Spectacle design preferences among Chinese primary and secondary students and their parents: A qualitative and quantitative study

Purpose: To identify the specific characteristics making glasses designs, particularly those compatible with adjustable glasses, more or less appealing to Chinese children and their parents. Patients and Methods: Primary and secondary school children from urban and rural China with < = -1.00 diopters of bilateral myopia and their parents ranked four conventional-style frames identified by local optical shops as popular versus four child-specific frames compatible with adjustable spectacles. Scores based on the proportion of maximum possible ranking were computed for each style. Selected children and their parents also participated in Focus Groups (FGs) discussing spectacle design preference. Recordings were transcribed and coded by two independents reviewers using NVivo software. Results: Among 136 urban primary school children (age range 9-11 years), 290 rural secondary school children (11-17 years) and 16 parents, all adjustable-style frames (scores on 0-100 scale 25.7-62.4) were ranked behind all conventional frames (63.0-87.5). For eight FGs including 12 primary children, 26 secondary children and 16 parents, average kappa values for NVivo coding were 0.81 (students) and 0.70 (parents). All groups agreed that the key changes to make adjustable designs more attractive were altering the round lenses to rectangular or oval shapes and adding curved earpieces for more stable wear. The thick frames of the adjustable designs were considered stylish, and children indicated they would wear them if the lens shape were modified. Conclusions: Current adjustable lens designs are unattractive to Chinese children and their parents, though this study identified specific modifications which would make them more appealing.

Two-year changes in refractive error and related biometric factors in an adult Chinese population

Importance: This article provides, to our knowledge, the first longitudinal population-based data on refractive error (RE) in Chinese persons.

Objective: To study cohort effects and changes associated with aging in REs among Chinese adults.

Design, Setting, and Participants: A 2-year, longitudinal population-based cohort study was conducted in southern China. Participants, identified using cluster random sampling, included residents of Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, China, aged 35 years or older who had undergone no previous eye surgery.

Methods: Participants underwent noncycloplegic automated refraction and keratometry in December 2008 and December 2010; in a random 50% sample of the participants, anterior segment ocular coherence tomography measurement of lens thickness, as well as measurement of axial length and anterior chamber depth by partial coherence laser interferometry, were performed.

Main Outcomes and Measures: Two-year change in spherical equivalent refraction (RE), lens thickness, axial length, and anterior chamber depth in the right eye.

Results: A total of 745 individuals underwent biometric testing in both 2008 and 2010 (2008 mean [SD] age, 52.2 [11.5] years; 53.7% women). Mean RE showed a 2-year hyperopic shift from −0.44 (2.21) to −0.31 (2.26) diopters (D) (difference, +0.13; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.16). A consistent 2-year hyperopic shift of 0.09 to 0.22 D was observed among participants aged 35 to 64 years when stratifying by decade, suggesting that a substantial change in RE with aging may occur during this 30-year period. Cross-sectionally, RE increased only in the cohort younger than 50 years (0.11 D/y; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.16). In the cross-sectional data, axial length decreased at −0.06 mm/y (95% CI, −0.09 to −0.04), although the 2-year change in axial length was positive and thus could not explain the cross-sectional difference. These latter results suggest a cohort effect, with greater myopia developing among younger persons.

Conclusions and Relevance: This first Chinese population-based longitudinal study of RE provides evidence for both important longitudinal aging changes and cohort effects, most notably greater myopia prevalence among younger persons.

Alcohol use and positive screening results for depression and anxiety are highly prevalent among chinese children with strabismus

Purpose: To study associations between strabismus and alcohol use, anxiety, and depression among 10- to 17-year-old children in Guangdong, southern China. Design: Cross-sectional, population-based study. Methods: Among 7537 children aged 6-17 years from 9 randomly selected primary and middle schools, ocular alignment was assessed with the Hirschberg light reflex, cover-uncover testing, and alternate cover testing at distance (6 m) and near (40 cm). Additionally, 4000 children (53.1%) aged 10+ years received self-administered questionnaires containing screening questions on alcohol use, anxiety, and depression. Results: Examinations were completed on 7464 of 7537 subjects (99.0%), including 3928 boys (52.6%), with a mean age of 11.1 ± 1.8 years. The prevalence of any strabismus, including exotropia (2.7%), esotropia (0.2%), and intermittent exotropia (3.9%), was 6.8%. Strabismus was more prevalent in urban students (7.3%) and female subjects (7.4%) compared to rural students (6.0%) and male subjects (6.2%) (all P <.05). In multivariate regression models, any strabismus was associated with older age and rural vs urban residence. Among 3903 children (97.6%) answering questionnaires, history of alcohol use (62.3% vs 36.3%) and positive screening responses for depression (26.0% vs 11.6%) and anxiety (10.3% vs 4.9%) were significantly (P <.01 for all) more common among children with strabismus. Conclusion: These Chinese children with strabismus had a significantly higher prevalence of alcohol use and possible markers of emotional problems than children without strabismus. Further research should focus on the appropriateness of classifying surgical treatment for strabismus as "cosmetic" (ineligible for reimbursement) under China's rural health insurance.

Prevalence of corneal astigmatism before cataract surgery in Chinese patients

Purpose: To assess the demographics and distribution of corneal astigmatism before cataract surgery in Chinese patients. Setting: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Design: Clinic-based cross-sectional study. Methods: From July 2009 to May 2011, preoperative bilateral partial coherence interferometry (IOLMaster) was performed in consecutive patients having cataract surgery. Patient demographics and keratometric data were recorded. Results: The mean age of the 2849 patients (4831 eyes) was 70.56 years ± 9.55 (SD); there was a predominance of women patients (64.0%). The mean axial length was 23.58 ± 1.13 mm. The mean corneal astigmatism in this cohort was 1.01 D (range 0.05 to 6.59 D). Corneal astigmatism was between 0.25 D and 1.25 D in 67.7% of eyes, 1.25 D or higher in 27.5% eyes, and less than 0.25 D in 4.8% of eyes. Astigmatism was with the rule in 25.1% of eyes, against the rule (ATR) in 58.2% of eyes, and oblique in 16.7% of eyes. The mean steep keratometry measurement was 44.76 ± 1.56 D. Against-the-rule astigmatism increased significantly with older age. Conclusions: Corneal astigmatism largely fell between 0.25 D and 1.25 D in these predominantly elderly female Chinese patients, and ATR astigmatism increased with age. Financial Disclosure: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. © 2012 ASCRS and ESCRS.

Determinants and two-year change in anterior chamber angle width in a Chinese population

Objective: To study the population distribution and longitudinal changes in anterior chamber angle width and its determinants among Chinese adults. Design: Prospective cohort, population-based study. Participants: Persons aged 35 years or more residing in Guangzhou, China, who had not previously undergone incisional or laser eye surgery. Methods: In December 2008 and December 2010, all subjects underwent automated keratometry, and a random 50% sample had anterior segment optical coherence tomography with measurement of angle-opening distance at 500 μm (AOD500), angle recess area (ARA), iris thickness at 750 μm (IT750), iris curvature, pupil diameter, corneal thickness, anterior chamber width (ACW), lens vault (LV), and lens thickness (LT) and measurement of axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) by partial coherence laser interferometry. Main Outcome Measures: Baseline and 2-year change in AOD500 and ARA in the right eye. Results: A total of 745 subjects were present for full biometric testing in both 2008 and 2010 (mean age at baseline, 52.2 years; standard deviation [SD], 11.5 years; 53.7% were female). Test completion rates in 2010 varied from 77.3% (AOD500: 576/745) to 100% (AL). Mean AOD500 decreased from 0.25 mm (SD, 0.13 mm) in 2008 to 0.21 mm (SD, 13 mm) in 2010 (difference, -0.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.05 to -0.03). The ARA decreased from 21.5±3.73 10^-2 mm² to 21.0±3.64 10 ^-2 mm² (difference, -0.46; 95% CI, -0.52 to -0.41). The decrease in both was most pronounced among younger subjects and those with baseline AOD500 in the widest quartile at baseline. The following baseline variables were significantly associated with a greater 2-year decrease in both AOD500 and ARA: deeper ACD, steeper iris curvature, smaller LV, greater ARA, and greater AOD500. By using simple regression models, we could explain 52% to 58% and 93% of variation in baseline AOD500 and ARA, respectively, but only 27% and 16% of variation in 2-year change in AOD500 and ARA, respectively. Conclusions: Younger persons and those with the least crowded anterior chambers at baseline have the largest 2-year decreases in AOD500 and ARA. The ability to predict change in angle width based on demographic and biometric factors is relatively poor, which may have implications for screening. Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article. © 2012 American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Corneal hysteresis and axial length among Chinese secondary school children: the Xichang Pediatric Refractive Error Study (X-PRES) report no. 4.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between corneal hysteresis and axial length/refractive error among rural Chinese secondary school children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional cohort study. METHODS: Refractive error (cycloplegic auto-refraction with subjective refinement), central corneal thickness (CCT) and axial length (ultrasonic measurement), intraocular pressure (IOP), and corneal hysteresis (Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer) were measured on a rural school-based cohort of children. RESULTS: Among 1,233 examined children, the mean age was 14.7 +/- 0.8 years and 699 (56.7%) were girls. The mean spherical equivalent (n = 1,232) was -2.2 +/- 1.6 diopters (D), axial length (n = 643) was 23.7 +/- 1.1 mm, corneal hysteresis (n = 1,153) was 10.7 +/- 1.6 mm Hg, IOP (n = 1,153) was 17.0 +/- 3.4 mm Hg, and CCT (n = 1,226) was 553 +/- 33 microns. In linear regression models, longer axial length was significantly (P < .001 for both) associated with lower corneal hysteresis and higher IOP. Hysteresis in this population was significantly (P < .001) lower than has previously been reported for normal White children (n = 42, 12.3 +/- 1.3 mm Hg), when adjusting for age and gender. This difference did not appear to depend on differences in axial length between the populations, as it persists when only Chinese children with normal uncorrected vision are included. CONCLUSIONS: Prospective studies will be needed to determine if low hysteresis places eyes at risk for axial elongation secondary or if primary elongation results in lower hysteresis.

Myopia, spectacle wear, and risk of bicycle accidents among rural Chinese secondary school students: the Xichang Pediatric Refractive Error Study report no. 7.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of myopia and spectacle wear on bicycle-related injuries in rural Chinese students. Myopia is common among Chinese students but few studies have examined its effect on daily activities. METHODS: Data on visual acuity, refractive error, current spectacle wear, and history of bicycle use and accidents during the past 3 years were sought from 1891 students undergoing eye examinations in rural Guangdong province. RESULTS: Refractive and accident data were available for 1539 participants (81.3%), among whom the mean age was 14.6 years, 52.5% were girls, 26.8% wore glasses, and 12.9% had myopia of less than -4 diopters in both eyes. More than 90% relied on bicycles to get to school daily. A total of 2931 accidents were reported by 423 participants, with 68 requiring medical attention. Male sex (odds ratio, 1.55; P < .001) and spectacle wear (odds ratio, 1.38; P = .04) were associated with a higher risk of accident, but habitual visual acuity and myopia were unassociated with the crash risk, after adjusting for age, sex, time spent riding, and risky riding behaviors. CONCLUSION: These results may be consistent with data on motor vehicle accidents implicating peripheral vision (potentially compromised by spectacle wear) more strongly than central visual acuity in mediating crash risk.

Population density and refractive error among Chinese children.

PURPOSE: China is urbanizing rapidly, and the prevalence of myopia is high. This study was conducted to identify the reasons for observed differences in the prevalence of myopia among urban versus rural Chinese children. METHODS: All children with uncorrected acuity of 6/12 or worse and a 50% random sample of children with vision better than 6/12 at all secondary schools in mixed rural-urban Liangying Township, Guangdong, underwent cycloplegic refraction, and provided data on age, gender, parental education, weekly near work and time outdoors, and urban development level of respondents' neighborhoods (12-item questionnaire). Population density of 32 villages and urban zones in Liangying was calculated from census figures (mean population density, 217 persons/km(2); range, 94-957; mean for Guangdong, 486). RESULTS: Among 5844 eligible children, 4612 (78.9%) had parental consent and completed examinations; 2957 were refracted per protocol, and 2480 (83.9%) of these had questionnaire data. Those with completed examinations were more likely to be girls (P < 0.001), and questionnaire respondents were more myopic (P = 0.02), but otherwise did not differ significantly from nonrespondents. In multivariate models, older age (P < 0.001), more near work (P = 0.02), and higher population density (P = 0.003), but not development index, parental education, or time outdoors were significantly associated with more myopic refractive error. CONCLUSIONS: Higher population density appears to be associated with myopia risk, independent of academic activity, time spent outdoors, familial educational level, or economic development, factors that have been thought to explain higher myopia prevalence among urban children. Mechanisms for this apparent association should be sought.

Corneal biomechanics, refractive error, and axial length in Chinese primary school children.

PURPOSE: Low corneal hysteresis is associated with longer axial length in Chinese secondary school children. The authors sought to explore this association in primary school children. METHODS: LogMAR presenting visual acuity, cycloplegic refractive error, ocular biometry, central corneal thickness (CCT), and corneal hysteresis (CH) was assessed for children in grades 1 to 3 at an academically competitive urban school in Shantou, China. RESULTS: Among 872 eligible children (mean age, 8.6 ± 2.1 years), 651 (74.7%) completed the examination. Among 1299 examined eyes, 111 (8.5%) had uncorrected vision ≤6/12. Mean spherical equivalent refractive error for all eyes was +0.26 ± 1.41 D, and axial length (AL) was 22.7 ± 0.90 mm. CH for the lowest (mean AL, 21.7 ± 0.39 mm), two middle (mean AL, 22.4 ± 0.15 and 22.9 ± 0.15 mm), and highest quartiles (mean AL, 23.7 ± 0.74 mm) of AL were 10.6 ± 2.1 mm Hg, 10.4 ± 2.1 mm Hg, 10.3 ± 2.3 mm Hg, and 10.2 ± 2.3 mm Hg respectively (age- and gender-adjusted Pearson's correlation coefficient r = -0.052; P = 0.001). In generalized estimating equation models adjusting for age, gender, and CCT, lower CH was significantly associated with longer AL (P < 0.001) and more myopic refractive error (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CH measurement is practical in young children because this is when myopia undergoes its most rapid progression. Prospective follow-up of this cohort at high risk for myopia is under way to determine whether low CH is predictive, or a consequence, of long AL.

Identification and bioactivity evaluation of a novel bradykinin inhibitory peptide from the skin secretion of Chinese large odorous frog, Odorrana livida

A novel peptide was isolated from the skin secretion of Chinese large odorous frog, Odorrana livida, and was named as Rana-BI. The cDNA sequencing was obtained by 'shotgun' cloning. The amino acid sequence of the mature peptide was identified as Gly-Leu-Leu-Ser-Gly-Lys-Ser-Val-Lys-Gly-Ser-Ile-OH by automated Edman degradation, and the molecular weight of the peptide was confirmed to be 1144.68 Da by MALDI-TOF and liquid chromatography/MS. Subsequently, the bioactivity of synthetic peptide was evaluated by smooth muscle assay using isolated rat bladder preparation. It was demonstrated that Rana-BI inhibited the contraction of rat bladder induced by bradykinin. Comparing with other peptides by searching from database, the primary structure of Rana-BI showed high similarity with that of an antimicrobial peptide of Rana family (12/12 residues). These data revealed a novel biological function of this peptide

Choosing the Right Promotional Tool in the Hotel Industry: The Case of the Chinese Consumer.

The rapid growth of the Chinese tourism has stimulated competition within tourism-related industries, such as the hospitality industry. The purpose of this study is to examine the Chinese consumer reaction to different promotional tools used by hotels in China and, thus, to provide a deeper understanding for marketers of how to use sales promotion effectively to generate appropriate consumer responses. An experimental survey was administered yielding a total sample of 319 Chinese customers, who were probed using different types of sales promotion tools. Data analysis indicates that bonus packs (e.g. a 3-night stay at a hotel for the price of 2) induced the highest consumer perceived value, brand switching, and purchase acceleration intention, whereas price discounts resulted in the highest intention to spend more. Although this study has its limitations given its reliance on a convenience sample, it offers insightful practical implications for hotel business owners in Asia regarding targeting the right customers with the right promotional tools, where it is proposed that bonus packs successfully attract new Chinese customers and price discounts support in generating more sales.

Examining Chinese Tourists’ Nature-based Tourism Participantion Behavior: Incorporating Environmental Concern into a Constraint-Negotiation Modela

Finding the balance between economic development and preservation of the natural environment is a challenging yet important task. This is a particularly pressing issue in the case of China, as it is the largest and fastest-growing market for tourism. The purpose of this research is to examine Chinese tourists’ participation in nature-based, tourism activities by incorporating tourists’ environmental concern, measured by a revised New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) scale, into a tourism constraint-negotiation model. The responses of 409 Chinese tourists show environmental concern will positively affect tourists’ motivation, which, in turn, will affect their negotiation strategy and ultimately their participation behavior. The theoretical and managerial implications of this study are discussed in the context of the tourism literature.

A Migrant Culture on Display: The French Migrant and French Gastronomy in London (19th – 21st centuries)

The large contemporary French migrant population – estimated by the French Consulate at around 300,000–400,000 in the UK, the majority living in London and the South-East – remains ‘absent’ from studies on migration, and, in a study of migrant food history in Britain, is considered not to have left traces as a migrant community. Over the centuries, the presence of various French communities in London has varied significantly as far as numbers are concerned, but what does not change is their simultaneous ‘visibility’ and ‘invisibility’ in accounts of the history of the capital: even when relatively ‘visible’ at certain historical moments, they still often remain hidden in its histories. At times the French in London are described as a ‘sober, well-behaved […] and law-abiding community’; at other times they ‘appeared as a foreign body in the city’. This article reflects on the dynamics at play between a migrant culture associated with high cultural capital (so much so that is often emulated by those who are not French) and the host culture perception of and relationship to it, in order to consider what this may ‘mean’ for the French (and Francophone) migrant experience. French gastronomy and culinary knowledge is taken as an example of material culture and of cultural capital ‘on display’ specifically in the activity of dining out, especially in French restaurants, or in those influenced by French gastronomy. The social activity of dining out is replete with displays of knowledge (linguistic, culinary), of cultural literacy, of modes of behaviour, of public identity, and of rituals strictly codified in both migrant and host cultures. Dining out is also an emotional and politically-charged activity, fraught with feelings of suspicion (what is in the food? what does the chef get up to in the kitchen?) and of anxieties and tensions concerning status, class and gender distinctions. This article considers the ways in which the migrant French citizen of London may be considered as occupying an ambiguous position at different times in history, simultaneously possessing cultural capital and needing to negotiate complex cultural encounters in the connections between identity and the symbolic status of food in food production, food purveying and food consumption.

Finnish Kullervo and chinese martial arts stories

Introduction: There are many important Finnish plays but, due to language barrier, Finnish drama is seldom exported, particularly to Hong Kong and China.. Objective: To find out differences in mentality between the Finnish and Chinese peoples by comparing the partially localized Chinese translation of Aleksis Kivi’s tragedy, Kullervo, with genuine Chinese martial arts literature. Methodology: 1. Chapman Chen has translated the Finnish classic, Kullervo, directly from Finnish into Chinese and published it in 2005. 2. In Chen’s Chinese translation, cultural markers are domesticated. On the other hand, values, characterization, plot, and rhythm remain unchanged. 3. According to Gideon Tory, the translator has to strike a golden mean between the norms of the source language and the target language. 4. Lau Tingci lists and explicates the essential components of martial arts drama. 5. According to Ehrnrooth’s “Mentality”, equality is the most important value in Finnish culture. Findings: i. Finland emphasizes independence while China emphasizes bilateral relationships. ii. The Finnish people loves freedom, but Gai Sizung argues that the Chinese people is slavish. iii. Finns are mature while many Chinese are, according to Sun Lung-kee (“The Deep Structure of Chinese Culture”; “The Deep Structure of Chinese Sexuality”), fixated at the oral and anal stages. iv. Finnish society highly values equality while Chinese interpersonal relationships are extremely complicated and hierachical. If Kullervo were a genuine Chinese kungfu story, the plot would be much more convoluted. Conclusion: The differences between Finnish and Chinese mentalities are so significant that partially localized or adapted Chinese translations of Finnish drama may still be able to introduce Finnish culture to the Chinese audience.

集沙門不應拜俗等事Ji sha men bu ying bai su deng shi.Collection de pièces sur la question du salut des bonzes aux laïques.

Contient : I (livre 1)晉尚書令何充等執沙門不應敬王者奏并序Jin shang shu ling he chong deng zhi sha men bu ying jing wang zhe zou bing xu.Rapports au trône de He Chong, président du Conseil privé, et autres sur les marques de respect qui ne sont pas dues par les religieux au souverain ; II (livre 1)車騎將軍庾冰為成帝出令沙門致敬詔Ju qi jiang jun yu bing wei cheng di chu ling sha men zhi jing zhao.Ordre aux religieux de manifester leur respect, donné par Yu Bing, maréchal de Ju qi, au nom de l'empereur Cheng ; III (livre 1)太尉桓玄與八座桓謙等論道人應致敬事書并序Tai wei huan xuan yu ba zuo huan qian deng lun dao ren ying zhi jing shi shu bing xu.Avis du grand maréchal Huan Xuan, adressé au ministre Huan Qian et autres, sur les marques de respect dues par les religieux ; IV (livre 1)八座等答桓玄明道人不應致敬事書Ba zuo deng da huan xuan ming dao ren bu ying zhi jing shi shu.Réponse du ministre et autres à Huan Xuan : il n'y a pas lieu pour les religieux de donner des marques de respect ; V (livre 1)桓玄與中書令王謐論沙門應致敬事書Huan xuan yu zhong shu ling wang mi lun sha men ying zhi jing shi shu.Avis de Huan Xuan adressé au Président du Conseil privé Wang Mi sur les marques de respect dues, etc ; VI (livre 1)王謐答桓玄明沙門不應致敬事書Wang mi da huan xuan ming sha men bu ying zhi jing shi shu.Réponse de Wang Mi à Huan Xuan : il n'y a pas lieu, etc ; VII (livre 1)桓玄難王謐不應致敬事Huan xuan nan wang mi bu ying zhi jing shi.Objections de Huan Xuan à Wang Mi ; VIII (livre 1)王謐答桓玄應致敬難Wang mi da huan xuan ying zhi jing nan.Réponses de Wang Mi aux objections de Huan Xuan ; IX (livre 1)桓玄與廬山法師慧遠使述沙門不致敬王者意書并遠答往反Huan xuan yu lü shan fa shi hui yuan shi shu sha men bu zhi jing wang zhe yi shu bing yuan da wang fan.Correspondance de Huan Xuan avec le bonze Hui yuan au sujet des marques de respect ; X (livre 2)晉廬山釋慧遠沙門不敬王者論并序Jin lü shan shi hui yuan sha men bu jing wang zhe lun bing xu.Dissertation de Hui yuan sur les marques de respect non données par les religieux ; XI (livre 2)偽楚桓玄許沙門不致禮詔Wei chu huan xuan xu sha men bu zhi li zhao.Décret rendu par Huan Xuan, empereur de Chu, pour autoriser les religieux à ne pas accomplir les rites de respect ; XII (livre 2)侍中卞嗣之等執沙門應敬奏。桓楚答Shi zhong bian si zhi deng zhi sha men ying jing zou. Huan chu da.Rapport du conseiller Bian Si zhi et autres sur les marques de respect dues par les religieux. Réponses de Huan, empereur de Chu ; XIII (livre 2)宋孝武帝抑沙門致拜事Song xiaowWu di yi sha men zhi bai shi.Xiao Wu di, des Song, oblige les religieux à saluer ; XIV (livre 2)夏赫連勃勃令沙門致拜事Xia he lian bu bu ling sha men zhi bai shi.He lian Bu bu, de Xia, ordonne aux religieux de saluer ; XV (livre 2)齊武帝論沙門抗禮事Qi wu di lun sha men kang li shi.Avis de Wu di, des Qi, sur la résistance des religieux aux rites ; XVI (livre 2)隋煬帝敕沙門致拜事。興善寺沙門明瞻答Sui yang di chi sha men zhi bai shi. Xing shan si sha men ming zhan da.Yang di, des Sui, ordonne aux religieux de saluer. Réponse de Ming zhan ; XVII (livre 2)洛濱翻經館沙門釋彥悰福田論并序Luo bin fan jing guan sha men shi yan cong fu tian lun bing xu.Dissertations de Yan cong Fu tian, bonze du Fan jing guan ; XVIII (Livre 3)制沙門等致拜君親敕Zhi sha men deng zhi bai jun qin chi.Ordre aux religieux de saluer les princes et leurs parents ; XIX (livre 3)大莊嚴寺僧威秀等上沙門不合拜俗表Da zhuang yan si seng wei xiu deng shang sha men bu he bai su biao.Rapport pour établir que les religieux ne doivent pas saluer les laïques, présenté par Wei xiu et autres religieux de Da zhuang yan si ; XX (livre 3)西明寺僧道宣等上雍州牧沛王賢論沙門不應拜俗事啟Xi ming si seng dao xuan deng shang yong zhou mu pei wang xian lun sha men bu ying bai su shi qi.Rapport de Dao xuan et autres religieux de Xi ming si présentant l'avis du prince de Phei, que les religieux ne doivent pas, etc ; XXI (livre 3)西明寺僧道宣等上榮國夫人楊氏請論沙門不合拜俗事啟Xi ming si seng dao xuan deng shang yong guo fu ren yang shi qing lun sha men bu he bai su deng shi qi.Rapport de Dao xuan, etc., présentant la prière et l'avis de la princesse de Yong, que les religieux ne doivent pas, etc ; XXII (livre 3)西明寺僧道宣等序佛教隆替事簡諸宰輔等狀Xi ming si seng dao xuan deng xu fo jiao long ti shi jian zhu zai fu deng zhuang.Rapport de Dao xuan, etc. faisant l'historique de la religion bouddhique ; XXIII (livre 3)中臺司禮太常伯隴西王博又（autre titre 叉）大夫孔志約等議狀Zhong tai si li tai shang bai long xi wang bai you (autre titre cha) da fu kong zhi yue deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par le prince de Long xi, Kong Zhi yue, etc ; XXIV (livre 3)司元太常伯竇德玄少常伯張仙壽等議狀Si yuan tai shang bai dou de xuan shao shang bai zhang shan shou deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Dou De xuan, Zhang Shan shou, etc ; XXV (livre 3)司戎太常伯城護軍鄭欽泰員外郎秦懷恪等議狀Si rong tai shang bai hu jun zheng qin tai yuan wai lang qin huai ke deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Zheng Qin tai, Qin Huai ke, etc ; XXVI (livre 3)司刑太常伯城陽縣開國侯劉祥道等議狀Si xing tai shang bai cheng yang xian kai guo hou liu xiang dao deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Liu Xiang dao et autres ; XXVII (livre 4)中御府少監護軍高藥尚等議狀Zhong yu fu shao jian hu jun gao yue shang deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Gao Yue shang et autres ; XXVIII (livre 4)內侍監給事王泉博士胡玄亮等議狀Nei shi jian ji shi wang quan bai shi hu xuan liang deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Wang Quan, Hu Xuan liang, etc ; XXIX (livre 4)奉常寺丞劉慶道主簿郝處傑等議狀Feng shang si cheng liu qing dao zhu bu he chu jie deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Liu Qing dao, He Chu jie, etc ; XXX (livre 4)詳刑寺承王千石司直張道遜等議狀Xiang xing si cheng wang qian shi si zhi zhang dao sun deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Wang Qian shi, Zhang Dao sun, etc ; XXXI (livre 4)司稼寺卿梁孝仁太倉署令趙行本等議狀Si jia si qing liang xiao ren tai cang shu ling zhao xing ben deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Liang Xiao ren, Zhao Xing ben, etc ; XXXII (livre 4)司稼寺卿梁孝仁太倉署令趙行本等議狀Wai fu si qing wei si zhai zhu bu jia ju deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Wei Si zhai, Jia Ju, etc ; XXXIII (livre 4)繕工監太監劉審禮監作上官突厥等議狀Shan gong jian tai jian liu shen li jian zuo shang guan tu jue deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Liu Shen li, Shang guan Tu jue, etc ; XXXIV (livre 4)司成館大司成令狐德棻等議狀Si cheng guan da si cheng ling hu de fen deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Ling hu De fen et autres ; XXXV (livre 4)司成寺館守宣業範義頵等議狀Si cheng si guan shou xuan ye fan yi jun deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Fan Yi jun et autres ; XXXVI (livre 4)左衛大將軍張延師等議狀Zuo wei da jiang jun zhang yan shi deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Zhang Yan shi et autres ; XXXVII (livre 4)右衛長史崔修業等議狀You wei zhang shi cui xiu ye deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Cui Xiu ye et autres ; XXXVIII (livre 4)左驍衛長史王玄策騎曹蕭灌等議狀Zuo xiao wei zhang shi wang xuan ce qi cao xiao guan deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Wang Xuan ce, Xiao Guan et autres ; XXXIX (livre 4)左 (autre titre 右) 武衛長史孝昌縣公徐慶等議狀Zuo (autre titre you) wu wei zhang shi xiao chang xian gong xu qing deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Xu Qing et autres ; XL (livre 4)右威衛將軍李晦等議狀You wei wei jiang jun li hui deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Li Hui et autres ; XLI (livre 4)左戎衛大將軍懷甯縣公杜君綽等議狀Zuo rong wei da jiang jun huai ning xian gong du jun chuo deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Du Jun tchho et autres ; XLII (livre 4)左金吾衛將軍上柱國開國侯權善才等議狀Zuo jin wu wei jiang jun shang zhu guo kai guo hou quan shan cai deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Quan Shan cai et autres ; XLIII (livre 4)右奉宸衛將軍辛弘亮等議狀You feng shen wei jiang jun xin hong liang deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Xin Hong liang et autres ; XLIV (livre 4)右春坊主事謝壽等議狀You chun fang zhu shi xie shou deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Xie Shou et autres ; XLV (livre 4)馭僕寺大夫王思泰丞牛玄璋等議狀Yu bu si da fu wang si tai cheng niu xuan zhang deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Wang Si tai, Niu Xuan zhang, etc ; XLVI (livre 4)萬年縣令源誠心等議狀Wan nian xian ling yuan cheng xin deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Yuan Cheng xin et autres ; XLVII (livre 4)長安縣尉崔道默等議狀Chang an xian wei cui dao mo deng yi zhuang ; autre titre : 長安縣丞王方則崔道默等議狀Chang an xian cheng wang fang ze cui dao mo deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Wang Fang ze, Cui Dao mo, etc ; XLVIII (livre 4)沛王府長史皇甫公義文學陳至德等議狀Pei wang fu zhang shi huang fu gong yi wen xue chen zhi de deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Huang fu Gong yi, Chen Zhi de, etc ; XLIX (livre 4)周王府長史源直心參軍元思敬等議狀Zhou wang fu zhang shi yuan zhi xin can jun yuan si jing deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Yuan Zhi xin, Yuan Si jing, etc ; L (livre 5)左威衛長史崔安都錄事沈玄明等議狀Zuo wei wei zhang shi Cui an du lu shi shen xuan ming deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Cui An du, Shen Xuan ming, etc ; LI (livre 5)右清道衛長史李洽等議狀You qing dao wei zhang shi li xia deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Li Xia et autres ; LII (livre 5)長安縣令張松壽等議狀Chang an xian ling zhang song shou deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Zhang Song shou et autres ; LIII (livre 5)中臺司列少常伯楊思玄司績大夫楊守拙等議狀Zhong tai si lie shao shang bo yang si xuan si ji da fu yang shou zhuo deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Yang Si Xuan, Yang Shou zhuo, etc ; LIV (livre 5)司平太常伯閻立本等議狀Si ping tai shang bo yan li ben deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Yan Li ben et autres ; LV (livre 5)蘭臺秘閣局郎中李淳風等議狀Lan tai bi ge ju lang zhong li shun feng deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Li Shun feng et autres ; LVI (livre 5)太常寺博士呂才等議狀Tai shang si bo shi lü cai deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Lü Cai et autres ; LVII (livre 5)司宰寺丞豆盧暕等議狀Si zai si cheng dou lu jian deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Dou Lu jian et autres ; LVIII (livre 5)司衛寺卿楊思儉等議狀Si wei si qing yang si jian deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Yang Si jian et autres ; LIX (livre 5)司馭寺丞韓處玄等議狀Si yu si cheng han chu xuan deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Han Chu xuan et autres ; LX (livre 5)詳刑寺少卿元大士等議狀Xiang xing si shao qing yuan da shi deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Yuan Da shi et autres ; LXI (livre 5)司（autre titre 同）文寺丞謝祐等議狀Si (autre titre tong) wen si cheng xie you deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Xie You et autres ; LXII (livre 5)內府監丞柳元貞等議狀Nei fu jian cheng liu yuan zheng deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Liu Yuan zheng et autres ; LXIII (livre 5)司津監李仁方等議狀Si jin jian li ren fang deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Li Ren fang et autres ; LXIV (livre 5)右武衛兵曹參軍趙崇素等議狀You wu wei bing cao can jun zhao chong su deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Zhao Chong su et autres ; LXV (livre 5)右戎衛長史李義範等議狀You rong wei zhang shi li yi fan deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Li Yi fan et autres ; LXVI (livre 5)右金吾衛將軍薛孤吳仁長史劉文琮等議狀You jin wu wei jiang jun xie gu wu ren zhang shi liu wen cang deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Xie Gu, Liu Wen tshong, etc ; LXVII (livre 5)右監門衛中郎將能玄逸等議狀You jian men wei zhong lang jiang xiong xuan yi deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Xiong Xuan yi et autres ; LXVIII (livre 5)端尹府端尹李寬等議狀Duan yin fu duan yin li khoan deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Li Khoan et autres ; LXIX (livre 5)左春坊中護賀蘭敏之贊善楊全節等議狀Zuo chun fang zhong hu he lan min zhi zan shan yang quan jie deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par He lan Min zhi, Yang Quan jie, etc ; LXX (livre 5)右春坊中護郝處俊贊善楊思正等議狀You chun fang zhong hu he chu jun zan shan yang si zheng deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par He Chu jun, Yang Si zheng, etc ; LXXI (livre 5)司更寺丞張約等議狀Si jing si cheng zhang yue deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Zhang Yue et autres ; LXXII (livre 5)左典戎衛倉曹王思九等議狀Zuo dian rong wei cang cao wang si jiu deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Wang Si jiu et autres ; LXXIII (livre 5)右典戎衛將軍斛斯敬則等議狀You dian rong wei jiang jun hu si jing ze deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Hu si Jing ze et autres ; LXXIV (livre 5)左司禦衛長史馬大師等議狀Zuo si yu wei zhang shi ma da shi deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Ma Da shi et autres ; LXXV (livre 5)右司禦衛長史崔崇業等議狀You si yu wei zhang shi cui chong ye deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Cui Chong ye et autres ; LXXVI (livre 5)左清道衛長史蔣眞胄等議狀Zuo qing dao wei zhang shi jiang zhen zhou deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Jiang Zhen zhou et autres ; LXXVII (livre 5)左崇掖衛長史竇尚義等議狀Zuo chong yi wei zhang shi dou shang yi deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Dou Shang yi et autres ; LXXVIII (livre 5)右崇掖衛長史李行敏等議狀You chong yi wei zhang shi li xing min deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Li Xing min et autres ; LXXIX (livre 5)左奉裕衛長史丘神靜等議狀Zuo feng yu wei zhang shi qiu shen jing deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Qiu Shen jing et autres ; LXXX (livre 5)右奉裕衛率韋懷敬等議狀You feng yu wei choai wei huai jing deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Wei Huai jing et autres ; LXXXI (livre 5)雍州司功劉仁叡等議狀Yong zhou si gong liu ren rui deng yi zhuang.Avis formulé par Liu Ren rui et autres ; LXXXII (livre 6)普光寺沙門玄範質拜議狀Pu guang si sha men xuan fan zhi bai yi zhuang.Examen de la question du salut des religieux, par le bonze Xuan fan, de Pu guang si ; LXXXIII (livre 6)中臺司禮太常伯隴西王博叉等執議奏狀Zhong tai si li tai shang bai long xi wang bai cha deng zhi yi zou zhuang.Rapport du prince de Long xi et autres ; LXXXIV (livre 6)今上停沙門拜君詔Jin shang ting sha men bai jun zhao.Ordre de l'empereur régnant suspendant l'obligation pour les bonzes de saluer le souverain ; LXXXV (livre 6)京邑老人程士顒等上請出家子女不拜親表Jing yi lao ren cheng shi yong deng shang qing chu jia zi nü bu bai qin biao.Rapport présenté par les vieillards Cheng Shi yong et autres, demandant que les religieux et religieuses ne saluent pas leurs parents ; LXXXVI (livre 6)直東臺馮神德上請依舊僧尼等不拜親表并上佛道先後事Zhi dong tai feng shen de shang qing yi jiu seng ni deng bu bai qin biao bing shang fo dao xian hou shi.Rapport présenté par Feng Shen de, demandant que les religieux et religieuses continuent à ne pas saluer leurs parents et exposant l'historique du bouddhisme ; LXXXVII (livre 6)西明寺僧道宣等重上榮國夫人楊氏請論不合拜親啟Xi ming si seng dao xuan deng chong shang rong guo fu ren yang shi qing lun bu he bai qin qi.Rapport de Dao xuan et autres religieux de Xi ming si, présentant de nouveau la prière et l'avis de la princesse de Rong, que les religieux ne doivent pas saluer leurs parents ; LXXXVIII (livre 6)大莊嚴寺僧威秀等上僧尼請依內教不拜父母表Da zhuang yan si seng wei xiu deng shang seng ni qing yi nei jiao bu bai fu mu biao.Rapport de Wei xiu et autres religieux de Da zhuang yan si, présentant la prière des religieux et religieuses qui demandent à ne pas saluer leurs père et mère ; LXXXIX (livre 6)玉華宮寺譯經沙門靜邁等上僧尼拜父母有損表Yu hua gong si yi jing sha men jing mai deng shang seng ni bai fu mu you sun biao.Rapport de Jing mai et autres religieux traducteurs, de Yu hua gong si, exposant qu'il y a inconvénient à ce que les religieux et religieuses saluent leurs père et mère ; XC (livre 6)襄州禪居寺僧崇拔上請僧尼父母同君上不受出家男女致拜表Xiang zhou shan ju si seng chong ba shang qing seng ni fu mu tong jun shang bu shou chu jia nan nü zhi bai biao.Rapport de Chong ba, religieux de Xiang zhou, demandant que les père et mère, comme les princes et supérieurs des religieux et religieuses, ne reçoivent pas le salut de leurs fils et filles entrés en religion