1000 resultados para oxidação lipídica e antioxidantes
Resumo:
A study on the monitoring of glycerol oxidation catalyzed by gold nanoparticles supported on activated carbon under mild conditions by chemometric methods is presented. The reaction was monitored by mass spectrometry-electrospray ionization (ESI-MS) and comparatively by mid infrared spectroscopy (MIR). Concentration profiles of reagent and products were determined by chemometric tools such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Evolving Factor Analysis (EFA) and Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR). The gold nanoparticle catalyst was relatively active in glycerol oxidation, favoring formation of high added value products. It was found that the reaction stabilization was reached at four hours, with approximately 70% glycerol conversion and high selectivity for glycerate.
Resumo:
The Rancimat and accelerated stove tests were used to determine the oxidative stability of B100 biodiesel mixed with synthetic antioxidants. The predictive equations, with process variable, were obtained by applying a simplex-centroid design. Regardless of the antioxidant used, all assays carried out with the accelerated stove test presented storage time longer than 177.88 d, the greatest value obtained by applying the Rancimat test. The t test, applied to the parameters containing the process variable, showed a statistically significant difference (at the level of 5%) between the methods used.
Resumo:
The partial oxidation of ethanol on γ-Al2O3, CeO2, ZrO2 and Ce xZr1-xO2 supported rhodium catalysts was investigated by Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The catalysts were characterized by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and cyclohexane dehydrogenation. DRIFTS studies on the partial oxidation of ethanol showed that ethanol is adsorbed dissociatively, through O-H bond breaking, with the formation of ethoxy species, followed by successive dehydrogenation to acetaldehyde and acetyl species. Further oxidation to acetate and carbonate species lead to the formation of CO, CH4 and H2 by decomposition. The presence of CeO2 in the catalysts favored the oxidation steps due to its oxygen storage capacity.
Resumo:
In this work the influence of variations in the borohydrate reduction method on the properties of PtRu/C electrocatalysts was investigated. The electrocatalysts were prepared using 1:1 ; 2:1; 5:1; 50:1 and 250:1 molar ratios of NaBH4 to metals. The reduction was also performed by dripping or by fast addition of the solution. The results showed that PtRu nanoparticles obtained by fast addition had the smallest crystallite sizes. It was also noted that the catalytic activity increased as the borohydrate:metal molar ratio increased. The PtRu/C electrocatalyst (50:1) obtained by fast addition presented the best catalytic activity for ethanol electro-oxidation.
Resumo:
The quality of biodiesel is extremely important for its commercialization and use; oxidation of biodiesel is a critical factor because it decreases the fuel storage time. A commercial biodiesel was mixed with synthetic antioxidants, according to a simplex-centroid experimental mixture design, and its stability was evaluated through induction period and activation energy. In all trials, addition of antioxidants increased activation energy in the mixtures containing tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). When a mixture containing 50% TBHQ and 50% butylated hydroxyanisole was used, synergistic effect was observed, and the major activation energy obtained was 104.43 kJ mol-1.
Resumo:
The synthesis and characterization of different platinum nanoparticle/carbon nanotube nanocomposite samples are described along with the application of these nanocomposites as electrocatalysts for alcohol oxidation. Samples were prepared by a biphasic system in which platinum nanoparticles (Pt-NPs) are synthesized in situ in contact with a carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersion. Variables including platinum precursor/CNT ratio, previous chemical treatment of carbon nanotubes, and presence or absence of a capping agent were evaluated and correlated with the characteristic of the synthesized materials. Samples were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Glassy carbon electrodes were modified by the nanocomposite samples and evaluated as electrocatalysts for alcohol oxidation. Current densities of 56.1 and 79.8/104.7 mA cm-2 were determined for the oxidation of methanol and ethanol, respectively.
Resumo:
The use of activated carbon powder (ACP), red mud and oxidation with chlorine to remove mefenamic acid in water are described, aimed at their application as a complement to sewage treatment processes in Brazil. A study on the behavior of mefenamic acid in water was performed by evaluating its dissolution for different concentrations and times. Subsequently, the optimal conditions for removal of mefenamic acid were investigated using ACP adsorption at different pH and concentrations, and red mud adsorption using different pH. The utilization of different pH and times was also investigated to establish the ideal conditions for chemical oxidation of the drug. Among the different conditions studied, the best condition for drug removal by ACP and red mud were 100% and 96%, respectively, while the best condition for chemical oxidation occurred using solutions with pH 6 and 7 and reaction times of 30 and 60 minutes.
Resumo:
This work shows the influence of several reactional parameters for obtaining graphene through successive steps of oxidation and exfoliation of bulk graphite (resulting in graphene oxide), followed by chemical reduction. The results showed that changes in temperature, reaction time, reducing agent and source of primary graphite lead to different surface compositions and stability in dispersion of graphene oxide. Also, the use of different reducing agents promoted different degrees of restoration of C=C bonds in the bidimensional structure of graphene.
Resumo:
A produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) por leucócitos polimorfonucleares (LPMNs) durante a fagocitose é essencial para a defesa do organismo contra microrganismos invasores. Entretanto, em algumas doenças ocorre a deposição de imunocomplexos, o que leva à produção e liberação excessiva dessas EROs, e conseqüente lesão nos tecidos hospedeiro. Neste trabalho avaliamos o efeito de substâncias naturais (quercetina e 7-aliloxicumarina) sobre a produção de EROs por LPMNs de coelho, estimulados com imunocomplexos de imunoglobulina G (ICIgG), empregando o ensaio de quimioluminescência (QL) dependente de luminol (QL lum) e de QL dependente de lucigenina (QL luc). A interação entre ICIgG e LPMNs, mediada pelo receptor de membrana Fcgama, foi observada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, pela intensa marcação dos ICIgG com partículas de ouro coloidal. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que as substâncias analisadas inibiram a QL lum e a QL luc e que tais efeitos não parecem estar relacionados com a inibição da fagocitose, conforme observado no ensaio por microscopia eletrônica.
Resumo:
Argilas pilarizadas formadas pela intercalação de óxidos de metais de transição, capazes de prevenir o colapso da estrutura, constituem materiais micro- e mesoporosos com diferentes atividades catalíticas e estabilidades. Argilas pilarizadas com cromo e com ferro foram utilizadas como catalisadores em reações de oxidação do cicloexano em fase gasosa. Os resultados indicam que os catalisadores são ativos e seletivos na produção de cicloexanona e cicloexanol. Entretanto, especial atenção deve ser dada à acidez superficial dos sólidos, responsável pela formação de cicloexeno no meio reacional, com conseqüente redução dos produtos de interesse.
Resumo:
A reação de eletro-oxidação do metanol foi estudada sobre eletrocatalisadores de Pt/C, PtRu/C e PtMo/C preparados pelo método do ácido fórmico em diferentes composições atômicas. Os produtos da oxidação do metanol foram monitorados pela técnica de DEMS. O desempenho dos catalisadores frente a reação de oxidação do metanol foi estudado através dos perfis voltamétricos e experimentos de cronoamperoometria.
Resumo:
Os eletrocatalisadores PtRh/C, PtSn/C e PtSnRh/C foram preparados pelo método da redução por álcool e caracterizados pelas técnicas de EDX, difração de raios X e voltametria cíclica. A eletro-oxidação direta de etanol foi estudada por voltametria cíclica utilizando a técnica do eletrodo de camada fina porosa. Na região de interesse para aplicações em células a combustível a etanol direto (0,3 a 0,4 V) os eletrocatalisadores PtSn/C e PtSnRh/C se mostraram mais ativos que os eletrocatalisadores PtRh/C.
Resumo:
Íons cobre(II) catalisam a oxidação de ácido ascórbico por oxigênio molecular. O mecanismo envolve a coordenação dos reagentes ao íon metálico. Íons malato, quando presentes, também se coordenam ao cobre(II) e inibem o efeito catalítico. As constantes cinéticas específicas (k / mol-1 L min.-1) da reação em presença de íons malato são 46,58, 7,11 e 30,00 em valores de pH de 3,5, 4,5 e 5,8, respectivamente. Existe decréscimo do valor de k com o aumento do pH de 3,5 para 4,5, o que está de acordo com a coordenação mais efetiva do malato ao cobre(II).
Resumo:
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência dos antioxidantes ácido ascórbico, carvão ativado e polivinilpirrolidona (PVP) no enraizamento de miniestacas de quatro clones de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla. As miniestacas foram coletadas em minijardim clonal desenvolvido em sistema de hidroponia em canaletas. Experimentalmente, foram testadas cinco concentrações de ácido ascórbico, quatro de carvão ativado e sete de PVP, nos quatro clones estudados. Foram realizadas avaliações quanto ao porcentual de enraizamento e crescimento das miniestacas enraizadas em casa de vegetação, casa de sombra e pleno sol. Concluiu-se que as respostas dos clones à aplicação dos antioxidantes ácido ascórbico, carvão ativado e PVP foram variadas e específicas, indicando efeito genotípico (clone) quanto às características avaliadas.