Preliminary observations on the feeding, habits and reproduction biology of Gymnarchus niloticus from Lake Chad

The preliminary results obtained from the study of stomach contents of specimens of Gymnarchus niloticus of a size ranging from 56 cm (66 grams) to 152 cm (12.0 kg.) from August to December, 1982 indicate for these sizes an exclusively piscivorous diet. The predominant prey species in Lake Chad are Tilapia/Sarotherodon , and Clarias . The prey is often cut in two parts before it is swallowed. Small prey may be swallowed whole. The implication of this prey capture method on prey-predator relationship and therefore the impact of the predator is discussed. The breeding season of Gymnarchus niloticus in Lake Chad has been deduced from observation of changes in gonad maturity stages and the results indicate that breeding takes place between August and November. Data are also presented on the fecundity, size of ripe eggs and probable size at maturity

Bacterial flora of the gut of the African snakehead, Channa obscura (Pisces: Channidae)

A qualitative and quantitative investigation of the bacterial flora of the gut of the African snakehead, Channa obscura was undertaken. The types of bacteria isolated from the different parts of the gut of C. obscura include Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Citrobacter and Proteus. The coliform (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter) and some other Enterobacteriaceae such as Salmonella were also present. The stomach and intestine were found to have a preponderance of Pseudomonas and Vibrio species. Klebsiella sp. and Bacillus sp. (only in the pyloric caeca) were also isolated. On the whole, the correlation coefficients of the two incubation temperatures showed a high statistical significance. Thus the bacterial load of the gut of C. obscura has been shown as a function of temperature

Food composition and digestive enzymes in the gut of the African electric catfish Malapterurus electricus (Gmelin 1789) (Malapteruridae)

Analyses of stomach contents of 330 Malapterurus electricus (standard length, 10.1-30.5 cm) in Mahin Lagoon (southwestern Nigeria) established it as a bottom feeder. There was a preponderance of insects accounting for >80% occurrence and >25% of total volume in stomachs of specimens, suggesting a stenophagous predatory habit. Qualitative and quantitative assays of digestive enzymes in the different regions of the gut (oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, ileum, rectum) were investigated. Carbohydrases (amylase, maltase), chitinase, proteases (pepsin, chymotrypsin, trypsin) and lipases were detected in different gut regions with different activity. The pattern of distribution and relative activity of the enzymes correlated with the predatory diet

Forage strategy of juvenile Lates niloticus (L.) in Lake Victoria, Kenya

Six KMFRI stations located in Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria (Kenya) were sampled in order to investigate the forage strategy of juvenile Lates niloticus. Thirty speciemens were collected using a bottom trawl at each station and sorted into three size classes 1-2 cm and 3-20 cm total length. Stomach contents were analysed and taxonomic keys used to identify zoplankton and other insects. Caridina nilotica was the dominant food item in both frequency of occurrence and numerical abundance. In fish examined from 1-2 cm T.L., cladocerans were prominent food items, while at 2-3 and 3-20 cm, C. nilotica was dominant

Zooplankton-fish interactions in the littoral zone of Nyanza Gulf, Lake Victoria

Samples of zooplankton and fish were collected from six sampling points in Nyanza Gulf, Lake Victoria in Kenya from June to December 1998, using 76 mu m memo-filament mesh size strainer and an 80 mu m mesh size plankton net. Identification and enumeration were done in the laboratory. Occurrence, numerical and points methods were used in stomach anlaysis of fish. Copepoda, Rotifera and Cladocera were the major zooplankton groups identified, zooplankton such as Moina, Daphnia and Caridina nilotica were important prey items for Lates niloticus, Oreochromis niloticus and Rastrineobola argentea

Feeding ecology and population characteristics of Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and trophic interactions in the fish community of Nyanza Gulf, Lake Victoria, Kenya

Oreochromis niloticus (L.) were caught by beach seining, hook and line and trawling from Nyanza Gulf, lake Victoria (Kenya) in order to study their feeding ecology and population characteristics. Collected fish were weighed and TL measured immediately after capture. Fish were dissected and sexed. Stomach contents were removed and preserved in 4% buffered formalin for laboratory analysis. In the laboratory items were sorted into categories such as three quarters, half and quarter and awarded 20, 15 and 5 points respectively. Main food items for O. niloticus from November 1998 to March 1999 were insects, algae, fish and plant material. Increase in insects in the diet of O. niloticus might be attributed to the lake infestation by water hyacinth which harbours different species of insects

Die deutsche Fischerei vor Nordnorwegen und bei der Bäreninsel im Dezember 1996 und im ersten Halbjahr 1997

Biological investigations were carried out onboard the German factory trawlers “Wiesbaden” and “Kiel” off the Norwegian coast and at Bear Island from December 1996 to June 1997. Data will be contributed to the assessments of the ICES “Arctic Fisheries Working Group”. Information on distribution and fishery of cod, haddock, saithe, redfish and Greenland halibut are given. Biological aspects of length- and age distributions, and stomach- and gonad investigations are represented. Some aspects of the function of sorting grids used in the Bear Island fishery are discussed.

Anatomical and developmental patterns of interleukin-2 gene expression in the mouse: analysis of IL-2 expressing cells and partial characterization of interactions involved in mediating IL-2 gene expression in vivo

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an important mediator in the vertebrate immune system. IL-2 is a potent growth factor that mature T lymphocytes use as a proliferation signal and the production of IL-2 is crucial for the clonal expansion of antigen-specific T cells in the primary immune response. IL-2 driven proliferation is dependent on the interaction of the lymphokine with its cognate multichain receptor. IL-2 expression is induced only upon stimulation and transcriptional activation of the IL-2 gene relies extensively on the coordinate interaction of numerous inducible and constitutive trans-acting factors. Over the past several years, thousands of papers have been published regarding molecular and cellular aspects of IL-2 gene expression and IL-2 function. The vast majority of these reports describe work that has been carried out in vitro. However, considerably less is known about control of IL-2 gene expression and IL-2 function in vivo.

To gain new insight into the regulation of IL-2 gene expression in vivo, anatomical and developmental patterns of IL-2 gene expression in the mouse were established by employing in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining methodologies to tissue sections generated from normal mice and mutant animals in which T -cell development was perturbed. Results from these studies revealed several interesting aspects of IL-2 gene expression, such as (1) induction of IL-2 gene expression and protein synthesis in the thymus, the primary site of T-cell development in the body, (2) cell-type specificity of IL-2 gene expression in vivo, (3) participation of IL-2 in the extrathymic expansion of mature T cells in particular tissues, independent of an acute immune response to foreign antigen, (4) involvement of IL-2 in maintaining immunologic balance in the mucosal immune system, and (5) potential function of IL-2 in early events associated with hematopoiesis.

Extensive analysis of IL-2 mRNA accumulation and protein production in the murine thymus at various stages of development established the existence of two classes of intrathymic IL-2 producing cells. One class of intrathymic IL-2 producers was found exclusively in the fetal thymus. Cells belonging to this subset were restricted to the outermost region of the thymus. IL-2 expression in the fetal thymus was highly transient; a dramatic peak ofiL-2 mRNA accumulation was identified at day 14.5 of gestation and maximal IL-2 protein production was observed 12 hours later, after which both IL-2 mRNA and protein levels rapidly decreased. Significantly, the presence of IL-2 expressing cells in the day 14-15 fetal thymus was not contingent on the generation of T-cell receptor (TcR) positive cells. The second class of IL-2 producing cells was also detectable in the fetal thymus (cells found in this class represented a minority subset of IL-2 producers in the fetal thymus) but persist in the thymus during later stages of development and after birth. Intrathymic IL-2 producers in postnatal animals were located in the subcapsular region and cortex, indicating that these cells reside in the same areas where immature T cells are consigned. The frequency of IL-2 expressing cells in the postnatal thymus was extremely low, indicating that induction of IL-2 expression and protein synthesis are indicative of a rare activation event. Unlike the fetal class of intrathymic IL-2 producers, the presence of IL-2 producing cells in the postnatal thymus was dependent on to the generation of TcR+ cells. Subsequent examination of intrathymic IL-2 production in mutant postnatal mice unable to produce either αβ or γδ T cells showed that postnatal IL-2 producers in the thymus belong to both αβ and γδ lineages. Additionally, further studies indicated that IL-2 synthesis by immature αβ -T cells depends on the expression of bonafide TcR αβ-heterodimers. Taken altogether, IL-2 production in the postnatal thymus relies on the generation of αβ or γδ-TcR^+ cells and induction of IL-2 protein synthesis can be linked to an activation event mediated via the TcR.

With regard to tissue specificity of IL-2 gene expression in vivo, analysis of whole body sections obtained from normal neonatal mouse pups by in situ hybridization demonstrated that IL-2 mRNA^+ cells were found in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues with which T cells are associated, such as the thymus (as described above), dermis and gut. Tissues devoid of IL-2 mRNA^+ cells included brain, heart, lung, liver, stomach, spine, spinal cord, kidney, and bladder. Additional analysis of isolated tissues taken from older animals revealed that IL-2 expression was undetectable in bone marrow and in nonactivated spleen and lymph nodes. Thus, it appears that extrathymic IL-2 expressing cells in nonimmunologically challenged animals are relegated to particular epidermal and epithelial tissues in which characterized subsets of T cells reside and thatinduction of IL-2 gene expression associated with these tissues may be a result of T-cell activation therein.

Based on the neonatal in situ hybridization results, a detailed investigation into possible induction of IL-2 expression resulting in IL-2 protein synthesis in the skin and gut revealed that IL-2 expression is induced in the epidermis and intestine and IL-2 protein is available to drive cell proliferation of resident cells and/or participate in immune function in these tissues. Pertaining to IL-2 expression in the skin, maximal IL-2 mRNA accumulation and protein production were observed when resident Vγ_3^+ T-cell populations were expanding. At this age, both IL-2 mRNA^+ cells and IL-2 protein production were intimately associated with hair follicles. Likewise, at this age a significant number of CD3ε^+ cells were also found in association with follicles. The colocalization of IL-2 expression and CD3ε^+ cells suggests that IL-2 expression is induced when T cells are in contact with hair follicles. In contrast, neither IL-2 mRNA nor IL-2 protein were readily detected once T-cell density in the skin reached steady-state proportions. At this point, T cells were no longer found associated with hair follicles but were evenly distributed throughout the epidermis. In addition, IL-2 expression in the skin was contingent upon the presence of mature T cells therein and induction of IL-2 protein synthesis in the skin did not depend on the expression of a specific TcR on resident T cells. These newly disclosed properties of IL-2 expression in the skin indicate that IL-2 may play an additional role in controlling mature T-cell proliferation by participating in the extrathymic expansion of T cells, particularly those associated with the epidermis.

Finally, regarding IL-2 expression and protein synthesis in the gut, IL-2 producing cells were found associated with the lamina propria of neonatal animals and gut-associated IL-2 production persisted throughout life. In older animals, the frequency of IL-2 producing cells in the small intestine was not identical to that in the large intestine and this difference may reflect regional specialization of the mucosal immune system in response to enteric antigen. Similar to other instances of IL-2 gene expression in vivo, a failure to generate mature T cells also led to an abrogation of IL-2 protein production in the gut. The presence of IL-2 producing cells in the neonatal gut suggested that these cells may be generated during fetal development. Examination of the fetal gut to determine the distribution of IL-2 producing cells therein indicated that there was a tenfold increase in the number of gut-associated IL-2 producers at day 20 of gestation compared to that observed four days earlier and there was little difference between the frequency of IL-2 producing cells in prenatal versus neonatal gut. The origin of these fetally-derived IL-2 producing cells is unclear. Prior to the immigration of IL-2 inducible cells to the fetal gut and/or induction of IL-2 expression therein, IL-2 protein was observed in the fetal liver and fetal omentum, as well as the fetal thymus. Considering that induction of IL-2 protein synthesis may be an indication of future functional capability, detection of IL-2 producing cells in the fetal liver and fetal omentum raises the possibility that IL-2 producing cells in the fetal gut may be extrathymic in origin and IL-2 producing cells in these fetal tissues may not belong solely to the T lineage. Overall, these results provide increased understanding of the nature of IL-2 producing cells in the gut and how the absence of IL-2 production therein and in fetal hematopoietic tissues can result in the acute pathology observed in IL-2 deficient animals.

Study on the effects of three fishing baits on the catch composition of malian traps in Lake Kainji

The studies on the effects of three fishing baits on the catch composition of Malian traps in Lake Kainji were investigated. The traps were set between Monai and Taafa fishing villages in the Southern basin of the lake, baited with their respective treatment and were inspected daily for twelve days. A total of 218 fish were caught, of which the highest (54.59%) was caught by corn bran, while the lowest (11.01%) was caught by stomach content and rice bran caught 34.4%. The fish caught comprised of 15 species belonging to 8 families. There was no significant different (P>0.05) in the catch of the various baits. The weight also followed the same trend as the number of fish caught. However, both baits showed better efficiency for Alestes baremose. Tilapia zilli, S. galilaeus, Oreochromis niloticus, Labeo coubie and Distichodus rostratus than other species caught. There was a wide range between the inimum and maximum size of species caught, which showed the efficiency of the traps in capturing small size, juveniles and the adult of large fish species due to small mesh size (1") net-cover of the trap. Recommendations were made on the use of corn and rice bran as baits enhancing catch efficiency for fishes such as O.niloticus, T. zilli, T. galilaeus and D. rostratus

Fischerei und fischereibiologische Untersuchungen im Nordost-Atlantik im 1. Halbjahr 1996

Biological investigations were carried out onboard the commercial freezing trawler "KIEL" off the Norwegian coast in February/March and in the Bear Island area in May 1996. Data will be used as German contribution to the assessments of the ICES "Arctie Fisheries Working Group". Informations about the fishery and the concentrations of cod, haddock, saithe and redfish in the areas between Röst-, Nordvest-, Fuglöy-Bank and Bear Island are given. Length - and age distributions as well as preliminary results of stomach- and gonad investigations are represented.

Gute Kabeljau- und Schellfischvorkommen bei der Bären Insel

Biological investigations were carried out onboard the commercial freezing trawler "Kiel" in the Bear Island area in May/June 1995. Data will be used as German contribution to the assessments of the ICES "Artic Fisheries Working Group". Concentrations of cod were found southwest of Bear Island. Catches ammounted to 5-60 t/haul. Relatively good catches (5-25 t) with high proportions of haddock (40-80 %) were observed to the northwest of the island. Length- and age distributions as well as preliminary results of stomach- and gonad- investigations are presented.

Feeding selectivity of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Loch Ness, Scotland

The aim of this study was to compare statistically the zooplankton assemblage ingested by brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Loch Ness with that of the zooplankton in the water column. This would allow the examination of the apparent paradox that very few copepods appear to be consumed by trout at a time of year when they are numerous and readily available as food. The investigation was limited to the crustacean zooplankters, since the Rotifera are generally so small that they are only of interest to fish in the first few days of life. 25 trout were obtained from anglers, and the stomach contents of non-"ferox" animals analysed. Samples of pelagic zooplankton were obtained approximately monthly from 30-m vertical net-hauls (mesh size 100 km). It is concluded that the variation in dietary composition with trout wet weight indicates an ontogenetic habitat shift producing spatial separation of young and older individuals.

Ecologia de Astyanax taeniatus na Bacia do Rio Mato Grosso, Saquarema - RJ: Dieta, uso do micro-hábitat e uma breve análise comportamental

Neste trabalho tivemos como objetivo caracterizar a dieta, uso do habitat e padrões comportamentais de Astyanax taeniatus da bacia do Rio Mato Grosso, que encontra-se na porção leste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (22 52 S; 42 40 W e 22 53 S; 42 34 W). Para a análise da dieta, os exemplares foram coletados bimestralmente entre março de 2006 e janeiro de 2007 em três localidades que diferiram pelas variáveis físicas. As observações de uso dos recursos do habitat foram realizadas por observação subaquática, na posição focal dos exemplares avistados, enquanto a quantificação da disponibilidade foi realizada em 50 quadrats de 20x20cm (400cm2) ao longo dos mesmos 50m onde foi realizada a observação sub-aquática. A análise do conteúdo estomacal de 651 exemplares foi realizada sob microscópio estereoscópico de acordo com métodos qualitativos e quantitativos (Freqüência de Ocorrência e Volumétrica). A participação relativa de cada item registrado nos estômagos em relação à totalidade da dieta foi analisada através do Índice Alimentar (IAi). Para verificar possíveis diferenças entre as proporções dos itens de origem animal e vegetal, autóctone e alóctone, os valores proporcionais foram testados pelo 2 de contingência. A partir dos dados de comprimento padrão e comprimento do intestino, foi calculado o valor do quociente intestinal. Os itens de origem vegetal tiveram maior contribuição na dieta da espécie para as localidades com maior altitude, enquanto os itens animais tiveram maior contribuição na localidade baixa. A diferença na contribuição dos itens de origem autóctone e alóctone também foi significativa. Na dieta de jovens e adultos, houve diferença significativa na contribuição de itens de origem vegetal e animal somente na localidade mais alta, onde os adultos consumiram maior quantidade de matéria vegetal. Os valores médios de quociente intestinal em jovens e adultos foram significativamente diferentes nas localidades de maior altitude, com valores maiores para indivíduos adultos. Observamos 52% dos indivíduos em profundidades entre 30 e 45 cm, 72% em áreas de rápido, 72% em velocidades entre 0 e 0,5km/h, 66% encontravam-se distantes da margem entre 40 e 120 cm, 37,6% em substrato do tipo areia e 34,4% em substrato do tipo pedra. De todos os padrões comportamentais observados, aquele que mais se destacou foi o forrageamento, onde 70,91% dos indivíduos estavam forrageando no meio da coluna dágua. Os resultados da dieta reforçam a idéia de as espécies de Astyanax têm hábito alimentar onívoro e oportunista, onde a espécie alimentou-se dos recursos disponíveis no ambiente evidenciando sua alta plasticidade alimentar ao longo do riacho. Espécies do gênero Astyanax são consideradas generalistas em relação ao uso do habitat e altamente ativas, corroborando com os resultados do presente estudo.

Comparative drift studies on streams in lower Austria (Flysch, gneiss and chalk formations) [Translation from: Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Hydrobiologie 30 138-185, 1968.]

Seasonal changes and flooding have an extraordinarily great influence on the drift of organisms. The free water space plays the main part in the provision of food for some fish (Salmo trutta - trout): drift and content of the stomach are balanced here (Simuliidae): whereas others (Thymallus vulgaris) only selectively chose certain animals living at the bottom (molluscs). The total drift, drift of organisms and drift of organic material and minerals, plays a main role in the rate of production in streams. Besides the biology of the organisms living on the river bed, also the geological and hydrographical situation of the area plays a very important role for the composition of the drift. During the years 1964-1966 three streams in the characteristical geological formations flysch, gneiss and chalk of lower Austria were studied in regard to their drift. The Tulln (above St. Christopen), the Krems (above Senftenberg) and the Schwarza (above Hirschwang) seemed to be ideal for this comparative study because they are easy to reach. After summarising the hydrography and chemistry of examined rivers, the author examines the relationship between water level and total drift and the stratification of the total drift before analysing the drift of living organisms. Also considered are seasonal changes of drift of organisms and drift of exuviae.

Zooplankton - fish interaction in the littoral zone of Nyanza Gulf, Lake Victoria

The zooplankton community of the littoral zone of Nyanza Gulf, Lake Victoria, was studied between June 1998 and June 1999 to identify and quantify various zooplankton groups, and investigate the interactions that occur between them and the littoral fish through the food chain. Zooplankton samples were collected from five stations using a 83 micro-m mesh size plankton net hauled vertically through the water column. Fish samples were obtained by beach seine, except at Gingra (May 1999), where trawl samples were used. Gut/stomach analysis was carried out on the three major commercial species, Lates niloticus (L.), Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and Rastrineobola argentea (Pellegrin).