Bacterial ecology of ancient Saharan salt-enrichment ponds at Teguidda-n-Tessoumt

Little is known about the bacterial ecology of evaporative salt-mining sites (salterns) of which Teguidda-n-Tessoumt at the fringe of the West-African Saharan desert in Niger is a spectacular example with its many-centuries-old and very colorful evaporation ponds. During the different enrichment steps of the salt produced as a widely traded feed supplement for cattle, animal manure is added to the crude brine, which is then desiccated and repeatedly crystallized. This study describes the dominant Bacteria and Archaea communites in the brine from the evaporation ponds and the soil from the mine, which were determined by PCR-DGGE of 16S rDNA. Correspondence analysis of the DGGE-community fingerprints revealed a change in community structure of the brine samples during the sequential evaporation steps which was, however, unaffected by the brine's pH and electric conductivity (EC). The Archaea community was dominated by a phylogenetically diverse group of methanogens, while the Bacteria community was dominated by gamma proteobacteria. Microorganisms contained in the purified salt product have the potential to be broadly disseminated and are fed to livestock across the region. In this manner, the salt mines represent an intriguing example of long-term human activity that has contributed to the continual selection, cultivation, and dissemination of cosmopolitan microorganisms.

Information Exchange and Fusion in Dynamic and Heterogeneous Distributed Environments

Context awareness, dynamic reconfiguration at runtime and heterogeneity are key characteristics of future distributed systems, particularly in ubiquitous and mobile computing scenarios. The main contributions of this dissertation are theoretical as well as architectural concepts facilitating information exchange and fusion in heterogeneous and dynamic distributed environments. Our main focus is on bridging the heterogeneity issues and, at the same time, considering uncertain, imprecise and unreliable sensor information in information fusion and reasoning approaches. A domain ontology is used to establish a common vocabulary for the exchanged information. We thereby explicitly support different representations for the same kind of information and provide Inter-Representation Operations that convert between them. Special account is taken of the conversion of associated meta-data that express uncertainty and impreciseness. The Unscented Transformation, for example, is applied to propagate Gaussian normal distributions across highly non-linear Inter-Representation Operations. Uncertain sensor information is fused using the Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence as it allows explicit modelling of partial and complete ignorance. We also show how to incorporate the Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence into probabilistic reasoning schemes such as Hidden Markov Models in order to be able to consider the uncertainty of sensor information when deriving high-level information from low-level data. For all these concepts we provide architectural support as a guideline for developers of innovative information exchange and fusion infrastructures that are particularly targeted at heterogeneous dynamic environments. Two case studies serve as proof of concept. The first case study focuses on heterogeneous autonomous robots that have to spontaneously form a cooperative team in order to achieve a common goal. The second case study is concerned with an approach for user activity recognition which serves as baseline for a context-aware adaptive application. Both case studies demonstrate the viability and strengths of the proposed solution and emphasize that the Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence should be preferred to pure probability theory in applications involving non-linear Inter-Representation Operations.

The Dynamic Structure of Everyday Life

Computational theories of action have generally understood the organized nature of human activity through the construction and execution of plans. By consigning the phenomena of contingency and improvisation to peripheral roles, this view has led to impractical technical proposals. As an alternative, I suggest that contingency is a central feature of everyday activity and that improvisation is the central kind of human activity. I also offer a computational model of certain aspects of everyday routine activity based on an account of improvised activity called running arguments and an account of representation for situated agents called deictic representation .

Eigen Faces: Detecció, Classificació/Reconeixement de cares

En aquest projecte es pretén utilitzar mètodes coneguts com ara Viola&Jones (detecció) i EigenFaces (reconeixement) per a detectar i reconèixer cares dintre d’imatges de vídeo. Per a aconseguir aquesta tasca cal partir d’un conjunt de dades d’entrenament per a cada un dels mètodes (base de dades formada per imatges i anotacions manuals). A partir d’aquí, l’aplicació, ha de ser capaç de detectar cares en noves imatges i reconèixer-les (identificar de quina cara es tracta)

La agenda ambiental Andina y su contribución a la integración regional y el desarrollo sostenible. Estudio de Caso: programa regional de biodiversidad en las regiones andino-amazónicas de los países miembros de la CAN (BIOCAN) 2006-2010

El medio Ambiente es el espacio donde el ser humano se desarrolla y por medio del cual sustenta su vida. Por tanto de su conservación depende el bienestar del hombre y demás seres vivos que habitan la tierra. Sin embargo la actividad humana está ejerciendo un impacto negativo ambiental. Por ésta razón los distintos gobiernos están tomando medidas para tratar de llevar a cabo políticas que estén en armonía con un desarrollo económico, ecológico y sustentable, de tal manera que se pueda satisfacer las necesidades de la generación presente sin comprometer las necesidades de las generaciones futuras, para atender sus propias necesidades.Razón por la que se crea La agenda ambiental andina ya que la subregión andina es una de las zonas con más riqueza natural y cultural en el mundo.

La sociedad del conocimiento y su impacto en el mercado accionario en Colombia

El acelerado desarrollo experimentado en los últimos años por las TIC, ha generado procesos de transformación fundamentales en las relaciones humanas, la economía, la cultura, la política e inclusive las costumbres. Tomando como punto de partida el concepto de Manuel Castells (2002), en el que manifiesta que la revolución de las TIC dada su capacidad de penetración en todo el ámbito de la actividad humana, entre ellas la obtención de conocimiento, es el punto de entrada para analizar la complejidad de la nueva economía, la sociedad y la cultura en formación, éste proyecto de investigación tiene como objetivos: i) Determinar el impacto que tiene la Sociedad del Conocimiento en el mercado accionario en Colombia y ii) Establecer por qué se considera al mercado accionario como un mercado especulativo. El documento inicia con un marco teórico en el que se analizan los conceptos que responden a dos tradiciones de pensamiento distintas: La Sociedad de la Información y la Sociedad del Conocimiento, y se abordan los rasgos centrales que actualmente las definen; analizando las transformaciones que llevaron a su origen y el modo en que se ha intentado unificar sus características bajo un único término. Seguidamente se realiza una contextualización del mercado accionario en Colombia haciendo una descripción de sus principales participantes y las características de cada uno de ellos. Posteriormente se describe el impacto que tienen los principales índices bursátiles utilizados en el mercado accionario y por último se hace una descripción desde diversos autores respecto del concepto de especulación.

REGIONES EN CUNDINAMARCA Y LA CALIDAD DE LA VIDA.

Orthodox economic models are good if one accepts the ceteris paribus. But this is possible if we accept that cultures are uniform, exogenous to the economic and  the consumer has features such as equality of rational structure, among others. Similarly it is assumed mobility and economic geography optimizations when it comes to internal demographic flows and  the migration as international movements, and generally any expression of human activity. Time is needed to take each event as "almost one-off", even though some aspects have similarities that prevent theoretically start from scratch in each analysis presented.What determines what is different? On the one hand, the historical basis assumed from the  reasons of social construction of market, the reasons of social construction since ancient thought and the reasons for government social construction. Furthermore, the decisions, from the historical basis, are made by agents and contributions of the agencies, at their level, degree and intensity, to iterate it consolidate or change the social interactions and / or institutions established as and  in accordance with rules, routines and habits. This is why it is interesting to develop the "neighborhood effects" to help understand the social mobility of the Department of Cundinamarca. This in order to contribute to resolving the question about why the mobility of people and what effect between territoriality and another and to itself?.

Cartografías simbólicas para la cultura y el desarrollo

El presente trabajo tiene como punto de partida la convicción que es necesario explorar nuevos marcos teóricos y metodológicos para la producción de conocimiento sobre las múltiples relaciones de la cultura con el desarrollo. Para tal efecto revisa la naturaleza polisémica del concepto cultura, su tratamiento por las ciencias sociales y la economía y su concepción actual como explicación última de toda actividad humana. Subraya la necesidad de generar un conocimiento propio del campo cultural que adopte renovadas concepciones y bases epistemológicas provenientes de las artes y las humanidades que privilegian lo intuitivo, lo individual frente a lo colectivo. La revisión de fuentes provenientes de la filosofía permite una lectura y un enfoque reformado de la naturaleza de la cultura que cuestiona la clásica concepción antropológica que reduce lo religioso a una expresión cultural. Los argumentos presentados exponen que en toda forma cultural está implícita una particular cosmovisión, una visión de la vida; una valoración del mundo que se conecta con el significado último de la existencia humana que es de naturaleza religiosa. Todas las comunidades culturales tienen en su haber una serie de prácticas, tradiciones, usos, costumbres, expresiones creativas que dan cuenta de una identidad particular y que son registradas a través de mapeos culturales y sistemas de información. El texto hace referencias a políticas y programas culturales sobre cultura y desarrollo en la región centroamericana

Effects of priority and emerging pollutants on river biofilms

L'activitat humana representa una de les majors causes d'entrada d'una gran varietat de substàncies en els ecosistemes fluvials. L'objectiu principal d'aquest treball es investigar els efectes que els tòxics orgànics poden exercir en els biofilms fluvials. El riu Llobregat ha estat sotmès a fortes pressions, fet que l'ha portat a uns nivells molt elevats de contaminació. En aquest estudi s'ha observat una influència dels plaguicides presents al riu en la distribució de la comunitat de diatomees, així com efectes en el biofilm a nivell funcional i estructural. Experiments amb canals experimentals han mostrat que l'herbicida diuron i el bactericida triclosan poden ocasionar una cadena d'efectes en els biofilms, incloent efectes directes i també efectes indirectes en les relacions entre els components del biofilm. Experiments amb cultius algals han mostrat que aquests tòxics, aplicats en barreja, poden tenir una major toxicitat de la prevista pels models, resultant en efectes sinèrgics.

Fate and effects of copper in fluvial ecosystems: the role of periphyton

L'activitat humana és una de les majors causes d'elevades concentracions de nutrients i substàncies tòxiques en els ecosistemes fluvials. Entre la gran varietat de factors que alteren aquests ecosistemes, l'eutrofització i la contaminació per metalls pesants són dos dels principals problemes ambientals en països desenvolupats. Els biofilms fluvials (també anomenats comunitats perifítiques) representen una eina valuosa per avaluar els efectes dels contaminants (ex. nutrients i metalls) en els ecosistemes aquàtics. Aquest treball pretén investigar el destí i els efectes del Cu en els ecosistemes fluvials centrant-se en les comunitats perifítiques. Diferents metodologies han estat desenvolupades i/o adaptades per investigar específicament la dinàmica del Cu, la seva toxicitat i bioacumulació en comunitats perifítiques naturals, i la interacció entre l'eutrofització i la toxicitat del Cu en aquests ecosistemes.

Análise do comportamento das actividades económicas por grupo segundo índices de volume de negócios, emprego, remunerações e horas trabalhadas nos serviços entre 2009 e 2010

Os indicadores económicos, evoluem de acordo com as actividades que se desenvolvem no país. Assim progridem ou regridem em função do desempenho dos sectores de actividade económica. Estes indicadores agrupam-se em secções diversas. Deste modo interessa, verificar de que forma essas actividades, que se agrupam em situações distintas, se assemelham ou não entre si. A classificação de variáveis e objectos semelhantes em grupos é uma importante actividade humana. Em todas as fases da vida, a classificação faz parte do processo de aprendizagem, principalmente, quando esta tem um peso enorme tal como quando uma criança aprende a distinguir o preto do branco, o pai da mãe. A classificação torna-se num processo do quotidiano onde no subconsciente estão a ser aplicadas ordenações consoante as situações com que nos deparamos constantemente. Em temas actuais, como a economia, gestão e marketing a classificação surge para a investigação de relações entre conjuntos de objectos ou variáveis. Isto poderá resultar, ou não, num resumo de dados sob a forma de grupo, de objectos ou variáveis semelhantes entre si (dentro do mesmo grupo) e dissemelhantes em relação a grupos distintos. Este trabalho tem como objectivo verificar de que forma as actividades económicas portuguesas são agrupadas entre si, mediante o estado da evolução económica nacional entre os anos de 2009 e 2010. Nesta análise são trabalhadas vinte e sete actividades económicas, agrupadas em sete secções ou ramos diferentes de forma a conseguir verificar como se comportam áreas que contêm produtos ou serviços totalmente distintos. Neste trabalho é utilizada a análise classificatória. Através deste método é estudado o nível de semelhança das actividades sob a representação de grupos. Nas diferentes áreas de actividades são estudados quatro índices: Volume de Negócios; Emprego; Remunerações e Horas trabalhadas.

Collaborative eLearning Assistant Network: caring agents are conscious agents

Would a research assistant - who can search for ideas related to those you are working on, network with others (but only share the things you have chosen to share), doesn’t need coffee and who might even, one day, appear to be conscious - help you get your work done? Would it help your students learn? There is a body of work showing that digital learning assistants can be a benefit to learners. It has been suggested that adaptive, caring, agents are more beneficial. Would a conscious agent be more caring, more adaptive, and better able to deal with changes in its learning partner’s life? Allow the system to try to dynamically model the user, so that it can make predictions about what is needed next, and how effective a particular intervention will be. Now, given that the system is essentially doing the same things as the user, why don’t we design the system so that it can try to model itself in the same way? This should mimic a primitive self-awareness. People develop their personalities, their identities, through interacting with others. It takes years for a human to develop a full sense of self. Nobody should expect a prototypical conscious computer system to be able to develop any faster than that. How can we provide a computer system with enough social contact to enable it to learn about itself and others? We can make it part of a network. Not just chatting with other computers about computer ‘stuff’, but involved in real human activity. Exposed to ‘raw meaning’ – the developing folksonomies coming out of the learning activities of humans, whether they are traditional students or lifelong learners (a term which should encompass everyone). Humans have complex psyches, comprised of multiple strands of identity which reflect as different roles in the communities of which they are part – so why not design our system the same way? With multiple internal modes of operation, each capable of being reflected onto the outside world in the form of roles – as a mentor, a research assistant, maybe even as a friend. But in order to be able to work with a human for long enough to be able to have a chance of developing the sort of rich behaviours we associate with people, the system needs to be able to function in a practical and helpful role. Unfortunately, it is unlikely to get a free ride from many people (other than its developer!) – so it needs to be able to perform a useful role, and do so securely, respecting the privacy of its partner. Can we create a system which learns to be more human whilst helping people learn?

Problem structuring methods: theorizing the benefits of deconstructing sustainable development projects

Problem structuring methods or PSMs are widely applied across a range of variable but generally small-scale organizational contexts. However, it has been argued that they are seen and experienced less often in areas of wide ranging and highly complex human activity-specifically those relating to sustainability, environment, democracy and conflict (or SEDC). In an attempt to plan, track and influence human activity in SEDC contexts, the authors in this paper make the theoretical case for a PSM, derived from various existing approaches. They show how it could make a contribution in a specific practical context-within sustainable coastal development projects around the Mediterranean which have utilized systemic and prospective sustainability analysis or, as it is now known, Imagine. The latter is itself a PSM but one which is 'bounded' within the limits of the project to help deliver the required 'deliverables' set out in the project blueprint. The authors argue that sustainable development projects would benefit from a deconstruction of process by those engaged in the project and suggest one approach that could be taken-a breakout from a project-bounded PSM to an analysis that embraces the project itself. The paper begins with an introduction to the sustainable development context and literature and then goes on to illustrate the issues by grounding the debate within a set of projects facilitated by Blue Plan for Mediterranean coastal zones. The paper goes on to show how the analytical framework could be applied and what insights might be generated.

Seasonal deposition of Holocene banded sediments in the Severn Estuary Levels (southwest Britain): palynological and sedimentological evidence

Banded sediments outcrop widely in the intertidal zone of the Severn Estuary and have been suggested, on the basis of textural analysis, to have formed in response to seasonal variations in sea temperature and windiness (Holocene, 14 (2004) 536). Here palynological and sedimentological analyses of banded sediments of mid-Holocene date from Gold Cliff, on the Welsh side of the Severn Estuary, are combined to test and further develop the hypothesis of seasonal deposition. Pollen percentage and concentration data are presented from a short sequence of bands to establish whether textural variations in the bands coincide with variations in pollen content reflecting seasonal flowering patterns. It is shown that fine-grained band parts contain higher total pollen concentrations, and a higher proportion of pollen from late spring- to summer-flowering plants, than coarse-grained band parts. Pollen in the coarser deposits appears primarily to reflect deposition from the buffering `reservoir' of suspended pollen in the estuarine water-body and from rivers, when there is little pollen in the air in winter, while the finer sediments contain pollen deposited from the atmosphere during the flowering season, superimposed on these `background' sources. The potential of such deposits for refining chronologies and identifying seasonality of coastal processes is noted, and the results of charcoal particle analysis of the bands presented as an example of how they have the potential to shed light on seasonal and annual patterns of human activity. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

African climate change: Taking the shorter route

Numerous factors are associated with poverty and underdevelopment in Africa, including climate variability. Rainfall, and climate more generally, are implicated directly in the United Nations “Millennium Development Goals” to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, and reduce child mortality and incidence of diseases such as malaria by the target date of 2015. But, Africa is not currently on target to meet these goals. We pose a number of questions from a climate science perspective aimed at understanding this background: Is there a common origin to factors that currently constrain climate science? Why is it that in a continent where human activity is so closely linked to interannual rainfall variability has climate science received little of the benefit that saw commercialization driving meteorology in the developed world? What might be suggested as an effective way for the continent to approach future climate variability and change? We make the case that a route to addressing the challenges of climate change in Africa rests with the improved management of climate variability. We start by discussing the constraints on climate science and how they might be overcome. We explain why the optimal management of activities directly influenced by interannual climate variability (which include the development of scientific capacity) has the potential to serve as a forerunner to engagement in the wider issue of climate change. We show this both from the perspective of the climate system and the institutions that engage with climate issues. We end with a thought experiment that tests the benefits of linking climate variability and climate change in the setting of smallholder farmers in Limpopo Province, South Africa.