceeded in two steps. First, an increase in reflection peak frequency with offset is indicative of a thinly layered reflector. The thickness and velocity contrast of the layering can be calculated from the spectral dispersion, to discriminate between structures resulting from broad scale or local effects. Second, the amplitude effects at different offsets of P-P scattering from weak elastic heterogeneities indicate whether the signs of the changes in density, rigidity, and Lame's parameter at the reflector agree or are opposed. The effects of reflection generation and propagation in a heterogeneous, anisotropic crust were contained by the design of the experiment and the simplicity of the observed amplitude and frequency trends. Multi-offset spectra and amplitude trend stacks of the three Mojave Desert datasets suggest that the most reflective structures in the middle crust are strong Poisson's ratio (σ) contrasts. Porous zones or the juxtaposition of units of mutually distant origin are indicated. Heterogeneities in σ increase towards the top of a basal crustal zone at ~22 km depth. The transition to the basal zone and to the mantle include increases in σ. The Moho itself includes ~400 m layering having a velocity higher than that of the uppermost mantle. The Moho maintains the same configuration across the Mojave despite 5 km of crustal thinning near the Colorado River. This indicates that Miocene extension there either thinned just the basal zone, or that the basal zone developed regionally after the extensional event.

Valley evolution by meandering rivers

Fluvial systems form landscapes and sedimentary deposits with a rich hierarchy of structures that extend from grain- to valley scale. Large-scale pattern formation in fluvial systems is commonly attributed to forcing by external factors, including climate change, tectonic uplift, and sea-level change. Yet over geologic timescales, rivers may also develop large-scale erosional and depositional patterns that do not bear on environmental history. This dissertation uses a combination of numerical modeling and topographic analysis to identify and quantify patterns in river valleys that form as a consequence of river meandering alone, under constant external forcing. Chapter 2 identifies a numerical artifact in existing, grid-based models that represent the co-evolution of river channel migration and bank strength over geologic timescales. A new, vector-based technique for bank-material tracking is shown to improve predictions for the evolution of meander belts, floodplains, sedimentary deposits formed by aggrading channels, and bedrock river valleys, particularly when spatial contrasts in bank strength are strong. Chapters 3 and 4 apply this numerical technique to establishing valley topography formed by a vertically incising, meandering river subject to constant external forcing—which should serve as the null hypothesis for valley evolution. In Chapter 3, this scenario is shown to explain a variety of common bedrock river valley types and smaller-scale features within them—including entrenched channels, long-wavelength, arcuate scars in valley walls, and bedrock-cored river terraces. Chapter 4 describes the age and geometric statistics of river terraces formed by meandering with constant external forcing, and compares them to terraces in natural river valleys. The frequency of intrinsic terrace formation by meandering is shown to reflect a characteristic relief-generation timescale, and terrace length is identified as a key criterion for distinguishing these terraces from terraces formed by externally forced pulses of vertical incision. In a separate study, Chapter 5 utilizes image and topographic data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to quantitatively identify spatial structures in the polar layered deposits of Mars, and identifies sequences of beds, consistently 1-2 meters thick, that have accumulated hundreds of kilometers apart in the north polar layered deposits.

Reconstructing Past Depositional and Diagenetic Processes through Quantitative Stratigraphic Analysis of the Martian Sedimentary Rock Record

High-resolution orbital and in situ observations acquired of the Martian surface during the past two decades provide the opportunity to study the rock record of Mars at an unprecedented level of detail. This dissertation consists of four studies whose common goal is to establish new standards for the quantitative analysis of visible and near-infrared data from the surface of Mars. Through the compilation of global image inventories, application of stratigraphic and sedimentologic statistical methods, and use of laboratory analogs, this dissertation provides insight into the history of past depositional and diagenetic processes on Mars. The first study presents a global inventory of stratified deposits observed in images from the High Resolution Image Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on-board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. This work uses the widespread coverage of high-resolution orbital images to make global-scale observations about the processes controlling sediment transport and deposition on Mars. The next chapter presents a study of bed thickness distributions in Martian sedimentary deposits, showing how statistical methods can be used to establish quantitative criteria for evaluating the depositional history of stratified deposits observed in orbital images. The third study tests the ability of spectral mixing models to obtain quantitative mineral abundances from near-infrared reflectance spectra of clay and sulfate mixtures in the laboratory for application to the analysis of orbital spectra of sedimentary deposits on Mars. The final study employs a statistical analysis of the size, shape, and distribution of nodules observed by the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover team in the Sheepbed mudstone at Yellowknife Bay in Gale crater. This analysis is used to evaluate hypotheses for nodule formation and to gain insight into the diagenetic history of an ancient habitable environment on Mars.

Poder Judiciário: Espaço Público de integração entre Direito e Política através dos Movimentos Sociais na Cidade do Rio de Janeiro

Os moradores das Ocupações Zumbi dos Palmares e Quilombo das Guerreiras, no centro da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, se definem como atores sociais que agem segundo representações adquiridas do contexto histórico-social do modo de produção capitalista de fins do século XX. Sob a ideologia de que a qualidade de vida é ser morador no centro da cidade, atuam ilegalmente a fim de pressionar o Poder Público a efetivar políticas públicas de direito à moradia, positivadas na Constituição Federal. Buscam a legitimação dessas condutas e o reconhecimento de suas ações coletivas e de suas identidades no Poder Judiciário, instituição do Estado democrático de direito que se torna espaço público de discussão entre a esfera privada e a esfera pública, cujos limites se reorganizam na crise na pós-modernidade. Investiga-se se a função de intermediador do poder judiciário refere-se a legitimador dessas discussões ou de efetivo solucionador das demandas que lhe chegam. O trabalho conta com três partes: uma prática, onde são descritos as ocupações e os processos judiciais respectivos; uma parte teórica, onde são apresentadas as categorias de pensamentos utilizados para pensar a realidade apresentada na parte prática; e uma terceira parte, de análise da parte prática à luz da parte teórica, a fim de se observar e testar a hipótese construída.

Fazendo planos para a educação: políticas do dizer e processos de subjetivação.

Nesta tese, considerando as críticas e as queixas ao distanciamento entre as políticas públicas, a formação docente e a prática profissional, problematizamos a produção / circulação de expectativas sobre o trabalho do professor. Investimos numa dupla perspectiva teórica: a da psicologia social e a da linguística. A partir de uma compreensão da subjetividade como produção, recorremos a noções como as de governamentalização neoliberal (FOUCAULT, 2008a; FOUCAULT, 2008b) para encaminhar uma análise das formas de controle (DELEUZE, 2006a) e o desafio de constituir a experiência (BENJAMIN, 1996) como um plano (DELEUZE; GUATTARI, 2005). Do ponto de vista dos estudos da linguagem, priorizam-se os debates em torno interdiscurso (BAKHTIN, 2004; MAINGUENEAU, 2005), conceito que é responsável por descartar aportes baseados estritamente no conteudismo e ressignifica os planos da enunciação e da pragmática. Em nossas análises, colocamos em confronto textos de prescrição à atividade docente e discussão de professores e estagiários apontando o que ganha consistência ou não em seu cotidiano profissional. As análises desdobram-se em três momentos. No primeiro deles, discutimos o Decreto do PDE como gênero do discurso (BAKHTIN, 2000), analisando as tarefas atribuídas ao professor nas metas e as estratégias de poder instauradas pelo IDEB. No segundo momento, observamos as dicas ao professor divulgadas no portal eletrônico Todos pela Educação, considerando como marca linguística os pressupostos (DUCROT, 1987; MAINGUENEAU, 2005). A análise dos pressupostos nos conduziu a ocorrências de enunciados em afirmação polêmica. No terceiro momento, constituímos uma discussão em grupo com professores e com estagiários, colocando em análise temas como trabalho, formação, práticas de si e relação com a pesquisa. Os resultados das análises apontam para uma desqualificação da análise coletiva das demandas do cotidiano, gerando a redução do trabalho do professor como execução de tarefas e transmissão de saberes. As políticas públicas agem por mecanismos de competição e recompensa, colocando a ênfase sobre a performance. Fortalece-se a figura de um professor empreendedor, como alguém que pretende apenas atingir as metas, sem discutir sua eficácia e seus efeitos. Ao lado disso, o vetor precarização indica lutas por melhores condições e reconhecimento de trabalho. Para além das metas propostas, o percurso com o conhecimento surge como possibilidade de experiência singular, compartilhada entre professores e alunos.

Um desfile de invisibilidades: táticas de praticantes nas escolas de dificílimo acesso

Esta dissertação apresenta práticas emancipatórias produzidas em comunidades de dificílimo acesso do município de Duque de Caxias (RJ). Ao considerar que essas comunidades são invisibilizadas em função, não apenas da nomenclatura que as qualifica, mas também da distância que possuem do centro do município e das especificidades nos modos de vida de seus moradores, afirmo que essas mesmas comunidades se organizam de maneiras próprias para garantir umpouco de visibilidade, procurando assegurar além da vida digna para as pessoasque nelas vivem, a possibilidade de existirem, de serem contempladas nas políticaspúblicas e de alcançarem o reconhecimento de suas especificidades. Para enunciaressas práticas e promover um debate acerca de sua validação, recorro àscontribuições de Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Michel de Certeau, José de SouzaMartins, Nilda Alves, entre outros, que, em seus textos, consideram oquestionamento acerca do paradigma moderno de validação dos conhecimentos.Compreendendo que a experiência social em todo mundo é bem maior do que sepode supor, que o conceito de prática cidadã ultrapassa os limites definidos nacidadania burguesa e que os próprios modos de pesquisar essas experiênciassociais e práticas cidadãs muitas vezes são limitados em razão da valorização evalidação de algumas metodologias, é que consigo fazer emergir exemplos desolidariedade, coletividade e ações democráticas. A identificação dessas ações sóme foi possível a partir da pesquisa nos/dos/com os cotidianos realizada nas escolassituadas no interior dessas comunidades, afinal, como em muitas das vezes a escolaé o único espaçotempo com possibilidade de promover o diálogo entre ascomunidades e o poder instituído, reivindicações e reinvenções cotidianasatravessam esse espaçotempo e trazem para ele funções que ultrapassam asfronteiras do que historicamente se construiu como sendo seu âmbito de ação.

Tramas femininas na Belle Époque Carioca: entre anarquistas e espíritas

Investiga-se, neste trabalho, a partir de uma análise de gênero, os discursos dos movimentos espírita e anarquista acerca das mulheres, no período de 1889 a 1922, no Rio de Janeiro, especificamente no que se refere a uma possível relação entre eles. No período de análise, ambos os movimentos encontravam-se em constituição no Brasil, lutando por legitimação e reconhecimento social, sendo seus seguidores perseguidos, presos e patologizados por seus discursos questionadores da ordem vigente. Entretanto, mais que seu sucesso ou não na transformação social, o que aqui se propõe é uma investigação acerca das formas pelas quais esses movimentos podem ter se relacionado e seus discursos, especialmente no caso da mulher, podem tê-los aproximado. Ou seja, questionar a oposição religião e política, e inserir uma análise de gênero em campos nos quais essa ferramenta é, ainda, raramente utilizada. Investigar como se apresentavam as questões de gênero nas práticas desses movimentos, tentando resgatar os fios que compõem a trama histórica dos mesmos, procurando entender a legitimação do espiritismo brasileiro no circuito religioso e a desqualificação do anarquismo no circuito dos movimentos políticos. As razões que justificam a escolha do espiritismo e do anarquismo para este trabalho devem-se, sobretudo, a uma singularidade: ambos apresentavam discursos sobre a mulher destoantes dos hegemônicos. Em seus pressupostos, encontra-se uma postura diferenciada em relação à mulher, na qual a ideia da igualdade entre os sexos assume um papel relevante, não seguindo a tendência de atribuir às mulheres um lugar de submissão e silêncio. Espíritas e anarquistas se posicionaram contrários aos discursos que tentavam manter a legitimidade da submissão da mulher ao homem. Contudo, verifica-se que, no Brasil, tanto o espiritismo quanto o anarquismo construíram discursos próprios ao contexto brasileiro, indo ao encontro dos pressupostos hegemônicos naquele período, sobretudo, acerca da mulher e das relações de gênero. Através de uma análise da história dos movimentos espírita e anarquista, notadamente, de sua chegada e difusão no campo social brasileiro, constata-se que a historiografia produziu um discurso que legitimou a exclusão das mulheres desses movimentos naquele momento, produzindo uma trama ainda bastante marcada pelo silenciamento das práticas femininas. A perspectiva teórico-metodológica deste trabalho se insere no campo da historiografia, mais especificamente da nova história: história cultural, história das mulheres e das relações de gênero, com atenção às produções da historiografia contemporânea sobre o período e as implicações de suas análises para as conclusões difundidas sobre a ausência feminina nesses movimentos.

Nas disputas das memórias: um estudo sobre narrativas acerca da emancipação do município de Queimados RJ, na passagem dos séculos XX ao XXI

A proposta dessa pesquisa é apontar possibilidades de escrita da história do município de Queimados, na Baixada Fluminense, a partir das memórias das lideranças que defenderam sua emancipação política, durante a década de 1980. Essas memórias, coletadas por meio de narrativas orais, se constituem no documento chave para essa análise, dado o caráter recente da emancipação desse município. A partir do estudo da transcrição dessas narrativas, coloca-se em discussão o processo de construção das memórias das lideranças da emancipação. No decurso desse processo, evidenciam-se as estratégias adotadas no sentido de afirmar a legitimidade da narrativa e reivindicação do reconhecimento pelas ações realizadas no passado. Da mesma forma, identificam-se silêncios, negações e hiatos, como aspectos que perpassam os discursos dos oito líderes políticos da Associação dos Amigos para o Progresso de Queimados, a AAPQ, especialmente quando são convidados a abordar as questões político-partidárias subjacentes ao campo político local que se configurou no período. Nesse intrincado cenário, evidencia-se o esforço pela construção das memórias da emancipação de Queimados, mais de duas décadas decorridas desde a conquista de sua autonomia política. Tais constatações nos permitiu trilhar alguns caminhos que inserem essa pesquisa no âmbito da História Pública, possibilitando um retorno de nosso trabalho a essa comunidade, sem perder de vista a ancoragem nos referenciais teóricos de Michael Pollak, de acordo com nossa prática enquanto historiadores.

Assessment and monitoring of marine debris in Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary

Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary (GRNMS) is located 32.4 km offshore of Sapelo Island, Georgia. The ecological importance of this area is related to the transition between tropical and temperate waters, and the existence of a topographically complex system of ledges. Due to its central location, GRNMS can be used as a focal site to study the accumulation and impacts of marine debris on the Atlantic continental shelf offshore of the Southeast United States. Previously, researchers characterized marine debris in GRNMS and reported that incidence of the debris at the limited densely colonized ledge sites was significantly greater than at sand or sparsely colonized live bottom, and is further influenced by the level of boating activity and physiographic characteristics (e.g., ledge height). Information gleaned from the initial marine debris characterization was used to devise a strategy for prioritizing cleanup and monitoring efforts. However, a significant gap in knowledge was the rate of debris accumulation. The primary objective of this study was to select, mark, and perform initial marine debris surveys at permanent monitoring sites within GRNMS to quantify long-term trends in types, abundance, impacts, and accumulation rates of debris. Ledge sites were selected to compare types, abundance, and accumulation rates of marine debris between a) areas of high and low use and b) short and tall ledges. Nine permanent monitoring sites were marked and initially surveyed in 2007/2008. Surveys were conducted within a 50 x 4 m transect for a total survey area of 200 square meters. All debris was removed and detailed information was taken on the types of debris, quantity, and associations with benthic fauna. Information on associations with benthic fauna included degree of entanglement, type of organism with which it is entangled or resting on, degree of fouling, and visible impacts such as tissue abrasions. Sites were re-surveyed approximately one year later to quantify new accumulation. During the initial survey, a total of ten debris items, totaling 16.3 kg in weight, were removed from two monitoring stations, both “tall” sites within the area of high boat use. Year-one accumulation totaled five items and approximately 7 kg in weight. Similar to the initial survey, all debris was found at sites in the area of high boat use. However, in contrast to the initial survey, two of these items were found on medium-height ledges. Removed items included fishing line, leaders, rope, plastic, and fabric. Although items were often encrusted in benthic biota or entangled on the ledge, impacts such as abrasions or other injuries were not observed. During the 2009 monitoring efforts, volunteer divers were trained to conduct the survey. Monitoring protocols were documented for GRNMS staff and included as an appendix of this report to enable long-term monitoring of sites. Additionally, national reconnaissance data (e.g. satellite, radar, aerial surveys) and other information on known fishing locations were examined for patterns of resource use and correlations with debris occurrence patterns. A previous model predicting the density of marine debris based on ledge features and boat use was refined and the results were used to generate a map of predicted debris density for all ledges.