Polissemia nos usos do verbo ter: arbitrariedade ou iconicidade?

Pós-graduação em Estudos Linguísticos - IBILCE

Perfil de escolares do 3º ao 5º ano do ensino fundamental I em compreensão de leitura: elaboração de instrumento avaliativo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Intoxicação crônica experimental com alumínio: padrões degenerativos, comportamentais e terapia experimental com magnésio após lesão hipocampal

Evidências experimentais sugerem que o alumínio é um agente neurotóxico com ações deletérias sobre os processos cognitivos. Neste estudo, investigou-se os efeitos comportamentais, histopatológicos e bioquímicos da intoxicação crônica com citrato de alumínio sobre o hipocampo de ratos adultos, e ao mesmo tempo aplicou-se uma terapia experimental de tratamento com magnésio para a reversão das alterações neuropatológicas encontradas. Utilizou-se 70 ratos Wistar machos de 200-250 g, divididos em grupos da seguinte maneira: controle, citrato de sódio (CNa), citrato de alumínio (CAl), citrato de alumínio + sulfato de magnésio (CAl+Mg), citrato de sódio + sulfato de magnésio (CNa+Mg). A dose usada de citrato de alumínio foi de 100 mg/kg e sulfato de magnésio 250 mg/kg durante 30 dias. Os animais foram submetidos aos testes comportamentais do campo aberto, Rota rod, Reconhecimento social e Labirinto em T elevado (LTE), análise bioquímica, histopatológica e imunoistoquímica para GFAP. Além disso, foram verificados os níveis de alumínio no plasma e no hipocampo dos animais em espectrômetro de absorção atômica em forno de grafite (GF AAS). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o grupo CAl apresentou um aumento da atividade locomotora no teste do campo aberto em comparação ao grupo controle e já o grupo CAl+Mg apresentou uma diminuição (P<0.001). Nos testes de memória do LTE e de Reconhecimento social, os animais do grupo CAl apresentaram déficits no cognitivos em relação aos demais grupos enquanto os animais do grupo CAl+Mg apresentaram um bom desempenho nos teste (P<0.001). Os níveis de alumínio encontrados no hipocampo do grupo CAl foram consideravelmente elevados e nos demais grupos os níveis ficaram abaixo do limite de detecção. Na análise histopatológica e imunoistoquímica, os animais do grupo CAl apresentaram diminuição da densidade celular e reatividade astrocitária nas camadas CA1, CA3 e hilo do hipocampo. Estes resultados sugerem que a intoxicação experimental com citrato de alumínio induz déficits de aprendizado e memória e que a administração de sulfato de magnésio pode ter a capacidade de minimizar os danos causados pelo metal no hipocampo de animais intoxicados.

O canto sem casaca: propriedades pedagógicas da canção brasileira e seleção de repertório para o ensino de canto no Brasil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

João Olha-para-o-ar e Felipe Irrequieto: distúrbios da atenção e hiperatividade

A estruturação dos processos cognitivos, a partir das relações do sujeito com o meio, constitui a base para a aprendizagem. Dentre os diversos processos cognitivos, a atenção representa um mecanismo imprescindível para a compreensão e incorporação de novos conteúdos. Distúrbios do processo atencional, além de comprometer a aprendizagem, estendem-se para comportamentos de hiperatividade. Os distúrbios da atenção e a hiperatividade - fenômenos intimamente correlacionados - contribuem para que o sujeito tenha dificuldades significativas em outras funções cognitivas, como linguagem, cálculo, capacidade de reconhecimento e de planejamento, habilidade de autocorreção dos comportamentos, etc. O desempenho pedagógico por parte do professor, integrado à ação interdisciplinar de outros profissionais habilitados e de familiares, constitui uma estratégia promissora na abordagem e orientação da criança com distúrbios da atenção e hiperatividade.

Percalços imagéticos às avessas do alfabetismo: a percepção da paisagem do centro de São Paulo

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

O processo de formação de conceitos na perspectiva vigotskiana

In his work on human knowledge, Vygotsky reveals the second human nature, the one which is historical and cultural, due to people´s learning throughout life, through the mediation of others and the concrete conditions of life and education. In this eminently social process, the child grows into the intellectual life having the adult as a peer and learns human skills from this adult-child interaction. This means that, for working with abstract formulation, it is necessary understanding it as a complex, dynamic and functional act that is built by the insertion of individual performance into culture that is mediated by interaction with others. In this setting, each individual reaches knowledge through formal and non-formal learning that help on the formulation of scientific and everyday concepts. To make studies on the process of concept formation, Vygotsky adopted an experimental methodology based on the philosophical assumptions of Marxist theory of how mental processes occur, once he perceived these processes in a constantly changing and moving. Thus, the method called “Instrumental, Cultural and Historical” differed from conventional experimental studies focused on the performance of the task itself. The method adopted by Vygotsky was concerned with the process of concept formation and not only with fragmentary cutouts of cognitive processes. According to our study, the formation of the social nature of man develops from processes of appropriation and objectification of knowledge, which makes individual the historically constructed achievements by mankind, as, for example, types of sophisticated thinking, which requires the discussion of concept formation.

Estados emocionais em professores recém-formados: análise contextual

In general, the early career is a period marked by crises. Hubermam (1992) points out that this period is considered by the teacher as one of life's most difficult professional teaching. According to Machado (2004), the physical education worked only in competitive perspective in school, does not contribute to the school to perform its social role. This approach encourages the use of stigmas, labels and prejudices, so common in school, that marginalize even more students from lower classes, and can make the sport of high performance within the school walls create students with low self-esteem and low motivation within other possible disorders . Thus, this study presents the fundamental importance to aid and support to novice teachers, so that they can understand, and address key emotional aspects that interfere in their practice. Thus, our aim was to identify the most recurrent emotional processes in novice teachers identify and also how these emotional states can influence the professional and personal attitudes of these teachers. Through a bibliographic we seek statements, reports and case studies that provide enough material to our analysis and interpretation in order to collaborate with the study area and proceed to proposals that are not unreasonable or tied to the current system. Among the emotional states reported in the literature, we highlight the main, more present and influent in the beginner teacher as listed as follow: Anxiety, Stress, Fear, Shame, Low Self Confidence and Motivation. Considering these states, Damasio (1996) reports that the United Emotional directly influenced the style and efficiency of cognitive processes, in other words, interfere with the performance of teachers in the teaching front. Thus, Machado (2006) points out that the teacher should have a set of techniques and procedures that drive their practice in a manner appropriate to the leading group. Therefore, the knowledge of Psychology of Physical...

Conflitos no diálogo eu-outro em contexto de Tandem português e espanhol

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Análise de teses internalistas subjacentes à modelagem computacional da mente em uma perspectiva situada, incoporada e auto organizada

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Um modelo cognitivo baseado na atenção para consciência em robôs inteligentes

Understanding consciousness is one of the most fascinating challenges of our time. From ancient civilizations to modern philosophers, questions have been asked on how one is conscious of his/her own existence and about the world that surrounds him/her. Although there is no precise definition for consciousness, there is an agreement that it is strongly related to human cognitive processes such as: thinking, reasoning, emotions, wishes. One of the key processes to the arising of the consciousness is the attention, a process capable of promoting a selection of a few stimuli from a huge amount of information that reaches us constantly. Machine consciousness is the field of the artificial intelligence that investigate the possibility of the production of conscious processes in artificial devices. This work presents a review about the theme of consciousness - in both natural and artificial aspects -, discussing this theme from the philosophical and computational perspectives, and investigates the feasibility of the adoption of an attentional schema as the base to the cognitive processing. A formal computational model is proposed for conscious agents that integrates: short and long term memories, reasoning, planning, emotion, decision making, learning, motivation and volition. Computer experiments in a mobile robotics domain under USARSim simulation environment, proposed by RoboCup, suggest that the agent can be able to use these elements to acquire experiences based on environment stimuli. The adoption of the cognitive architecture over the attentional model has potential to allow the emergence of behaviours usually associated to the consciousness in the simulated mobile robots. Further implementation under this model could potentially allow the agent to express sentience, selfawareness, self-consciousness, autonoetic consciousness, mineness and perspectivalness. By performing computation over an attentional space, the model also allows the ...

Perspectivas transdisciplinares de aproximação com a ciência sob o olhar da Ciência da Informação: uma metodologia bottom-up para a TV Unesp

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Transtorno do desenvolvimento da coordenação: efeito do foco de atenção em tarefa bimanual

Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento Humano e Tecnologias - IBRC

The Perception of Natural, Cell Phone, and Computer-Synthesized Speech During The Performance Of Simultaneous Visual-Motor Tasks

This study investigated the influence of top-down and bottom-up information on speech perception in complex listening environments. Specifically, the effects of listening to different types of processed speech were examined on intelligibility and on simultaneous visual-motor performance. The goal was to extend the generalizability of results in speech perception to environments outside of the laboratory. The effect of bottom-up information was evaluated with natural, cell phone and synthetic speech. The effect of simultaneous tasks was evaluated with concurrent visual-motor and memory tasks. Earlier works on the perception of speech during simultaneous visual-motor tasks have shown inconsistent results (Choi, 2004; Strayer & Johnston, 2001). In the present experiments, two dual-task paradigms were constructed in order to mimic non-laboratory listening environments. In the first two experiments, an auditory word repetition task was the primary task and a visual-motor task was the secondary task. Participants were presented with different kinds of speech in a background of multi-speaker babble and were asked to repeat the last word of every sentence while doing the simultaneous tracking task. Word accuracy and visual-motor task performance were measured. Taken together, the results of Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the intelligibility of natural speech was better than synthetic speech and that synthetic speech was better perceived than cell phone speech. The visual-motor methodology was found to demonstrate independent and supplemental information and provided a better understanding of the entire speech perception process. Experiment 3 was conducted to determine whether the automaticity of the tasks (Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977) helped to explain the results of the first two experiments. It was found that cell phone speech allowed better simultaneous pursuit rotor performance only at low intelligibility levels when participants ignored the listening task. Also, simultaneous task performance improved dramatically for natural speech when intelligibility was good. Overall, it could be concluded that knowledge of intelligibility alone is insufficient to characterize processing of different speech sources. Additional measures such as attentional demands and performance of simultaneous tasks were also important in characterizing the perception of different kinds of speech in complex listening environments.

Transcriptional Alterations Related to Neuropathology and Clinical Manifestation of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the human population, characterized by a spectrum of neuropathological abnormalities that results in memory impairment and loss of other cognitive processes as well as the presence of non-cognitive symptoms. Transcriptomic analyses provide an important approach to elucidating the pathogenesis of complex diseases like AD, helping to figure out both pre-clinical markers to identify susceptible patients and the early pathogenic mechanisms to serve as therapeutic targets. This study provides the gene expression profile of postmortem brain tissue from subjects with clinic-pathological AD (Braak IV, V, or V and CERAD B or C; and CDR >= 1), preclinical AD (Braak IV, V, or VI and CERAD B or C; and CDR = 0), and healthy older individuals (Braak <= II and CERAD 0 or A; and CDR = 0) in order to establish genes related to both AD neuropathology and clinical emergence of dementia. Based on differential gene expression, hierarchical clustering and network analysis, genes involved in energy metabolism, oxidative stress, DNA damage/repair, senescence, and transcriptional regulation were implicated with the neuropathology of AD; a transcriptional profile related to clinical manifestation of AD could not be detected with reliability using differential gene expression analysis, although genes involved in synaptic plasticity, and cell cycle seems to have a role revealed by gene classifier. In conclusion, the present data suggest gene expression profile changes secondary to the development of AD-related pathology and some genes that appear to be related to the clinical manifestation of dementia in subjects with significant AD pathology, making necessary further investigations to better understand these transcriptional findings on the pathogenesis and clinical emergence of AD.