Prospective survey of tick paralysis in dogs

Objective To obtain information on tick paralysis in dogs, including the nature of disease, host signalment, tick-host relationship, treatment, disease progression and recovery, and preventive measures. Design A prospective survey of 577 dogs affected by tick paralysis was conducted during 1998. Forty-two veterinary clinics along the eastern coast of Australia were instructed to complete survey forms for the first 15 dogs that presented with tick paralysis during September to November. Results Five percent of dogs died from tick paralysis. Younger dogs were more likely to survive. Long coat length was associated with a greater tick burden but not greater tick size, whereas coat thickness had no bearing on either. Dogs with mild disease recovered more quickly from tick paralysis. Respiratory and gait scores reflected disease severity and were good prognostic indicators. The size of the tick did not reflect the severity of the clinical condition it induced in the host. No method of tick removal or in situ treatment improved recovery time or reduced mortality. However, the time spent in hospital was significantly less for dogs from which the live tick was manually removed. Inspiratory strider. evident in some dogs with tick paralysis, was not related to tick attachment on the neck. The use of acepromazine maleate or dexamethasone did not reduce recovery time or mortality. Increasing the dose of tick antitoxin serum (TAS) above 0.1 mL/kg had no effect on mortality or recovery time. Dogs with severe disease that received an additional dose of TAS were significantly less likely to survive. Subcutaneous use of TAS at the site of tick attachment was of no benefit in reducing mortality or time to initial clinical improvement. A registered preventative product had not been used on the majority of dogs. Clipping the coat to search for ticks did not reduce mortality. Conclusions Therapy needs to address cardiopulmonary dysfunction that may be due directly to the effect of tick toxin and not just respiratory compromise caused by progressive respiratory muscle failure.

Valuing of firm's prior knowledge: A measure of knowledge distance

Knowledge, especially scientific and technological knowledge, grows according to knowledge trajectories and guideposts that make up the prior knowledge of an organization. We argue that these knowledge structures and their specific components lead to successful innovation. A firm's prior knowledge facilitates the absorption of new knowledge, thereby renewing a firm's systematic search, transfer and acquisition of knowledge and capabilities. In particular, the exponential growth in biotechnology is characterized by the convergence of disparate scientific and technological knowledge resources. This paper examines the shift from protein-based to DNA-based diagnostic technologies as an example, to quantify the value of a firm's prior knowledge using relative values of knowledge distance. The distance between core prior knowledge and the rate of transition from one knowledge system to another has been identified as a proxy for the value a firm's prior knowledge. The overall difficulty of transition from one technology paradigm to another is discussed. We argue this transition is possible when the knowledge distance is minimal and the transition process has a correspondingly high value of absorptive capacities. Our findings show knowledge distance is a determinant of the feasibility, continuity and capture of scientific and technological knowledge. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Review of time-domain polarization measurements for assessing insulation condition in aged transformers

This paper presents a review of the time-domain polarization measurement techniques for the condition assessment of aged transformer insulation. The polarization process is first described with appropriate dielectric response theories and then commonly used polarization methods are described with special emphasis on the most widely used return voltage(rv) measurement. Most recent emphasis has been directed to techniques of determining moisture content of insulation indirectly by measuring rv parameters. The major difficulty still lies with the accurate interpretation of return voltage results. This paper investigates different thoughts regarding the interpretation of rv results for different moisture and ageing conditions. Other time domain polarization measurement techniques and their results are also presented in this paper.

A mobile health care rule-based system

The relation between patient and physician in most modern Health Care Sys- tems is sparse, limited in time and very in exible. On the other hand, and in contradiction with several recent studies, most physicians do not rely their patient diagnostics evaluations on intertwined psychological and social nature factors. Facing these problems and trying to improve the patient/physician relation we present a mobile health care solution to im- prove the interaction between the physician and his patients. The solution serves not only as a privileged mean of communication between physicians and patients but also as an evolutionary intelligent platform delivering a mobile rule based system.

Medicis: a personal health care assistant

The relation between patient and physician in most modern Health Care Systems is sparse, limited in time and very inflexible. On the other hand, and in contradiction with several recent studies, most physicians do not rely their patient diagnostics evaluations on intertwined psychological and social nature factors. Facing these problems and trying to improve the patient/physician relation we present a mobile health care solution to improve the interaction between the physician and his patients. The solution serves not only as a privileged mean of communication between physicians and patients but also as an evolutionary intelligent platform delivering a mobile rule based system.

Prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a sífilis en mujeres

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se ha demostrado que la sífilis, debido a la ulceración genital que produce, es un cofactor asociado para adquirir otras enfermedades de transmisión sexual (ETS), principalmente de origen viral como herpes tipo-2, hepatitis B, y el VIH. Aunque las mujeres trabajadoras del sexo comercial (MTSC) han adquirido mejores conocimientos para prevenir las ETS, constituyen un grupo que por su heterogenicidad en términos de condición socioeconómica, estado de salud, ambiente y sitio de trabajo, manifiestan diferentes actitudes y conocimientos que hacen latente la posibilidad de adquirir y transmitir ETS incluyendo sífilis, por lo que lo estudio hace un acercamiento hacia los factores asociados a infección por Treponema pallidum en este grupo de mujeres. MÉTODO: Basado en un marco muestral, que identifica sitios donde se practica el comercio sexual femenino en la ciudad de México, se seleccionó una muestra de 807 MTSC, a quienes previo consentimiento informado, se entrevistó para que respondieran un cuestionario estructurado. Se obtuvo una muestra sanguínea para la identificación de diversos marcadores serológicos de ETS de acuerdo al manual de procedimientos para el diagnóstico de ETS. Para el diagnóstico de Treponema pallidum se utilizó una prueba de tamizaje de RPR (Bigaux Diagnóstica), y prueba confirmatoria de FTA-ABS (Pasteur Diagnostics). RESULTADOS: Las prevalencias de sífilis en la muestra de MTSC fue de 6,4% (52/807), siendo mayor en quienes trabajaban en sitios de calle comparadas con aquellas de estéticas. La edad de las mujeres entrevistadas osciló entre 17 y 58 años con una media de 29,2 años (d.s. 7,3 años). La prevalencia de sífilis fue mayor en los grupos etáreos mayores de 30 anos. La edad de inicio de relaciones sexuales varió desde 11 hasta 30 anos con una media de 16 años (d.s. 3,1 años). Los factores predictores de infección por T. pallidum, determinados mediante regresión logística ajustada, fueron: sitio de trabajo (bar y puntos de calle), NSE (medio y bajo), edad (mayores de 30 anos), antiguedad en el trabajo sexual (> 5 años), y número de clientes en una semana (>10). CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de las limitaciones de precisión estadística, queda demostrado que existe una heterogenicidad de MTSC, diferenciado principalmente por el sitio donde se desempeñan. Debe entenderse que más que grupos de riesgo de adquirir y transmitir ETS, existen prácticas sexuales de riesgo en cualquier individuo que tiene relaciones sexuales, que aunadas a infecciones predisponentes como sífilis, facilitan la transmisibilidad de otras ETS. Por lo tanto, las campañas de prevención y fomento de uso de condón, deben orientarse no sólo a las MTSC sino también a sus clientes y parejas, con la finalidad de que todos asuman la responsabilidad del sexo seguro.

Consultoria de gestão operacional e gestão da formação

Relatório de estágio apresentado ao Instituto de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Auditoria Orientada por Dr. Rodrigo Carvalho Coorientador: Dr. José Rui Dias

Adverse effect of alcohol drinking: the role of oxidative stress

Atualmente, o álcool tem um papel importante na saúde pública e surge como um dos principais problemas sociais no mundo, dado que é a droga mais viciante aceite em encontros sociais. Provavelmente, por essa razão, os riscos do consumo abusivo do álcool são subestimados pelos jovens, mulheres grávidas e idosos. O álcool, quando ingerido em altas proporções, pode afetar todos os órgãos e desencadear inúmeras doenças, tais como a doença cardíaca coronariana, doença neurodegenerativa, as doenças crónicas e câncer. O álcool afeta ainda o estado psicológico, induzindo a violência, o estado antissocial e situações de risco de comportamentos. Por estas razões, o álcool tornou-se um foco principal da investigação, avaliando os seus efeitos sobre o corpo humano. Nesta pesquisa, foram suscitadas amostras de sangue de um grupo de pacientes em tratamento psicológico e/ou farmacêutico que serão analisadas com quatro métodos: Teste de Radicais Livres do Oxigénio (FORT), Defesa contra Radicais Livres do Oxigénio (FORD), cromatografia gasosa (GC) e cromatografia líquida de alta pressão (HPLC). Ambos os métodos FORT e FORD avaliam o stress oxidativo pela quantificação de radicais livres e a capacidade de antioxidantes em eliminar esses radicais livres, respetivamente. O stress oxidativo é o efeito do excesso de consumo de álcool, que é reduzido pela capacidade de ação dos antioxidantes. A boa reprodutibilidade, precisão e exatidão de ambos os métodos indicam que estes podem ser aplicados em rápidos diagnósticos. Para o método FORT e considerando o início do tratamento, os pacientes alcoólicos apresentaram uma média de 3,59±1.01mmol/LH2O2 e o grupo de controlo uma média de 1,42±0.53mmol/LH2O2, o que mostra uma diferença significativa entre os dois grupos (P=0,0006). Para o método FORD, pacientes alcoólicos apresentam uma média de 1,07±0.53mmol/LH2O2 e o grupo de controlo, uma média de 2,81±0.46mmol/LH2O2, mostrando também uma média significativa (P=0,0075). Após 15 dias de tratamento observou-se que há uma diferença entre os dois grupos de pacientes alcoólicos, mas não há nenhum melhoramento em relação ao grupo de pacientes em tratamento. No método FORT os grupos mostram uma diferença significativa (P=0,0073), tendo os pacientes sem tratamento farmacêutico melhores resultados (2.37±0.44mmol/LH2O2) do que os pacientes com tratamento (3.72±1,04mmol/LH2O2). O oposto ocorre no método FORD, os pacientes em tratamento farmacêutico presentam melhores resultados (1.16±0.65mmol/LH2O2) do que o outro grupo (0.75±0.22mmol/LH2O2), não sendo, no entanto, uma diferença significativa entre os dois grupos (P=0.16). Os resultados obtidos para a concentração de MDA pelo método de HPLC mostraram que o grupo de controlo tem valores mais baixos do que os pacientes alcoólicos, embora a diferença não seja muito significativa (P = 0,084), mas é ainda elevada. Além disso, os dois grupos de pacientes não apresentaram uma diferença significativa entre os seus resultados no início (P=0,77) e no fim (P=0,79) do tratamento. De acrescentar ainda que, os resultados da concentração de álcool no sangue determinados pelo método de CG mostraram que só alguns pacientes sem tratamento consumiram álcool durante o período de tratamento, o que influencia negativamente a conclusão sobre o efeito do tratamento. Contudo, outros fatores externos podem ainda influenciar os resultados finais, tais como o estado nutricional e estado psicológico dos pacientes, se o paciente continua a beber durante o tempo de tratamento ou até mesmo se o paciente é exposto a outros tipos de substâncias nocivas. Existe ainda a possibilidade de o tempo de aplicação do tratamento não ser suficiente para apresentar um efeito positivo em relação ao stress oxidativo e este é um outro fator que contribui para a impossibilidade de confirmar sobre o efeito, quer seja positivo ou negativo, do tratamento antioxidante.

Prática de ensino supervisionada no 1.º e no 2.º ciclo do ensino básico: a aprendizagem do conceito de área, com recurso a materiais manipuláveis

Relatório de Estágio apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção de grau de mestre em Ensino do 1.º e 2.º ciclo do Ensino Básico

Diagnóstico de máquinas elétricas pela análise de vibração

O diagnóstico de máquinas elétricas pela análise de vibração é utilizado num plano de manutenção, onde é dado a conhecer a “real condição do equipamento”, e surgiu da necessidade de detetar vibrações indesejáveis nas máquinas elétricas, de uma forma simples e com custos acessíveis. Numa fase inicial é obtido um sinal correspondente á vibração da máquina, recorrendo a um acelerômetro, que dependendo da aceleração da máquina, constrói uma forma de onda correspondente. A forma de onda fica guardada em formato de áudio *.wav. Posteriormente, em software Matlab o ficheiro *.wav irá ser carregado, e comparado com o ficheiro *.wav original da máquina. Ao comparar os ficheiros o software analisa o espectro original da máquina através da transformada de Fourier, com o espectro atual. Se este espectro sair do intervalo de segurança, o software deteta nesse espectro a origem da vibração, pois cada vibração tem uma frequência associada. Percorridos os passos descritos, o software disponibiliza ao utilizador as respetivas formas de onda e todo o restante diagnóstico de forma a uma possível intervenção antecipada da avaria.

An embedded 1149.4 extension to support mixed-signal debugging

Debugging electronic circuits is traditionally done with bench equipment directly connected to the circuit under debug. In the digital domain, the difficulties associated with the direct physical access to circuit nodes led to the inclusion of resources providing support to that activity, first at the printed circuit level, and then at the integrated circuit level. The experience acquired with those solutions led to the emergence of dedicated infrastructures for debugging cores at the system-on-chip level. However, all these developments had a small impact in the analog and mixed-signal domain, where debugging still depends, to a large extent, on direct physical access to circuit nodes. As a consequence, when analog and mixed-signal circuits are integrated as cores inside a system-on-chip, the difficulties associated with debugging increase, which cause the time-to-market and the prototype verification costs to also increase. The present work considers the IEEE1149.4 infrastructure as a means to support the debugging of mixed-signal circuits, namely to access the circuit nodes and also an embedded debug mechanism named mixed-signal condition detector, necessary for watch-/breakpoints and real-time analysis operations. One of the main advantages associated with the proposed solution is the seamless migration to the system-on-chip level, as the access is done through electronic means, thus easing debugging operations at different hierarchical levels.

A comparison of Sinogram Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction and filtered back projection on image quality and dose reduction in paediatric head CT: a phantom study

Background: Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most used modalities for diagnostics in paediatric populations, which is a concern as it also delivers a high patient dose. Research has focused on developing computer algorithms that provide better image quality at lower dose. The iterative reconstruction algorithm Sinogram-Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction (SAFIRE) was introduced as a new technique that reduces noise to increase image quality. Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare SAFIRE with the current gold standard, Filtered Back Projection (FBP), and assess whether SAFIRE alone permits a reduction in dose while maintaining image quality in paediatric head CT. Methods: Images were collected using a paediatric head phantom using a SIEMENS SOMATOM PERSPECTIVE 128 modulated acquisition. 54 images were reconstructed using FBP and 5 different strengths of SAFIRE. Objective measures of image quality were determined by measuring SNR and CNR. Visual measures of image quality were determined by 17 observers with different radiographic experiences. Images were randomized and displayed using 2AFC; observers scored the images answering 5 questions using a Likert scale. Results: At different dose levels, SAFIRE significantly increased SNR (up to 54%) in the acquired images compared to FBP at 80kVp (5.2-8.4), 110kVp (8.2-12.3), 130kVp (8.8-13.1). Visual image quality was higher with increasing SAFIRE strength. The highest image quality was scored with SAFIRE level 3 and higher. Conclusion: The SAFIRE algorithm is suitable for image noise reduction in paediatric head CT. Our data demonstrates that SAFIRE enhances SNR while reducing noise with a possible reduction of dose of 68%.

A framework for self-healing radiation-tolerant implementations on reconfigurable FPGAs

To increase the amount of logic available in SRAM-based FPGAs manufacturers are using nanometric technologies to boost logic density and reduce prices. However, nanometric scales are highly vulnerable to radiation-induced faults that affect values stored in memory cells. Since the functional definition of FPGAs relies on memory cells, they become highly prone to this type of faults. Fault tolerant implementations, based on triple modular redundancy (TMR) infrastructures, help to keep the correct operation of the circuit. However, TMR is not sufficient to guarantee the safe operation of a circuit. Other issues like the effects of multi-bit upsets (MBU) or fault accumulation, have also to be addressed. Furthermore, in case of a fault occurrence the correct operation of the affected module must be restored and the current state of the circuit coherently re-established. A solution that enables the autonomous correct restoration of the functional definition of the affected module, avoiding fault accumulation, re-establishing the correct circuit state in realtime, while keeping the normal operation of the circuit, is presented in this paper.

A modified debugging infrastructure to assist real time fault injection campaigns

Fault injection is frequently used for the verification and validation of the fault tolerant features of microprocessors. This paper proposes the modification of a common on-chip debugging (OCD) infrastructure to add fault injection capabilities and improve performance. The proposed solution imposes a very low logic overhead and provides a flexible and efficient mechanism for the execution of fault injection campaigns, being applicable to different target system architectures.