A segurança e o policiamento de espetáculos desportivos

O contínuo crescimento do espaço particular aberto ao público contribuiu para o aparecimento e desenvolvimento da segurança privada, aumentando a sua comercialização e o seu número de efetivos. Apesar dos espetáculos desportivos serem eventos privados, a lei prevê, em certos casos, a obrigatoriedade da requisição de policiamento, por parte dos promotores. Será adequada a presença das Forças de Segurança para assegurar um evento particular ou será tarefa para a segurança privada? Tendo em conta a atualidade do assunto, torna-se uma mais-valia o estudo e compreensão do regime de policiamento de espetáculos desportivos, de forma a mitigar os seus aspetos negativos. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral compreender de que forma o atual regime de policiamento se encontra adequado às exigências dos espetáculos desportivos. Para melhor orientar a investigação, foram definidos objetivos específicos, designadamente identificar as potencialidades do atual regime de policiamento na segurança dos espetáculos desportivos, identificar as vulnerabilidades do atual regime de policiamento na segurança dos espetáculos desportivos e compreender de que forma se podem mitigar as consequências negativas deste regime de policiamento na segurança dos espetáculos desportivos. A base lógica da presente investigação é o método dedutivo. Não temos como finalidade propor um novo regime de policiamento de espetáculos desportivos, mas sim analisar o regime já existente. Por conseguinte, a presente investigação desenvolveu-se através das seguintes fases: exploratória, analítica e conclusiva. De forma a sustentar as nossas conclusões, procedemos à análise documental, realização de entrevistas, observações qualitativas e, por último, à análise qualitativa do seu conteúdo. No decorrer da investigação, verificámos a existência de uma cultura de segurança que dificulta, à segurança privada, assumir a exclusividade da segurança dum evento desportivo. Nestas situações, a presença das Forças de Segurança é essencial, sendo ainda mais notória nos eventos desportivos realizados na via pública, onde a principal missão é garantir a segurança dos atletas e assegurar a fluidez e segurança do tráfego rodoviário. Não obstante, foi possível identificar algumas vulnerabilidades no presente regime de policiamento, pelo que propusemos um conjunto de medidas que podem ser implementadas, nomeadamente a gradual adaptação ao modelo de policiamento praticado no Reino Unido. Para tal, seria necessário aumentar o número de Assistentes de Recinto Desportivo, investindo mais na sua formação e atribuindo-lhes mais competências, contribuindo para a sua autoridade na presença dos adeptos.

EU-North Africa relations in cross-border law enforcement: new legal challenges for the EU in the post-Lisbon and post-Stockholm era

The Stockholm Programme, allied to the Lisbon Treaty, heralds a new era of development of the EU provisions on cross-border law enforcement. The focus is shifting from the ongoing internal EU developments to the external relations of the EU. Many North African countries have had long legal relationships with the EU through the Euro-Mediterranean Partnerships. A number of these partnership agreements make express references, at the political level, to the development of cross-border law enforcement provision, as is the case of Morocco and Algeria with regard to drug trafficking and manufacture, or the lengthy references by Egypt to many of the crimes of interest to the EU’s own law enforcement legal framework. Algeria is currently focusing on modernising their own police forces, with both Algeria and Tunisia, reforming their criminal judicial frameworks. Another key player, Libya, currently has no legal agreements with the EU, and at least until the recent conflict, maintained an observer status in the Euro-Mediterranean process. At a practitioner level, the European Police College (CEPOL) is currently involved in the Euromed Police II programme. Clearly momentum is developing, both within the EU and from a number of Euro-Med North African countries to develop closer law enforcement co-operation. This may well develop further with the recent changes in governments of a number of North African countries. The EU approach in the Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters (PJCCM) policy area is to develop a legal framework upon which EU cross-border law enforcement will be based. The current EU cross-border law enforcement framework is the product of many years of multi-level negotiations. Challenges will arise as new countries from different legal and policing traditions will attempt to engage with already highly detailed legal and practice frameworks. The shared European legal traditions will not necessarily be reflected in the North African countries. This chapter critically analyses, from an EU legal perspective the problems and issues that will be encountered as the EU’s North African partner countries attempt to articulate into the existing, and still developing EU cross-border law enforcement framework.

Knowledge-based management systems for the police force

Knowledge-Based Management Systems enable new ways to process and analyse knowledge to gain better insights to solve a problem and aid in decision making. In the police force such systems provide a solution for enhancing operations and improving client administration in terms of knowledge management. The main objectives of every police officer is to ensure the security of life and property, promote lawfulness, and avert and distinguish wrongdoing. The administration of knowledge and information is an essential part of policing, and the police ought to be proactive in directing both explicit and implicit knowledge, whilst adding to their abilities in knowledge sharing. In this paper the potential for a knowledge based system for the Mauritius police was analysed, and recommendations were also made, based on requirements captured from interviews with several long standing officers, and surveying of previous works in the area.

Turning conflict into coexistence: cross-cutting ties and institutions in the agro-pastoral borderlands of Lake Naivasha basin, Kenya

The Maasai/Kikuyu agro-pastoral borderlands of Maiella and Enoosupukia, located in the hinterlands of Lake Naivasha’s agro-industrial hub, are particularly notorious in the history of ethnicised violence in the Kenya’s Rift Valley. In October 1993, an organised assault perpetrated by hundreds of Maasai vigilantes, with the assistance of game wardens and administration police, killed more than 20 farmers of Kikuyu descent. Consequently, thousands of migrant farmers were violently evicted from Enoosupukia at the instigation of leading local politicians. Nowadays, however, intercommunity relations are surprisingly peaceful and the cooperative use of natural resources is the rule rather than the exception. There seems to be a form of reorganization. Violence seems to be contained and the local economy has since recovered. This does not mean that there is no conflict, but people seem to have the facility to solve them peacefully. How did formerly violent conflicts develop into peaceful relations? How did competition turn into cooperation, facilitating changing land use? This dissertation explores the value of cross-cutting ties and local institutions in peaceful relationships and the non-violent resolution of conflicts across previously violently contested community boundaries. It mainly relies on ethnographic data collected between 2014 and 2015. The discussion therefore builds on several theoretical approaches in anthropology and the social sciences – that is, violent conflicts, cross-cutting ties and conflicting loyalties, joking relationships, peace and nonviolence, and institutions, in order to understand shared spaces that are experiencing fairly rapid social and economic changes, and characterised by conflict and coexistence. In the researched communities, cross-cutting ties and the split allegiances associated with them result from intermarriages, land transactions, trade, and friendship. By institutions, I refer to local peace committees, an attempt to standardise an aspect of customary law, and Nyumba Kumi, a strategy of anchoring community policing at the household level. In 2010, the state “implanted” these grassroots-level institutions and conferred on them the rights to handle specific conflicts and to prevent crime. I argue that the studied groups utilise diverse networks of relationships as adaptive responses to landlessness, poverty, and socio-political dynamics at the local level. Material and non-material exchanges and transfers accompany these social and economic ties and networks. In addition to being instrumental in nurturing a cohesive social fabric, I argue that such alliances could be thought of as strategies of appropriation of resources in the frontiers – areas that are considered to have immense agricultural potential and to be conducive to economic enterprise. Consequently, these areas are continuously changed and shaped through immigration, population growth, and agricultural intensification. However, cross-cutting ties and intergroup alliances may not necessarily prevent the occurrence or escalation of conflicts. Nevertheless, disputes and conflicts, which form part of the social order in the studied area, create the opportunities for locally contextualised systems of peace and non-violence that inculcate the values of cooperation, coexistence, and restraint from violence. Although the neo-traditional institutions (local peace committees and Nyumba Kumi) face massive complexities and lack the capacity to handle serious conflicts, their application of informal constraints in dispute resolution provides room for some optimism. Notably, the formation of ties and alliances between the studied groups, and the use of local norms and values to resolve disputes, are not new phenomena – they are reminiscent of historical patterns. Their persistence, particularly in the context of Kenya, indicates a form of historical continuity, which remains rather “undisturbed” despite the prevalence of ethnicised political economies. Indeed, the formation of alliances, which are driven by mutual pursuit of commodities (livestock, rental land, and agricultural produce), markets, and diversification, tends to override other identities. While the major thrust of social science literature in East Africa has focused on the search for root causes of violence, very little has been said about the conditions and practices of cooperation and non-violent conflict resolution. In addition, situations where prior violence turned into peaceful interaction have attracted little attention, though the analysis of such transitional phases holds the promise of contributing to applicable knowledge on conflict resolution. This study is part of a larger multidisciplinary project, “Resilience in East African Landscapes” (REAL), which is a Marie Curie Actions Innovative Training Networks (ITN) project. The principal focus of this multidisciplinary project is to study past, present, and future thresholds and sustainable trajectories in human-landscape interactions in East Africa over the last millennia. While other individual projects focus on long-term ecosystem dynamics and societal interactions, my project examines human-landscape interactions in the present and the very recent past (i.e. the period in which events and processes were witnessed or can still be recalled by today’s population). The transition from conflict to coexistence and from competition to cooperative use of previously violently contested land resources is understood here as enhancing adaptation in the face of social-political, economic, environmental, and climatic changes. This dissertation is therefore a contribution to new modes of resilience in human-landscape interactions after a collapse situation.

The ethics of an incoming cohort of students in a college professional police technology program

Since ethics is such a predominant subject of interest on one hand, and graduating from a two or three-year college police technology program is the first step towards a police career un Quebec on the other, this study will look at the ethics of an incoming cohort of students in a two or three-year college professional police technology program. One of the aims will be to develop a profile of young people wishing to pursue a career in policing.||Résumé : Dans un premier temps, étant donné que l'éthique est un sujet d'intérêt majeur et que, dans un deuxième temps, un diplôme en techniques policières dans un programme collégial de deux ou trois ans est un prérequis pour une carrière policière au Québec, cette étude se penchera sur l'éthique d'une cohorte d'étudiants d'un tel programme. Un des buts de cette étude sera de déterminer le profil des jeunes qui désirent poursuivre une carrière policière.

Early Modern Trading Networks in Europe. Cooperation and the case of Simon Ruiz.

In the early modern period, trade became a truly global phenomenon. The logistics, financial and organizational complexity associated with it increased in order to connect distant geographies and merchants from different backgrounds. How did these merchants prevent their partners from dishonesty in a time where formal institutions and legislation did not traverse these different worlds? This book studies the mechanisms and criteria of cooperation in early modern trading networks. It uses an interdisciplinary approach, through the case study of a Castilian long-distance merchant of the sixteenth century, Simon Ruiz, who traded within the limits of the Portuguese and Spanish overseas empires. Early Modern Trading Networks in Europe discusses the importance of reciprocity mechanisms, trust and reputation in the context of early modern business relations, using network analysis methodology, combining quantitative data with qualitative information. It considers how cooperation and prevention could simultaneously create a business relationship, and describes the mechanisms of control, policing and punishment used to avoid opportunism and deception among a group of business partners. Using bills of exchange and correspondence from Simon Ruiz’s private archive, it charts the evolution of this business network through time, debating which criteria should be included or excluded from business networks, as well as the emergence of standards. This book intends to put forward a new approach to early modern trade which focuses on individuals interacting in self-organized structures, rather than on states or empires. It shows how indirect reciprocity was much more frequent than direct reciprocity among early modern merchants and how informal norms, like ostracism or signaling, helped to prevent defection and deception in an effective way.

Efeitos de um programa de exercício multimodal em pessoas idosas institucionalizadas

Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos de um programa de exercício multimodal sobre o funcionamento cognitivo e aptidão física funcional em pessoas idosas institucionalizadas. Método: Os participantes foram selecionados por conveniência entre os utentes de duas instituições de apoio a pessoas idosas. O grupo inicial foi constituído por um total de 21 pessoas de ambos os sexos (77-92 anos). Inicialmente, foi garantido um “período de controlo” de 4 semanas, em que os participantes mantiveram as suas atividades de vida quotidianas normais. Posteriormente, todos os idosos integraram um programa de exercício multimodal durante 8 semanas. Para estudar os efeitos da intervenção foram recolhidos dados em 3 momentos distintos: previamente ao período de controlo, após o período de controlo e no final do programa de intervenção. Foram efetuados testes físicos/motores, cognitivos e de dupla-tarefa (motor-cognitivo). Durante as sessões de exercício, alternaram-se períodos constituídos por tarefas motoras com períodos em que as tarefas motoras implicavam uma mobilização simultânea de recursos cognitivos. Resultados: A análise estatística dos dados recolhidos nos três momentos de avaliação, revelou efeitos positivos da intervenção ao nível da atenção, tempo de reação, força muscular, agilidade e capacidade cardiorrespiratória. Nos testes realizados em dupla-tarefa, foram encontradas melhorias no teste timed up and go, mas não se verificaram melhorias no teste de tempo de reação. A análise estatística dos dados recolhidos nos três momentos de avaliação, revelou efeitos positivos (p<0.05). da intervenção ao nível da atenção, tempo de reação, força muscular, agilidade e capacidade cardiorrespiratória. Nos testes realizados em dupla-tarefa, foram encontradas melhorias no teste timed up and go (p<0.05), mas não se verificaram melhorias no teste de tempo de reação. Conclusões: Um programa de exercícios multimodal induz melhorias no funcionamento cognitivo e motor de pessoas idosas institucionalizadas. É aconselhada a divulgação deste tipo de intervenção para pessoas idosas institucionalizadas; Effects of a Multimodal Exercise Program for Elderly Institutionalized Abstract: Objective: To investigate wthe effects of a multimodal exercise program on cognitive functioning and physical fitness of institutionalized elderly. Method: Participants were selected by convenience among two nursing home residents. Twenty-one people (77-92 years old) of both genders participated. During the first 4 weeks (control period), participants were not engaged in the exercise program and continue with their normal daily life activities. After the control period, the group was engaged in a multimodal exercise program for 8 weeks (2 times per week). To study the effects of a multimodal exercise program, data were collected at three different times: prior to the control period, after the control period, and at the end of the intervention. Several motor tests (physical fitness), cognitive tests and dual-tasks (motor-cognitive) were performed. The exercise sessions alternated between periods of motor taks and periods with motor plus cognitive tasks performed simultaneously. Results: The analysis of the data collected in the three moments of evaluation, show positive effects of the exercise program in cognitive dimensions (information processing speed and attention) and functional physical fitness components (muscle resistance, cardiorespiratory fitness and dynamic balance). In tests carried out in dual-task conditions, the exercise program promoted improvements in the timed up and go test (with mental calculations). Statistical analysis of the data collected at the three evaluation moments revealed positive effects (p <0.05). Of attention intervention, reaction time, muscle strength, agility and cardiorespiratory capacity. In the double-task tests, improvements were found in the timed up and go test (p <0.05), but there were no improvements in the reaction time test. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that a multimodal exercise program can improve cognitive functioning and physical fitness in institutionalized older people. Thus, this type of intervention should be promoted among nursing home residents.

Surveillance risks in IoT applied to smart cities

Nowadays, cities deal with unprecedented pollution and overpopulation problems, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are supporting them in facing these issues and becoming increasingly smart. IoT sensors embedded in public infrastructure can provide granular data on the urban environment, and help public authorities to make their cities more sustainable and efficient. Nonetheless, this pervasive data collection also raises high surveillance risks, jeopardizing privacy and data protection rights. Against this backdrop, this thesis addresses how IoT surveillance technologies can be implemented in a legally compliant and ethically acceptable fashion in smart cities. An interdisciplinary approach is embraced to investigate this question, combining doctrinal legal research (on privacy, data protection, criminal procedure) with insights from philosophy, governance, and urban studies. The fundamental normative argument of this work is that surveillance constitutes a necessary feature of modern information societies. Nonetheless, as the complexity of surveillance phenomena increases, there emerges a need to develop more fine-attuned proportionality assessments to ensure a legitimate implementation of monitoring technologies. This research tackles this gap from different perspectives, analyzing the EU data protection legislation and the United States and European case law on privacy expectations and surveillance. Specifically, a coherent multi-factor test assessing privacy expectations in public IoT environments and a surveillance taxonomy are proposed to inform proportionality assessments of surveillance initiatives in smart cities. These insights are also applied to four use cases: facial recognition technologies, drones, environmental policing, and smart nudging. Lastly, the investigation examines competing data governance models in the digital domain and the smart city, reviewing the EU upcoming data governance framework. It is argued that, despite the stated policy goals, the balance of interests may often favor corporate strategies in data sharing, to the detriment of common good uses of data in the urban context.