Sistema modular de control y automatización por ordenador para proyectos y construcciones del área de tecnología.

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Ansiedad y locus de control en relación con el autoconcepto y rendimiento académico de los alumnos.

El estudio parte de los supuestos siguientes: A) El autoconcepto que el sujeto elabora como alumno, guarda relación con el rendimiento académico. B) Variables como ansiedad, y locus de control, deben mediar en esta relación acentuándola o debilitándola en función de las características que configuran la personalidad de los sujetos. Compuesta por 189 alumnos de 12 a 16 años, pertenecientes a octavo de EGB, distribuídos en 7 unidades mixtas de 3 colegios rurales y un colegio de enclave urbano de Albacete. Las variables con las que se trabaja son: autoconcepto global, autoconcepto académico, imágen académica global, rendimiento académico, ansiedad y locus de control. Cuestionario de Piers y Harris adaptado por Valero Zamora, para el autoconcepto global; procedimiento de Gimeno para el autoconcepto académico; calificaciones obtenidas por los alumnos en: Lenguaje, Idioma, Matemáticas, Naturales y Sociales; cuestionario de ansiedad estado-rasgo de Spielberger y otros para la ansiedad y escala ECNC de Palenzuela para el locus de control. El trabajo se ha realizado mediante la aplicación de los instrumentos o pruebas mencionadas en el apartado anterior y el análisis de los datos en función de los objetivos a través de: análisis estadístico de cada variable para sus características globales; análisis de varianza para establecer las diferencias de cada variable en función del sexo, medio e interacción de ambos y un análisis correlacional para estudiar las relaciones en el conjunto de variables estudiadas. El autoconcepto global se relaciona negativamente con las variables de ansiedad y factores externalidad y suerte del locus de control. El autoconcepto académico se relaciona con el autoconcepto global. La ansiedad tiene una debil relación negativa con el autoconcepto académico y con el rendimiento. Los rendimientos están muy relacionados entre sí y correlacionan significativamente con el rendimiento académico. Correlacionan positivamente los rendimientos totales y el autoconcepto académico comparado, y con la imágen académica grupal. Teniendo en cuenta que en esta fase evolutiva la acción orientadora tutorial tiene especial relieve, no sólo propone el autor la intervención para reducir ansiedad o incentivación positiva en alumnos problemáticos, sino que expone la necesidad de una estructuración de actividades que posibiliten resultados exitosos en los alumnos insuficientes, y una programación adecuada de acciones preventivas.

Pol??tica global m??s all?? de lo nacional : reforma educativa (LOMCE) y el r??gimen de estandarizaci??n (OECD)

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n.

Modelling, control and supervision for a class of hybrid systems

The aim of this thesis is to narrow the gap between two different control techniques: the continuous control and the discrete event control techniques DES. This gap can be reduced by the study of Hybrid systems, and by interpreting as Hybrid systems the majority of large-scale systems. In particular, when looking deeply into a process, it is often possible to identify interaction between discrete and continuous signals. Hybrid systems are systems that have both continuous, and discrete signals. Continuous signals are generally supposed continuous and differentiable in time, since discrete signals are neither continuous nor differentiable in time due to their abrupt changes in time. Continuous signals often represent the measure of natural physical magnitudes such as temperature, pressure etc. The discrete signals are normally artificial signals, operated by human artefacts as current, voltage, light etc. Typical processes modelled as Hybrid systems are production systems, chemical process, or continuos production when time and continuous measures interacts with the transport, and stock inventory system. Complex systems as manufacturing lines are hybrid in a global sense. They can be decomposed into several subsystems, and their links. Another motivation for the study of Hybrid systems is the tools developed by other research domains. These tools benefit from the use of temporal logic for the analysis of several properties of Hybrid systems model, and use it to design systems and controllers, which satisfies physical or imposed restrictions. This thesis is focused in particular types of systems with discrete and continuous signals in interaction. That can be modelled hard non-linealities, such as hysteresis, jumps in the state, limit cycles, etc. and their possible non-deterministic future behaviour expressed by an interpretable model description. The Hybrid systems treated in this work are systems with several discrete states, always less than thirty states (it can arrive to NP hard problem), and continuous dynamics evolving with expression: with Ki ¡ Rn constant vectors or matrices for X components vector. In several states the continuous evolution can be several of them Ki = 0. In this formulation, the mathematics can express Time invariant linear system. By the use of this expression for a local part, the combination of several local linear models is possible to represent non-linear systems. And with the interaction with discrete events of the system the model can compose non-linear Hybrid systems. Especially multistage processes with high continuous dynamics are well represented by the proposed methodology. Sate vectors with more than two components, as third order models or higher is well approximated by the proposed approximation. Flexible belt transmission, chemical reactions with initial start-up and mobile robots with important friction are several physical systems, which profits from the benefits of proposed methodology (accuracy). The motivation of this thesis is to obtain a solution that can control and drive the Hybrid systems from the origin or starting point to the goal. How to obtain this solution, and which is the best solution in terms of one cost function subject to the physical restrictions and control actions is analysed. Hybrid systems that have several possible states, different ways to drive the system to the goal and different continuous control signals are problems that motivate this research. The requirements of the system on which we work is: a model that can represent the behaviour of the non-linear systems, and that possibilities the prediction of possible future behaviour for the model, in order to apply an supervisor which decides the optimal and secure action to drive the system toward the goal. Specific problems can be determined by the use of this kind of hybrid models are: - The unity of order. - Control the system along a reachable path. - Control the system in a safe path. - Optimise the cost function. - Modularity of control The proposed model solves the specified problems in the switching models problem, the initial condition calculus and the unity of the order models. Continuous and discrete phenomena are represented in Linear hybrid models, defined with defined eighth-tuple parameters to model different types of hybrid phenomena. Applying a transformation over the state vector : for LTI system we obtain from a two-dimensional SS a single parameter, alpha, which still maintains the dynamical information. Combining this parameter with the system output, a complete description of the system is obtained in a form of a graph in polar representation. Using Tagaki-Sugeno type III is a fuzzy model which include linear time invariant LTI models for each local model, the fuzzyfication of different LTI local model gives as a result a non-linear time invariant model. In our case the output and the alpha measure govern the membership function. Hybrid systems control is a huge task, the processes need to be guided from the Starting point to the desired End point, passing a through of different specific states and points in the trajectory. The system can be structured in different levels of abstraction and the control in three layers for the Hybrid systems from planning the process to produce the actions, these are the planning, the process and control layer. In this case the algorithms will be applied to robotics ¡V a domain where improvements are well accepted ¡V it is expected to find a simple repetitive processes for which the extra effort in complexity can be compensated by some cost reductions. It may be also interesting to implement some control optimisation to processes such as fuel injection, DC-DC converters etc. In order to apply the RW theory of discrete event systems on a Hybrid system, we must abstract the continuous signals and to project the events generated for these signals, to obtain new sets of observable and controllable events. Ramadge & Wonham¡¦s theory along with the TCT software give a Controllable Sublanguage of the legal language generated for a Discrete Event System (DES). Continuous abstraction transforms predicates over continuous variables into controllable or uncontrollable events, and modifies the set of uncontrollable, controllable observable and unobservable events. Continuous signals produce into the system virtual events, when this crosses the bound limits. If this event is deterministic, they can be projected. It is necessary to determine the controllability of this event, in order to assign this to the corresponding set, , controllable, uncontrollable, observable and unobservable set of events. Find optimal trajectories in order to minimise some cost function is the goal of the modelling procedure. Mathematical model for the system allows the user to apply mathematical techniques over this expression. These possibilities are, to minimise a specific cost function, to obtain optimal controllers and to approximate a specific trajectory. The combination of the Dynamic Programming with Bellman Principle of optimality, give us the procedure to solve the minimum time trajectory for Hybrid systems. The problem is greater when there exists interaction between adjacent states. In Hybrid systems the problem is to determine the partial set points to be applied at the local models. Optimal controller can be implemented in each local model in order to assure the minimisation of the local costs. The solution of this problem needs to give us the trajectory to follow the system. Trajectory marked by a set of set points to force the system to passing over them. Several ways are possible to drive the system from the Starting point Xi to the End point Xf. Different ways are interesting in: dynamic sense, minimum states, approximation at set points, etc. These ways need to be safe and viable and RchW. And only one of them must to be applied, normally the best, which minimises the proposed cost function. A Reachable Way, this means the controllable way and safe, will be evaluated in order to obtain which one minimises the cost function. Contribution of this work is a complete framework to work with the majority Hybrid systems, the procedures to model, control and supervise are defined and explained and its use is demonstrated. Also explained is the procedure to model the systems to be analysed for automatic verification. Great improvements were obtained by using this methodology in comparison to using other piecewise linear approximations. It is demonstrated in particular cases this methodology can provide best approximation. The most important contribution of this work, is the Alpha approximation for non-linear systems with high dynamics While this kind of process is not typical, but in this case the Alpha approximation is the best linear approximation to use, and give a compact representation.

La seguridad nacional de EE. UU. en el nuevo orden global: de la vinculación y expansión a la seguridad patria y el antiterrorismo (Tema Central)

El artículo describe y compara las estrategias de seguridad nacional de Estados Unidos de las administraciones de Bill Clinton y George Bush. Trata de clarificar la forma en que se concibe el espacio nacional estadounidense, mundial y global dentro de estas estrategias.

Sistemas de control estratégico en las empresas. Caso: “DOVAL CIA. LTDA”

El propósito principal de este análisis, es conocer la situación actual de Doval, empresa dedicada a la comercialización y distribución de productos veterinarios a nivel local y nacional. Doval es una empresa que lleva alrededor de 4 años en el mercado; sus servicios dan un amplio enfoque en la atención al cliente lo que le ha permitido proporcionar un valor intangible, marcando la diferencia y fidelización de sus clientes. Para lograr este fin se propone la implementación de un Cuadro de Control Gerencial basado en la metodología del Balanced Scorecard como parte de las estrategias de mejoramiento en el servicio a corto y largo plazo. El cuadro de control gerencial permite a la alta administración tener un acceso de la información global de la empresa a través de indicadores estratégicos, facilitando la toma de decisiones oportunas. La información utilizada para el desarrollo de la presente investigación se obtuvo directamente de la empresa objeto de estudio, encuestas y entrevistas a clientes actuales, clientes de la competencia y clientes perdidos durante el último año. Adicionalmente se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para la sustentación teórica de la tesis. En el capítulo I, se detalla la filosofía de la empresa, su misión, visión, valores corporativos y organización estructural actual de la empresa. En el capítulo II se menciona los principales sistemas de administración utilizados y aplicados por las organizaciones. En el capítulo III se realiza un diagnóstico interno y externo de Doval, identificando las fortalezas, debilidades, oportunidades y amenazas de la empresa, así como un análisis competitivo identificando las principales ventajas competitivas que tiene frente a la competencia. En el capítulo IV se diseña un Cuadro de Control Gerencial para Doval y finalmente el capítulo V muestra las principales conclusiones y recomendaciones de la investigación.

El Plan Colombia: historia local / diseño global; análisis del discurso en perspectiva decolonial

Este trabajo apunta a evidenciar la representación del Plan Colombia en Colombia y en Estados Unidos, a partir de la promesa retórica de la pacificación forzosa para hacer viable la prosperidad democrática como paso obligado para lograr el fortalecimiento del Estado. El Plan Colombia se vislumbra en este estudio, insertado en un diseño global imperial que ilustra por analogía un patrón de dominación que opera con estrategias discursivas equiparables en otras partes del planeta, donde la intervención militar, económica y cultural del poder contemporáneo impone discursos, a través del poder simbólico, la seducción y la fuerza militar, económica y jurídica. Como entrada metodológica se presenta el sistema-mundo moderno, la macroestructura de la colonialidad del poder y los elementos teóricos que soportan la perspectiva decolonial del análisis del discurso; la propuesta conceptual de la heterogeniedad histórica estructural planteada por Quijano, y la Teoría Crítica de la Cultura, elaborada por Santiago Castro-Gómez. Se ubica a Colombia en su sitio en la jerarquía de poder del sistema mundo y se introducen los principales elementos contextuales tanto históricos como presentes, en los cuales se desarrolla el Plan Colombia. Se analiza el impacto de la lucha global contra las drogas y el terrorismo global como ejes principales de articulación simbólica y discursiva para justificar la implementación del Plan desde dos historias locales, la de los Estados Unidos y la de Colombia, enmarcados en uno de los diseños globales y guerras privadas del Siglo XXI. Se aborda el tema de la hegemonía política en el sistema-mundo y su estructura a nivel local y global. La dimensión geopolítica que permite la continuidad de las hegemonías globales y locales se estructura desde discursividades e imaginarios simbólicos inscritos en ellas, tanto desde los diseños globales imperiales como desde las historias locales, manipuladas políticamente por las élites económicas y políticas de los Estados Unidos y por la élites del Tercer Mundo. La promesa para Colombia de avanzar en el esquema del sistema – mundo moderno hacia la semiperiferia, impulsó al Estado colombiano a profundizar el conflicto armado de más de 50 años de duración, entre otros, gracias al aporte militar, al apoyo técnico y al respaldo a Colombia de los Estados Unidos a través del Plan Colombia. En este contexto ¿Cómo entender y develar las intencionalidades del Plan Colombia de sus gestores globales y de quienes lo apoyan en Colombia y en Estados Unidos? A través del análisis discursivo en perspectiva decolonial, situado histórica y contextualmente, el texto se adentra en las respuestas de éstas y otras preguntas relacionadas con el esquema de dominación global contemporáneo. La perspectiva de análisis decolonial apunta al desmonte del modelo civilizatorio occidental euroestadounidense pues no es cierto que exista una sola tradición epistémica de la que se derive la verdad y la universalidad, aunque el totalitarismo colonial autoritario de occidente se haya erigido como universal obligatorio para todos. Se toma a “occidente” como referente epistemológico que nos rige porque es en occidente y a través de occidente que se ha enquistado la colonialidad del poder en el mundo, derivada del proyecto moderno colonial eurocéntrico, perpetuado a través del tiempo y que se mantiene en el Siglo XXI. La aproximación al Plan Colombia se presenta desde la jerarquía geopolítica y geo cultural para el caso colombiano, así como su lugar en el mundo de acuerdo con el esquema centro – periferia – semiperiferia de dicho sistema. Lo anterior implica ubicar a Colombia en el sistema-mundo, teniendo en cuenta la matriz colonial de larga duración que nació con la invasión a América y que se perpetúa hasta hoy en el Estado nación colombiano, a través de los esquemas de dominación física, de poder material y de control simbólico.

Global observations and forecast skill

The impact of selected observing systems on forecast skill is explored using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 40-yr reanalysis (ERA-40) system. Analyses have been produced for a surface-based observing system typical of the period prior to 1945/1950, a terrestrial-based observing system typical of the period 1950-1979 and a satellite-based observing system consisting of surface pressure and satellite observations. Global prediction experiments have been undertaken using these analyses as initial states, and which are available every 6 h, for the boreal winters of 1990/1991 and 2000/2001 and the summer of 2000, using a more recent version of the ECMWF model. The results show that for 500-hPa geopotential height, as a representative field, the terrestrial system in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics is only slightly inferior to the control system, which makes use of all observations for the analysis, and is also more accurate than the satellite system. There are indications that the skill of the terrestrial system worsens slightly and the satellite system improves somewhat between 1990/1991 and 2000/2001. The forecast skill in the Southern Hemisphere is dominated by the satellite information and this dominance is larger in the latter period. The overall skill is only slightly worse than that of the Northern Hemisphere. In the tropics (20 degrees S-20 degrees N), using the wind at 850 and 250 hPa as representative fields, the information content in the terrestrial and satellite systems is almost equal and complementary. The surface-based system has very limited skill restricted to the lower troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere. Predictability calculations show a potential for a further increase in predictive skill of 1-2 d in the extratropics of both hemispheres, but a potential for a major improvement of many days in the tropics. As well as the Eulerian perspective of predictability, the storm tracks have been calculated from all experiments and validated for the extratropics to provide a Lagrangian perspective.

Sensitivity of large-scale atmospheric analyses to humidity observations and its impact on the global water cycle and tropical and extratropical weather systems in ERA40

Reanalysis data obtained from data assimilation are increasingly used for diagnostic studies of the general circulation of the atmosphere, for the validation of modelling experiments and for estimating energy and water fluxes between the Earth surface and the atmosphere. Because fluxes are not specifically observed, but determined by the data assimilation system, they are not only influenced by the utilized observations but also by model physics and dynamics and by the assimilation method. In order to better understand the relative importance of humidity observations for the determination of the hydrological cycle, in this paper we describe an assimilation experiment using the ERA40 reanalysis system where all humidity data have been excluded from the observational data base. The surprising result is that the model, driven by the time evolution of wind, temperature and surface pressure, is able to almost completely reconstitute the large-scale hydrological cycle of the control assimilation without the use of any humidity data. In addition, analysis of the individual weather systems in the extratropics and tropics using an objective feature tracking analysis indicates that the humidity data have very little impact on these systems. We include a discussion of these results and possible consequences for the way moisture information is assimilated, as well as the potential consequences for the design of observing systems for climate monitoring. It is further suggested, with support from a simple assimilation study with another model, that model physics and dynamics play a decisive role for the hydrological cycle, stressing the need to better understand these aspects of model parametrization. .

A regime-dependent balanced control variable based on potential vorticity

In this paper it is argued that rotational wind is not the best choice of leading control variable for variational data assimilation, and an alternative is suggested and tested. A rotational wind parameter is used in most global variational assimilation systems as a pragmatic way of approximately representing the balanced component of the assimilation increments. In effect, rotational wind is treated as a proxy for potential vorticity, but one that it is potentially not a good choice in flow regimes characterised by small Burger number. This paper reports on an alternative set of control variables which are based around potential vorticity. This gives rise to a new formulation of the background error covariances for the Met Office's variational assimilation system, which leads to flow dependency. It uses similar balance relationships to traditional schemes, but recognises the existence of unbalanced rotational wind which is used with a new anti-balance relationship. The new scheme is described and its performance is evaluated and compared to a traditional scheme using a sample of diagnostics.

On the climate response of the low-latitude Pacific Ocean to changes in the global freshwater cycle

Under global warming, the predicted intensification of the global freshwater cycle will modify the net freshwater flux at the ocean surface. Since the freshwater flux maintains ocean salinity structures, changes to the density-driven ocean circulation are likely. A modified ocean circulation could further alter the climate, potentially allowing rapid changes, as seen in the past. The relevant feedback mechanisms and timescales are poorly understood in detail, however, especially at low latitudes where the effects of salinity are relatively subtle. In an attempt to resolve some of these outstanding issues, we present an investigation of the climate response of the low-latitude Pacific region to changes in freshwater forcing. Initiated from the present-day thermohaline structure, a control run of a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model is compared with a perturbation run in which the net freshwater flux is prescribed to be zero over the ocean. Such an extreme experiment helps to elucidate the general adjustment mechanisms and their timescales. The atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are held constant, and we restrict our attention to the adjustment of the upper 1,000 m of the Pacific Ocean between 40°N and 40°S, over 100 years. In the perturbation run, changes to the surface buoyancy, near-surface vertical mixing and mixed-layer depth are established within 1 year. Subsequently, relative to the control run, the surface of the low-latitude Pacific Ocean in the perturbation run warms by an average of 0.6°C, and the interior cools by up to 1.1°C, after a few decades. This vertical re-arrangement of the ocean heat content is shown to be achieved by a gradual shutdown of the heat flux due to isopycnal (i.e. along surfaces of constant density) mixing, the vertical component of which is downwards at low latitudes. This heat transfer depends crucially upon the existence of density-compensating temperature and salinity gradients on isopycnal surfaces. The timescale of the thermal changes in the perturbation run is therefore set by the timescale for the decay of isopycnal salinity gradients in response to the eliminated freshwater forcing, which we demonstrate to be around 10-20 years. Such isopycnal heat flux changes may play a role in the response of the low-latitude climate to a future accelerated freshwater cycle. Specifically, the mechanism appears to represent a weak negative sea surface temperature feedback, which we speculate might partially shield from view the anthropogenically-forced global warming signal at low latitudes. Furthermore, since the surface freshwater flux is shown to play a role in determining the ocean's thermal structure, it follows that evaporation and/or precipitation biases in general circulation models are likely to cause sea surface temperature biases.

Action following the discovery of a global association between the whole genome and adverse event risk in a clinical drug-development programme

Observation of adverse drug reactions during drug development can cause closure of the whole programme. However, if association between the genotype and the risk of an adverse event is discovered, then it might suffice to exclude patients of certain genotypes from future recruitment. Various sequential and non-sequential procedures are available to identify an association between the whole genome, or at least a portion of it, and the incidence of adverse events. In this paper we start with a suspected association between the genotype and the risk of an adverse event and suppose that the genetic subgroups with elevated risk can be identified. Our focus is determination of whether the patients identified as being at risk should be excluded from further studies of the drug. We propose using a utility function to? determine the appropriate action, taking into account the relative costs of suffering an adverse reaction and of failing to alleviate the patient's disease. Two illustrative examples are presented, one comparing patients who suffer from an adverse event with contemporary patients who do not, and the other making use of a reference control group. We also illustrate two classification methods, LASSO and CART, for identifying patients at risk, but we stress that any appropriate classification method could be used in conjunction with the proposed utility function. Our emphasis is on determining the action to take rather than on providing definitive evidence of an association. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Identification of hepatic molecular mechanisms of action of alpha-tocopherol using global gene expression profile analysis in rats

The recent discovery that vitamin E (VE) regulates gene activity at the transcriptional level indicates that VE may exert part of its biological effects by mechanisms which may be independent of its well-recognised antioxidant function. The objective of this study was the identification of hepatic vitamin E-sensitive genes and examination of the effects of VE on their corresponding biological endpoints. Two groups of male rats were randomly assigned to either a VE-sufficient diet or to a control diet deficient in VE for 290 days. High-density oligonucleotide microarrays comprising over 7000 genes were used to assess the transcriptional response of the liver. Differential gene expression was monitored over a period of 9 months, at four different time-points, and rats were individually profiled. This experimental strategy identified several VE-sensitive genes, which were chronically altered by dietary VE. VE supplementation down-regulated scavenger receptor CD36, coagulation factor IX and 5-alpha-steroid reductase type 1 mRNA levels while hepatic gamma glutamyl-cysteinyl synthetase was significantly up-regulated. Measurement of the corresponding biological endpoints such as activated partial thromboplastin time, plasma dihydrotestosterone and hepatic glutathione substantiated the gene chip data which indicated that dietary VE plays an important role in a range of metabolic processes within the liver. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Adaptive control of event integration: evidence from event-related potentials

We investigated whether it is possible to control the temporal window of attention used to rapidly integrate visual information. To study the underlying neural mechanisms, we recorded ERPs in an attentional blink task, known to elicit Lag-1 sparing. Lag-1 sparing fosters joint integration of the two targets, evidenced by increased order errors. Short versus long integration windows were induced by showing participants mostly fast or slow stimuli. Participants expecting slow speed used a longer integration window, increasing joint integration. Difference waves showed an early (200 ms post-T2) negative and a late positive modulation (390 ms) in the fast group, but not in the slow group. The modulations suggest the creation of a separate event for T2, which is not needed in the slow group, where targets were often jointly integrated. This suggests that attention can be guided by global expectations of presentation speed within tens of milliseconds.

A nutrient increment method for reducing bias in global biogeochemical models

Assimilation of physical variables into coupled physical/biogeochemical models poses considerable difficulties. One problem is that data assimilation can break relationships between physical and biological variables. As a consequence, biological tracers, especially nutrients, are incorrectly displaced in the vertical, resulting in unrealistic biogeochemical fields. To prevent this, we present the idea of applying an increment to the nutrient field within a data assimilating model to ensure that nutrient-potential density relationships are maintained within a water column during assimilation. After correcting the nutrients, it is assumed that other biological variables rapidly adjust to the corrected nutrient fields. We applied this method to a 17 year run of the 2° NEMO ocean-ice model coupled to the PlankTOM5 ecosystem model. Results were compared with a control with no assimilation, and with a model with physical assimilation but no nutrient increment. In the nutrient incrementing experiment, phosphate distributions were improved both at high latitudes and at the equator. At midlatitudes, assimilation generated unrealistic advective upwelling of nutrients within the boundary currents, which spread into the subtropical gyres resulting in more biased nutrient fields. This result was largely unaffected by the nutrient increment and is probably due to boundary currents being poorly resolved in a 2° model. Changes to nutrient distributions fed through into other biological parameters altering primary production, air-sea CO2 flux, and chlorophyll distributions. These secondary changes were most pronounced in the subtropical gyres and at the equator, which are more nutrient limited than high latitudes.