873 resultados para Voluntry Consumer Movement National and International
Resumo:
Il est mondialement reconnu que les institutions judiciaires jouent un rle central dans le processus de prise de dcisions politiques, la fois au niveau national et international. Cest dailleurs le cas la Haute Cour de justice dIsral. Ltendue de son succs (ou de son chec) dans la tentative de trouver une solution aux violations des droits humains dans les territoires occups est un problme qui continue de faire lobjet de bien des dbats et de recherches acadmiques. cet gard, il a t suggr que, malgr labsence de constitution crite et lexistence dun tat durgence prolong en Isral, la Haute Cour de justice a russi adopter une approche judiciairement active quant la protection et la promotion des droits de lhomme de manire gnrale, y compris ceux des Palestiniens dans les territoires occups. Dans cette perspective, le dbat sur le processus dexamen judiciaire de la Haute Cour de Justice tient pour acquise la notion quIsral est une dmocratie. Ainsi, cet article cherche examiner cette hypothse. Premirement, en adoptant la position que le processus de rvision judiciaire est compatible avec la dmocratie et la rgle de loi. Deuximement, il examine lapproche judiciairement active de la Cour et soumet un bref aperu du processus, des outils et des principes lgaux que la Cour adopte pour examiner les actions des autorits israliennes, y compris larme, et imposer une loi commune de protection des droits de la personne, donc ceux des Palestiniens dans les territoires occups. Larticle argumente galement que le contrle prolong des territoires occups par Isral a eu des consquences significatives, car tout effort fourni par la Cour pour garantir le respect des droits humains de la population civile palestinienne doit se faire sans compromettre la scurit du pouvoir isralien. La conclusion laquelle on arrive ici dpend de la faon dont on qualifie ce contrle: une occupation long terme ou une annexion (ce qui nest pas rglementaire par rapport loi internationale), ce qui nest pas sans consquence sur le rle que la Haute Cour de justice peut effectivement jouer pour faire respecter les droits de la personne dans les territoires occups.
Resumo:
La dtermination de la loi applicable et de la juridiction comptente en ce qui concerne les contrats lectroniques internationaux constitue lun des dfis les plus importants dans ltablissement dun cadre juridique adapt au commerce lectronique. La dmatrialisation des changes et le caractre international des rseaux rendent difficile lapplication des rgles de droit international priv conues pour rpondre aux besoins des contrats papier . Dans le cas du contrat lectronique de consommation, la cration dinstruments juridiques adapts devient essentielle afin de renforcer le rapport de confiance devant exister entre commerant et cyberconsommateur et dainsi permettre au commerce lectronique de continuer son dveloppement. Le phnomne Internet li au commerce lectronique provoque, depuis un certain temps, un dbat au sujet des besoins dadaptation et de renouvellement des diffrentes rgles tatiques et internationales portant sur les conflits de lois et de juridictions. Cest dans cette optique que cet article fait lanalyse du cadre lgislatif gnral permettant la dtermination de la loi applicable et de la juridiction comptente en matire de contrat lectronique international. Larticle aborde galement ltude des diffrentes rgles juridictionnelles encadrant le contrat lectronique de consommation et les possibles difficults dapplication de celles-ci. Est finalement analyse la validit du consentement dun consommateur eu gard aux clauses sur la loi applicable et le tribunal comptent imposes unilatralement par les cybermarchands.
Resumo:
Dans cette thse, nous dcrivons les rsultats dun projet de recherche visant mesurer et valuer la qualit des soins obsttricaux des hpitaux de rfrence au Mali et au Sngal. Dans ces pays, la mortalit maternelle hospitalire est leve et est lie en partie la pratique mdicale inadquate. Cette recherche a t ralise dans le cadre de ltude QUARITE, un essai randomis en grappe valuant lefficacit du programme GESTA International visant rduire la mortalit maternelle hospitalire. GESTA a t mis en uvre entre 2008 et 2010 et consistait en la formation des professionnels de sant et en la revue des cas de dcs maternels. En parallle de QUARITE, les programmes de prvention de la transmission du VIH de la mre lenfant (PTME) ont t mis lchelle travers les pays. Ces derniers ayant galement la capacit daugmenter la qualit des soins obsttricaux, nous avons donc valu les effets des deux programmes (GESTA et PTME) sur la qualit des soins. Dans un premier temps, laide dune recension des crits nous avons valu la capacit dun audit clinique bas sur des critres mesurer la qualit des soins obsttricaux. Cet audit vrifiait si loffre des soins avait respect les critres cliniques dfinissant la meilleure prise en charge selon lvidence scientifique et lavis des experts. Nous avons dmontr que cet outil est largement utilis dans les pays faibles et moyens revenus, malgr le peu dvidence sur sa validit (article 1). Dans un deuxime temps, nous avons dvelopp un audit clinique bas sur des critres qui sapplique au contexte ouest-africain et qui a t approuv par des experts-obsttriciens nationaux et internationaux. partir des dossiers obsttricaux, les actes mdicaux poss pendant le travail et laccouchement ont t valus laide de cet instrument. La qualit des soins a t estime sous forme de pourcentage de critres atteints. Appliqu dans diffrents contextes et par diffrents auditeurs, nous avons dmontr que notre instrument est fiable et valide (article 3). Nanmoins, lexprience de laudit nous a amens nous questionner sur le mauvais remplissage des dossiers mdicaux et ses consquences sur la qualit des soins (article 2). Dans un troisime temps, loutil a t appliqu large chelle pour valuer les effets de lintervention GESTA (article 4). Nous avons men une rvision de plus de 800 dossiers obsttricaux dans 32 hpitaux de rfrence (16 bnficiaires de lintervention et 16 non-bnficiaires). Grce cet audit clinique, nous avons dmontr que le programme GESTA contribue lamlioration de la qualit des soins, spcifiquement lexamen clinique lors de ladmission et le suivi aprs laccouchement. Dernirement, nous avons utilis cet instrument afin dvaluer les effets des programmes de PTME sur la qualit des soins obsttricaux (article 5). Notre travail a document que seulement certaines composantes du programme de PTME amliorent la qualit des soins telles que la formation des professionnels et les services complmentaires en nutrition. En conclusion, cette recherche a identifi plusieurs pistes dintervention pour amliorer la qualit des soins obsttricaux en Afrique de lOuest.
Resumo:
En Amrique du Nord, les militants et les juristes ont longtemps cru que les avocats progressistes pourraient offrir des avantages tactiques importants aux mouvements sociaux. Cette perspective optimiste a cd la place pendant les annes 1970 une attitude critique l'gard des avocats et des litiges. Les chercheurs se sont interrogs sur lefficacit dassimiler les revendications politiques des atteintes aux droits individuels, pour tre ensuite prsentes devant les tribunaux. Le litige tait peru comme source dune influence ngative qui favorise lisolement et lindividualisme. De plus, les chercheurs ont remarqu quil y avait le potentiel pour les avocats militants bien quils soient bien intentionns dexercer leur profession dune manire qui pourrait donner un sentiment dimpuissance aux autres participants du mouvement social. Les premires versions de cette critique vont souvent assimiler la stratgie juridique avec le litige prsent devant les tribunaux judiciaires et gr par les avocats. Une rponse inspirante cette critique a dveloppe au dbut des annes 2000, avec l'mergence dun modle de pratique que les chercheurs aux tats-Unis ont nomm law and organizing . Des tudes normatives sur ce modle offrent des arguments nuancs en faveur dune pratique militante interdisciplinaire, partage entre les avocats et les organisateurs. Ces tudes continuent attribuer les risques dindividualisation et dimpuissance aux avocats et aux litiges. Selon ce modle, au lieu de diriger la stratgie, les avocats travaillent en collaboration avec les travailleurs sociaux, les organisateurs et les citoyens pour planifier la stratgie du mouvement social, tout en favorisant l'autonomisation et la mobilisation de la collectivit. La prsente thse offre un examen critique de ce modle, travers l'une de ses tactiques bien connues: le traitement des problmes juridiques individuels par les organisations militantes. La thse examine les hypothses fondatrices du modle law and organizing , en rinterprtant les problmes dindividualisation et dimpuissance comme tant des enjeux reconnus dans de multiples disciplines, partout o les acteurs font de lintervention sur une base individuelle afin de provoquer un changement systmique. La thse soutient quun modle de la pratique engage du droit qui associe l'individualisation et l'impuissance exclusivement la profession d'avocat risque de rpondre de faon inadquate aux deux problmes. La recherche propose un modle modifi qui met l'accent sur les options juridiques accessibles aux militants, tout en reconnaissant que la mobilisation et l'autonomisation sont des priorits qui sont partages entre plusieurs disciplines, mme si elles peuvent tre traites de faon particulire lintrieur de la profession juridique.
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This thesis Entitled Resource abundance and survival of indigenous ornamental fishes of central kerala with emphasis on handling and packing stress in puntius filamentosus (valenciennes).Kerala state is endowed with 41 west flowing and three east flowing rivers originating in the Western Ghats. These rivers and their vast network of tributaries and distributaries harbour rich and diversified fish fauna. Most of the freshwater fishes available in Kerala are highly appreciated as ornamental fishes in the national and international markets.Today the ornamental fish industry is one of the largest industries all over the world. The demand for ornamental fishes has been increasing steadily with the enlargement of the industry, such that the current demand for indigenous ornamental fishes have exceeded the supply. This has led to serious concern about the resources available in the country that can be utilised judiciously for the economic benefit of the state. With an aim to fill up the lacuna, a database of freshwater ornamental fishes of Kerala was created as part of the present study. Ornamental fishes destined for export marketing should thrive well in the aquarium conditions.The study reiterates fishes caught from different environmental conditions and feeding habits have a greater ability to adapt and acclimatise to an entirely new environment and food habits. Marketing studies based on the statistics available with Marine Products Export Development Authority show that these species are not being exported at the required level over the past 6 years, when compared to the availability in the water bodies of Kerala. Sustainable utilisation of these resources from the wild using modern management principles and code of conduct for responsible fishing are advisable until captive breeding technology is popularised.
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In recent years, pollution in general and sea water pollution in particular, has become an important topic for national and international considerations. Because of its impact on society, marine pollution has attracted great attention from politicians, administrators, natural scientists and technologists all over the world. To save our environment from further deterioration, it is essential to have an assessment of this problem This thesis involves investigation of the lethal and sub lethal effects of four pesticides and two petroleum oil, individually and in combinations on two commercially important bivalves. Among the four pesticides used two are organophosphates and the other two are organochlorines. Synthetic Pesticides, especially organophosphates and organochlorines have become increasingly important additions to chemical wastes polluting natural aquatic Communities special attention is given in the present investigation to delineate the combined toxic effect of oil and pesticides. The results are presented under different sections to make the presentation meaningful.
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Poor project planning, implementation and control and the subsequent cost and time overruns are ubiquitous features that have been posing serious concern at all levels - state, national and international. It results in wastage of the nation's scarce resources and retards the socio-economic progress. Although several studies peripheral on project overruns have been made at the national level, no serious attempt has been made at the state level to identify the magnitude of overruns, their causes and impacts on industrial projects. The present study "Time and Cost Overruns of Industrial Projects in Kerala" is an earnest attempt to probe in depth the time and cost overruns and their impact on industrial projects. The study places emphasise on the identification of the real reasons behind the cost and time overruns. It also covers the present project management practices of industrial projects in Kerala.
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The present study consists of nine chapters including the introductory chapter. Chapter II makes a brief review of environmental literature and examines various measures adopted at the global level to protect the environment. The environmental problems often transgress national sovereignity and geographical boundaries. Therefore, attempts must be made at the national and international levels to protect the environment, the resources of which are the common property of mankind. The protection of the national environment from the ancient till the present forms the content of Chapter III. These chapters together provide a background to understand the issues analysed in the subsequent chapters. Carefully worked out theoretical framework is a pre-requisite for the successful study of a complex subject. Some of the theoretical issues of environomics are examined in Chapter IV. The theoretical issues involved in estimating the costs and benefits of environmental protection constitute the theme of Chapter V. The state of environment in Eloor-Edayar Industrial belt andthe impact analysis of pollution of the area are discussed in Chapter VI and VII respectively. Chapter VIII makes the financial estimate of environmental protection of the project And finally, Chapter IX presents the findings of the study
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Nowadays there is a growing environmental concern and the business communities have slowly started recognising environmental protection and sustainable utilization of natural resources into their marketing strategies. This paper discusses the various Ecolabeling and Certification Systems developed world over to regulate and introduce Fair Trade in Ornamental Fish Industry. Ecolabeling and green certification are considered as part of these strategies implemented partly out of compulsion from the National and International Regulatory Bodies and Environmental Movements. All the major markets of ornamental fishes like European Union, USA and Japan have started putting restrictions on the trade to impose ecolabeling as a non tariff barrier like the one imposed on seafood and aqua cultured products. A review was done on the available Ecolabeling and Green Certification Schemes available at local, national and international levels for fisheries including aquaculture and ornamental fish trade and to examine the success and constraints faced by these schemes during its implementation. The primary downside of certification is the multiplicity of ecolabels and cost incurred by applicants for certification, costs which may in turn be passed on to consumers. The studies reveal serious inadequacies in a number of ecolabels and cast doubt on their overall contribution to effective fisheries management and sustainability. The paper also discusses the inititive taken in India to develop guidelines for Green Certification of Fresh water ornamental fishes.
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The present study is an attempt to highlight the problem of typographical errors in OPACS. The errors made while typing catalogue entries as well as importing bibliographical records from other libraries exist unnoticed by librarians resulting the non-retrieval of available records and affecting the quality of OPACs. This paper follows previous research on the topic mainly by Jeffrey Beall and Terry Ballard. The word management was chosen from the list of likely to be misspelled words identified by previous research. It was found that the word is wrongly entered in several forms in local, national and international OPACs justifying the observations of Ballard that typos occur in almost everywhere. Though there are lots of corrective measures proposed and are in use, the study asserts the fact that human effort is needed to get rid of the problem. The paper is also an invitation to the library professionals and system designers to construct a strategy to solve the issue
Resumo:
The present study is an attempt to highlight the problem of typographical errors in OPACS. The errors made while typing catalogue entries as well as importing bibliographical records from other libraries exist unnoticed by librarians resulting the non-retrieval of available records and affecting the quality of OPACs. This paper follows previous research on the topic mainly by Jeffrey Beall and Terry Ballard. The word management was chosen from the list of likely to be misspelled words identified by previous research. It was found that the word is wrongly entered in several forms in local, national and international OPACs justifying the observations of Ballard that typos occur in almost everywhere. Though there are lots of corrective measures proposed and are in use, the study asserts the fact that human effort is needed to get rid of the problem. The paper is also an invitation to the library professionals and system designers to construct a strategy to solve the issue
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Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) have not only gained more and more relevance in the development process of Near Eastern developing societies, but they have also raised an increasing scholarly interest. The traditional civil society in the Middle East, which used to be in charge of the tribe or large families, has been altered by new groups, which are organized around new social structures, interests and goals. The number of NGOs has experienced a swift increase in number and size, and the extent of some renders them important players in the social welfare sector, both at the national and global levels. The expansion and the increasing role of NGOs worldwide since the end of the 1970s as actors in socio-economic development and in the formulation of public policies has had great influence around the globe. However, this new function is not automatically the outcome of independent activity; but rather the result of ramified relationships between the national and international environment.
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The main objective of this PhD research study is to provide a perspective on the urban growth management and sustainable development in Palestine, and more specifically in Hebron district as a case study. Hebron is located 36 km south of Jerusalem, with an overall population size of around 600,000 people living in a total area around1246km2. Hebron is the biggest Palestinian district that has 16 municipalities and 154 localities. The research discusses and analyzes the urban planning system, economical and environmental policies and the solution required to manage and integrate the development elements to develop a sustainable development plan for Hebron. The research provides answers for fundamental questions such as what kind and definition of sustainable development are applicable to the Palestinian case?. What are the sustainability problems there and how the Israeli occupation and unstable political condition affect the sustainable development in Palestine? What are the urban growth management and sustainability policies and actions required from government, public and privets sector in Palestine? The fast urban growth in Palestine is facing many problems and challenges due to the increase in the population size and the resulting impact of this increase including, but not limited to, the demand of new houses, need for more infrastructure services, demands on new industrial, commercial, educational and health projects, which in turn reduces the area of agricultural lands and threatens the natural resources and environment. There are also other associated sustainability problems like the absence of effective plans or regulations that control urban expansion, the absence of sufficient sustainable development plans at the national levels for the district, new job requirements, Israeli restrictions and occupation for more than 60 years, existence of construction factories near residential areas, poor public awareness and poor governmental funds for service projects and development plans. The study consists of nine chapters. Chapter One includes an introduction, study objectives, problems and justifications, while Chapter Two has a theoretical background on sustainability topic and definitions of sustainability. The Palestinian urban planning laws and local government systems are discussed in Chapter Three and the methodology of research is detailed in Chapter Four. As for Chapter Five, it provides a general background on Hebron District including demographical and economical profiles, along with recommendations related to sustainable development for each profile Chapter Six addresses the urban environment, sustainability priorities and policies required. Chapter Seven discusses and analyzes infrastructure services including transportation, water and wastewater. As for Chapter Eight, it addresses the land use, housing and urban expansion beside the cultural heritage, natural heritage with relevant sustainable development polices and recommendations. Finally, Chapter Nine includes a conclusion and comprehensive recommendations integrating all of urban and sustainability event in one map. Hebron has a deep history including a rich cultural heritage aged by thousands of years, with 47% of Hebron district population under 14 years old. Being the biggest Palestinian district, Hebron has thousands of industrial and economical organizations beside a large agricultural sector at Palestine level. This gives Hebron a potential to play major roles in developing a national sustainability plan, as the current urban planning system in Palestine needs urgent reform and development to fulfill the sustainability requirement. The municipalities and ministers should find permanent financial aid for urban planning and development studies so as to face future challenges. The Palestinian government can benefit from available local human resources in development projects; hence Palestinian people have sufficient qualifications in most sectors. The Palestinian people also can invest in the privet sector in Palestine in case businessmen have been encouraged and clear investment laws and plans have been developed. The study provides recommendations associated to the sustainable development in Palestine in general and Hebron, as a case study, in specific. Recommendations include increasing the privet sector as well as the public involvement in urban growth management, and stopping unplanned urban expansion, subjecting granting building permits of new projects to the no-harm environmental impact assessment, increasing the coordination and cooperation between localities and central bodies, protection and renovation of old cites and green areas, increasing the quality and quantity of infrastructure services, establishing district urban planning department to coordinate and organize urban planning and sustainable development activities. Also, among recommendations come dividing Hebron into three planning and administrative areas (north, central and south), and dividing the sustainable development and implementation period (2010 to 2025) into three main phases. Finally, the study strongly recommends benefiting from the same urban development plans in similar districts at national and international levels, also to use new technologies and information systems in urban planning process.
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Diese Dissertation hat das Ziel, zum einen die Transformation des Handelssystems von der GATT zur Welthandelsorganisation (WTO) im Kontext einer vernderten Weltordnung und zum anderen die Rollen von transnationalen Unternehmen im Rahmen dieser Transformation zu untersuchen und zu verstehen. Die Arbeit wird theoretisch vom Neogramscianismus angeleitet, da die etablierten Anstzen in den Internationalen Beziehungen und der International Politischen konomie nur unzureichend die intersubjektive Natur von Regimen und nicht-staatlichen Akteuren darstellen. Fr Anhnger des Neogramscianismus sind internationale Regime intersubjektive Einheiten, deren Zusammenspiel von Ideen und Machtkonfigurationen historische Strukturen prgen. Die Hegemonie ist ein Konzept, das soziale Einflsse als Agenten historischen Wandels in international Regimen und der Weltordnung zusammenbindet. Mit dem Konzept der Hegemonie wird eine Machtsituation beschrieben, in der politische Macht in legitime Autoritt bersetzt wird, indem die Zustimmung subalterner Akteure eingeholt wird. Hegemonie beinhaltet die konsensuellen Aspekte von Machtausbung in einer jeweiligen Weltordnung. Diese Dissertation argumentiert vor allem, dass die Transformation des Handelssystems als hegemonisch bezeichnet werden kann, da sie parallel mit der Transformation der Weltordnung von einer von den USA dominierten Nachkriegszeit zu einer neoliberalen Hegemonie stattfand. Mit der Transformation zur Welthandlungsorganisation wird der legale Rahmen des Handelssystems neu strukturiert und ihre normative Grundlagen neu definiert, wodurch der ethische Rahmen des Neoliberalismus reflektiert wird. Diese nderungen werden in der neuartigen Anerkennung der legitimen Autoritt des Marktes gegenber Nationalstaaten und der Anerkennung von der Notwendigkeit von bindenden Disziplinen, die Regierungen bergeordnet sind, reflektiert. Diese Dissertation analysiert zwei Flle, um die Rolle von transnationalen Unternehmen innerhalb diese Transformationsprozesses zu erklren. Dabei wird der Fokus vor allem auf die Aktivitten und Fhigkeiten der Unternehmen gerichtet, die Ausrichtung des Handelsregimes zu bestimmen. Die erste Studie untersucht die Eingliederung von Dienstleistungen in das GATT Regime vor und whrend der Uruguay-Runde (1986 1994) und argumentiert, dass diese Eingliederung zu einer Neudefinierung von Liberalisierung und Normen der Nichtdiskriminierung fhrte. Die zweite Studie analysiert den gescheiterten Versuch, auslndische Direktinvestitionen noch bevor und whrend der 2001 begonnenen Doha Runde in die Welthandelsorganisation zu integrieren. Letztendlich wird in dieser Dissertation argumentiert, dass transnationale Unternehmen, die in den Vereinigten Staaten ansssig sind, hegemonische Agenten der Regimetransformation waren und eine wichtige Rolle dabei gespielt haben, Dienstleistungen in das GATT einzubinden. Und zwar gelang ihnen dies durch eine in den spten 1970er Jahren begonnenen Kampagne. Auf der einen Seite war die Kampagne darin erfolgreich, etablierte Denkstrukturen zu Handelsthemen systematisch im Sinne des Neoliberalismus zu verndern und zwar sowohl hinsichtlich der normativen Inhalte als auch der intersubjektiven Bedeutungen des Regimes. Auf der anderen Seite deutet der Fall des Investitionsabkommens die Grenzen der hegemonischen Ideen, Institutionen, und Strmungen seit den frhen 90er Jahren an. Transnationale Unternehmen, die in Europa ansssig waren, sind mit ihren Bemhungen gescheitert, das Regime weiter zu transformieren und das Thema Investitionen in die legalen und normativen Rahmenbedingungen der WTO zu integrieren. Die Prioritten und Strategien der transnationalen Unternehmen, die Agenda der WTO zu beeinflussen, waren beschrnkt und wurden im Kontext einer angefochtenen neoliberalen Hegemonie geformt, die wiederum von dem Widerstand und anti-hegemonischen Kampagnen der Zivilgesellschaft beeinflusst wurden. Die Analyse in dieser Dissertation wurde durch eine qualitative Diskursanalyse von Sekundr- und Primrquellen durchgefhrt: Regierungsvorschlge, Verhandlungstexte, Konferenzzusammenfassungen und Statements von Unternehmen.
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A serial-link manipulator may form a mobile closed kinematic chain when interacting with the environment, if it is redundant with respect to the task degrees of freedom (DOFs) at the endpoint. If the mobile closed chain assumes a number of configurations, then loop consistency equations permit the manipulator and task kinematics to be calibrated simultaneously using only the joint angle readings; endpoint sensing is not required. Example tasks include a fixed endpoint (0 DOF task), the opening of a door (1 DOF task), and point contact (3 DOF task). Identifiability conditions are derived for these various tasks.
