Pollen profile LAGODEH, Lagodekhi, Georgia

Limno-glacial deposits 110 cm in thickness in the upper alpine belt have been investigated. It is established that during the Yuanakhchiri period of glaciation in the region under study a glacial cirque was situated at an altitude of 2750 m a.s.l. After the glacier retreated, a lake was formed in its bed which existed till the second noticeable cooling in the second half of SA2 (1600-1500 years ago).

Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows

Planted meadows are increasingly used to improve the biodiversity and aesthetic amenity value of urban areas. Although many ‘pollinator-friendly’ seed mixes are available, the floral resources these provide to flower-visiting insects, and how these change through time, are largely unknown. Such data are necessary to compare the resources provided by alternative meadow seed mixes to each other and to other flowering habitats. We used quantitative surveys of over 2 million flowers to estimate the nectar and pollen resources offered by two exemplar commercial seed mixes (one annual, one perennial) and associated weeds grown as 300m2 meadows across four UK cities, sampled at six time points between May and September 2013. Nectar sugar and pollen rewards per flower varied widely across 65 species surveyed, with native British weed species (including dandelion, Taraxacum agg.) contributing the top five nectar producers and two of the top ten pollen producers. Seed mix species yielding the highest rewards per flower included Leontodon hispidus, Centaurea cyanus and C. nigra for nectar, and Papaver rhoeas, Eschscholzia californica and Malva moschata for pollen. Perennial meadows produced up to 20x more nectar and up to 6x more pollen than annual meadows, which in turn produced far more than amenity grassland controls. Perennial meadows produced resources earlier in the year than annual meadows, but both seed mixes delivered very low resource levels early in the year and these were provided almost entirely by native weeds. Pollen volume per flower is well predicted statistically by floral morphology, and nectar sugar mass and pollen volume per unit area are correlated with flower counts, raising the possibility that resource levels can be estimated for species or habitats where they cannot be measured directly. Our approach does not incorporate resource quality information (for example, pollen protein or essential amino acid content), but can easily do so when suitable data exist. Our approach should inform the design of new seed mixes to ensure continuity in floral resource availability throughout the year, and to identify suitable species to fill resource gaps in established mixes.

Valutazione dell'attivita prebiotica di equiseto e residui della lavorazione degli agrumi

Obiettivo di questa sperimentazione è stata la valutazione in vitro dell’attività prebiotica di un sottoprodotto dell’industria alimentare, il pastazzo di agrumi, ed una pianta officinale largamente diffusa in natura, l’equiseto, nei confronti di alcuni batteri lattici isolati da feci di origine umana. Come riferimento si sono utilizzati due composti a riconosciuta attività prebiotica, l’inulina ed i frutto-oligosaccaridi (FOS), e ceppi di Bifidobacterium isolati da un preparato commerciale (Bifiselle®, Bromatech). I ceppi batterici utilizzati per tale prova sono stati isolati da campioni fecali di individui caratterizzati da differenti regimi alimentari – onnivoro, vegano od ovo-latto vegetariano -nell’ambito delle attività relative al progetto PRIN 2010-2011 “Microrganismi negli alimenti e nell'uomo: studio del microbiota e del relativo metaboloma in funzione della dieta onnivora, vegetariana o vegana (Gut4Diet)”. I risultati ottenuti hanno messo in evidenza come alcuni dei ceppi studiati posseggano una buona capacità di crescita in terreni di coltura con sottoprodotti agrumari ed equiseto come fonti di carbonio. Tramite analisi delle molecole volatili si sono determinate più di 60 molecole appartenenti principalmente alle classi degli acidi organici e loro esteri, alcoli, aldeidi, chetoni e pirazine. Tra queste vi sono alcuni esteri di acidi grassi a corta catena che si sono accumulati soprattutto nei sistemi addizionati di equiseto, FOS ed inulina. E’ noto che gli acidi grassi a corta catena sono prodotti dalla flora batterica intestinale durante la fermentazione di polisaccaridi non digeribili ed esplicano un ruolo protettivo nei confronti di differenti patologie.

From the field to the table: ionizing radiation as a feasible postharvest treatment for fresh and dried plant foods

Food irradiation is a treatment that involves subjecting in-bulk or packaged food to a controlled dose of ionizing radiation, with a clearly defined goal. It has been used for disinfestation and sanitization of food commodities and to retard postharvest ripening and senescence processes, being a sustainable alternative to chemical agents 1 . Doses up to 10 kGy are approved by several international authorities for not offering negative effects to food from a nutrition and toxicology point of view 2 . However, the adoption of this technology for food applications has been a slow process due to some misunderstandings by the consumer who often chooses non-irradiated foods. In this study, the effects of the ionizing radiation treatment on physical, chemical and bioactive properties of dried herbs and its suitability for preserving quality attributes of fresh vegetables during cold storage were evaluated. The studied herbs, perennial spotted rockrose (Tuberaria lignosa (Sweet) Samp.) and common mallow (Malva neglecta Wallr.) were freeze-dried and then irradiated up to 10 kGy in a Cobalt-60 chamber. The selected vegetables, watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) and buckler sorrel (Rumex induratus Boiss. Reut.) were rinsed in tap water, packaged in polyethylene bags, submitted to irradiation doses up to 6 kGy and then were stored at 4 C for a period of up to 12 days. Physical, chemical and bioactive parameters of irradiated and non-irradiated samples were evaluated using different methodologies the colour was measured with a colorimeter, individual chemical compounds were analyzed by chromatographic techniques, antioxidant properties were evaluated using in vitro assays based on different reaction mechanisms, and other quality analyses were performed following official methods of analysis. The irradiation treatment did not significantly affect the colour of the perennial spotted rockrose samples, or its phenolic composition and antioxidant activity 3 . Medium doses preserved the colour of common mallow and a low dose did not induce any adverse effect in the organic acids profile. The green colour of the irradiated vegetables was maintained during cold storage but the treatment had pros and cons in other quality attributes. The 2 kGy dose preserved free sugars and favoured polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) while the 5 kGy dose favoured tocopherols and preserved the antioxidant properties in watercress samples. The 6 kGy dose was a suitable option for preserving PUFA and the ω-6 ω-3 fatty acids ratio in buckler sorrel samples. This comprehensive experimental work allowed selecting appropriate processing doses for the studied plant foods in order to preserve its quality attributes and edibility.

Use of inert gas-enriched atmospheres and post-packaging irradiation in shelf-life extension of watercress

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) is a semi-aquatic plant of the Brassicaceae family highly appreciated in the Mediterranean cuisine. It features sharp, peppery and slightly tangy taste and contains health-promoting phytochemicals. Its consumption as a fresh-cut product has increased in recent years, as well as the global market of minimally processed vegetables. This demand is driven by the growing interest in the role of food in promoting the human health and wellbeing and to meet consumer needs for fresh-like and more convenient foods. Due to the reduced shelf-life of this plant, the suitability of inert gas-enriched atmospheres and ionizing irradiation for preserving visual, nutritional and functional quality attributes during cold storage was studied. Watercress samples were gathered in the Northeast region of Portugal, rinsed in tap water and a portion was immediately analyzed (non-stored control). The remaining fresh material was packaged in polyethylene bags under N2- and Ar-enriched atmospheres, conventional atmosphere (air) and vacuum (no atmosphere). Samples under conventional atmosphere were irradiated at 1, 2 and 5 kGy of gamma-rays (predicted doses) in a 60Co experimental chamber. A non-irradiated control followed all the experiment. Then, all packaged samples were stored at 4 ºC for 7 days. The studied quality parameters included the colour that was measured with a Konica Minolta colorimeter, and total soluble solids and pH determined in squeezed juice. The proximate composition (moisture, proteins, fat, ash, carbohydrates and energy) was evaluated using the AOA C procedures. Organic acids, free sugars, fatty acids and tocopherols were analyzed by chromatographic techniques. Samples were also evaluated for its DPPH• scavenging activity, reducing power, and lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity trough the inhibition of the β-carotene bleaching and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBAR S) formation. Differences among treatments were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANO VA) and a linear discriminant analysis (LDA ) was used to evaluate the effects on the overall postharvest quality. After evaluating the effect on the individual quality parameters, the LDA revealed that the Ar-enriched atmosphere and the irradiation at 2 kGy were suitable processing choices for preserving the integrity of the non-stored control samples during cold storage. Thus, these non-thermal treatments were highlighted for shelf-life extension of fresh-cut watercress.

Postharvest changes in profiles of sugars, organic acids and tocopherols in leafy vegetables monitored by chromatographic techniques

After harvest, plants remain living organisms with the capacity to carry out metabolic processes. Thus, from the moment they are detached from the source of nutrients, they become entirely dependent on their own organic reserves [1]. Postharvest changes cannot be stopped, but they can be slowed within certain limits. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects induced by storage in the profiles of sugars, organic acids and tocopherols of two leafy vegetables. Wild samples of watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) and buckler sorrel (Rumex induratus Boiss. & Reut.), from the Northeastern region of Portugal, were analyzed after harvest (control) and after storage in sterilized packages (using the passive modification mode) at 4ºC for 7 or 12 days, respectively. Analyses were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using different detectors, i.e., a refraction index detector (RID) for free sugars, a photodiode array detector (PDA) for organic acids, and a fluorescence (FP) detector for tocopherols. The storage time decreased the levels of fructose, glucose and total sugars in both leafy vegetables and increased the total organic acids content. The decrease of these sugars can be related to its use by the plant to produce the required energy. Ascorbic acid was detected in buckler sorrel and decreased with storage; while the amount of malic acid increased in both species. Curiously, all the tocopherol isoforms increased in watercress, while buckler sorrel just present higher values of γ- and δ- tocopherols. In fact, the de novo synthesis of these bioactives compounds can be a plant strategy to fight against the reactive species that are produced during storage. The knowledge of the behavior of these compounds during storage that was achieved with this study [2] may contribute to the development of more effective preservation strategies for leafy vegetables.

Valorização de produtos de montanha pela utilização de tecnologias de processamento não convencionais

Os vegetais embalados prontos a comer têm tido uma crescente aceitação por parte do consumidor por atenderem aos requisitos contemporâneos de conveniência, segurança e salubridade. O crescimento deste setor tem levado à introdução de novos produtos e à adoção de tecnologias de conservação mais eficientes, seguras e sustentáveis [1]. O consumidor procura também alimentos com características organoléticas diferenciadas das dos alimentos habitualmente consumidos diariamente. A recuperação do uso de Rumex induratus Boiss. & Reut. (azedas) e Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (agrião) poderá responder a esta procura, aliando garantia de qualidade e inovação. Visto a maioria dos tratamentos convencionais ser ineficaz em assegurar segurança sem comprometer a qualidade, e dada a preocupação em torno dos agentes químicos vulgarmente utilizados, a irradiação de alimentos e o embalamento em atmosfera modificada têm emergido como alternativas seguras e eficazes [1-4]. Neste sentido, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia de diferentes atmosferas de embalamento e de diferentes doses de radiação ionizante na conservação da qualidade destas espécies durante o armazenamento refrigerado. O uso sustentável de produtos vegetais para a recuperação de biomoléculas ou produção de ingredientes funcionais de valor acrescentado é uma estratégia útil que pode ajudar a enfrentar os desafios societais deste século. Atualmente é originada uma grande quantidade de resíduos de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fresco durante as várias etapas do seu ciclo produtivo, desde a cultura até ao armazenamento e venda [5]. Estes resíduos são ricos em licopeno e vitaminas, mas também em compostos fenólicos [6,7]. Estes compostos bioativos estão envolvidos na prevenção de várias patologias humanas e são de elevada importância para a indústria alimentar, farmacêutica e cosmética. Visto os métodos convencionais utilizados para a extração destas biomoléculas apresentarem várias desvantagens, novas tecnologias mais eficientes e sustentáveis têm vindo a ser adotadas. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar as condições de extração assistida por tecnologia micro-ondas de antioxidantes hidrofílicos e lipofílicos e dos ácidos fenólicos e flavonoides maioritários da variedade de tomate redondo utilizando a metodologia de superfície de resposta (RSM).

Postharvest quality changes in fresh-cut watercress stored under conventional and inert gas-enriched modified atmosphere packaging

The effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the postharvest quality of fresh-cut watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) stored at 4 ºC for 7 d was studied. A portion of watercress was immediately analyzed (non-stored control) and the remaining fresh material was stored packaged under atmospheres enriched with N2, Ar, air, or vacuum. The analyzed parameters included colour, total soluble solids, pH, macronutrients, the individual profiles of sugars, organic acids, tocopherols and fatty acids, and total phenolics and flavonoids. Furthermore, four in vitro assays were performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity. After assessing the effect on individual quality parameters, it was possible to conclude that air was the less efficient atmosphere in preserving quality attributes of the non-stored control samples during cold storage. In turn, Ar-enriched MAP was the most suitable choice to preserve the overall postharvest quality. The present study also highlighted the nutritional and antioxidant properties of watercress, as well as the interest of its inclusion in human diets.

Minerals and vitamin B9 in dried plants vs. infusions: assessing absorption dynamics of minerals by membrane dialysis tandem in vitro digestion

Vitamins and mineral elements are among the most important phytochemicals due to their important role in the maintenance of human health. Despite these components had already been studied in different plant species, their full characterization in several wild species is still scarce. In addition, the knowledge regarding the in vivo effects of phytochemicals, particularly their bioaccessibility, is still scarce. Accordingly, a membrane dialysis process was used to simulate gastrointestinal conditions in order to assess the potential bioaccessibility of mineral elements in different preparations of Achillea millefolium (yarrow), Laurus nobilis (laurel) and Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia (dandelion). The retention/passage dynamics was evaluated using a cellulose membrane with 34 mm pore. Dandelion showed the highest levels of all studied mineral elements (except zinc) independently of the used formulations (dried plant or infusion), but yarrow was the only species yielding minerals after the dialysis step, either in dried form, or as infusion. In fact, the ability of each evaluated element to cross the dialysis membrane showed significant differences, being also highly dependent on the plant species. Regarding the potential use of these plants as complementary vitamin B9 sources, the detected values were much lower in the infusions, most likely due to the thermolability effect.

Suitability of gamma irradiation for preserving fresh-cut watercress quality during cold storage

The suitability of gamma irradiation (1, 2 and 5kGy) for preserving quality parameters of fresh-cut watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) during storage at 4±1°C for 7d was investigated. The storage time decreased the protein content and the main carbohydrates, and increased the levels of malic and fumaric acids, sucrose and mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA). The different irradiation doses did not caused any significant colour change. In general, the 2kGy dose favoured PUFA and was the most suitable to preserve the overall postharvest quality of fresh-cut watercress during cold storage. In turn, the 5kGy dose better preserved the antioxidant activity and total flavonoids and favoured MUFA, tocopherols and total phenolics, thus originating a final product with enhanced functional properties. Therefore, the suitability of gamma irradiation for preserving fresh-cut watercress quality during cold storage was demonstrated.

Composição química do óleo essencial de gengibre em diferentes condições de armazenamento.

O óleo essencial dos rizomas de gengibre (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) possui aplicação nas indústrias alimentícia, cosmética e farmacêutica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição do óleo essencial de gengibre de acordo com a temperatura de armazenamento.