A Pregação na Idade Mídia: os desafios da sociedade do espetáculo para a prática homilética contemporânea

Esta pesquisa propõe-se a demonstrar como o fenômeno comunicacional espetacular moderno afeta a práxis homilética contemporânea. Constata que as práticas religiosas se mostram cada vez mais espetaculares, na medida em que, influenciadas pela mídia, são reformuladas conforme as regras próprias do espetáculo (show business) e da indústria do entretenimento. Na idade mídia, a experiência da pregação nas igrejas encontra nos meios de comunicação o seu modus operandi (princípios), seu modus faciendi (métodos) e seu modus vivendi (propósitos). Enquanto isso, os meios de comunicação de massa se convertem em típicas agências religiosas, entidades espirituais (virtuais) e templos eletrônicos, cujas práticas cúlticas e missionárias propagam boas-novas que devem ser cridas e imagens que devem ser adoradas. Esta análise do fenômeno é feita com base: nos referenciais oferecidos pelos historiadores da homilética; na releitura feita por Chaïm Perelman dos princípios aristotélicos relativos à comunicação persuasiva a chamada Nova Retórica ; e pela abordagem crítica de Guy Debord sobre a sociedade do espetáculo. Este estudo é realizado em três etapas: primeiramente, busca-se uma conceituação da homilética tomando-se por base uma retrospectiva histórica; em segundo lugar, formula-se uma teoria dos princípios, métodos e propósitos homiléticos clássicos (uma teologia da proclamação); e, por último, a partir desse referencial histórico e teórico, procede-se a uma análise comparativa da prática homilética espetacularizada em relação à homilética clássica. O resultado será um conjunto de referenciais gerais que possibilitem uma melhor compreensão do fenômeno homilético contemporâneo, bem como que sirvam de fundamento para futuras análises, de caráter mais específico, tanto da homilética convencional quanto da telehomilética.

Os operadores argumentativos como estratégia linguística e discursiva da argumentação na sentença judicial

We studied in this dissertation the argumentation in the court judgment, which goal was to identify, describe and explain the running of argumentative operators in the argumentative orientation of text and discourse built through the text of the judgment. We support our research in the constructs adopted for the ATD – (Textual Analysis of the Discourses) - Adam (2011), in the studies about the Aristotle’s Rhetoric (1959) and Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1996) and other works such as of the Alves (2005), Capez (2008), Charaudeau (2012), Keller and Bastos (2015), Koch (2009; 2011), Rodrigues, Silva Neto and Passeggi (2010), Trubilhano and Henriques (2013). In a methodological way, we made use of deductive-inductive method, because we analyzed the argumentation in an "unknown" text - particular case - based on a theory already known (about language, text and argumentation). About the nature and objectives, our search was characterized as qualitatively and as an explanatory and descriptive investigation, with technical procedures of documental collection of Bibliographic Search. As corpus, we use a court judgment of character condemnatory, issued on September 10, 2014 and taken from the online site of the Federal Court of Rio Grande do Norte (JFRN). The results revealed that the argumentative operators exercised decisive roles in the organization of argumentative strategies of the text and the speech , guiding the announcer to the Desired conclusion by the enunciator. It was also possible to conclude that the use of argumentative operators allowed syllogistic constructions in the form of presentation of the arguments and in the construction of argumentation. In addition, operators like "but", "until", "already", "although" etc. helped to identify in the data's analysis the point of view (PoV) of the enunciator, the expectation break about the previous enunciate and / or the value scale given to the argument. Finally, with the use of argumentative operators the enunciator introduced arguments able to demonstrate/justify a thesis and refute an opposing thesis towards a conclusion sought by the own enunciator.

Os operadores argumentativos como estratégia linguística e discursiva da argumentação na sentença judicial

We studied in this dissertation the argumentation in the court judgment, which goal was to identify, describe and explain the running of argumentative operators in the argumentative orientation of text and discourse built through the text of the judgment. We support our research in the constructs adopted for the ATD – (Textual Analysis of the Discourses) - Adam (2011), in the studies about the Aristotle’s Rhetoric (1959) and Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1996) and other works such as of the Alves (2005), Capez (2008), Charaudeau (2012), Keller and Bastos (2015), Koch (2009; 2011), Rodrigues, Silva Neto and Passeggi (2010), Trubilhano and Henriques (2013). In a methodological way, we made use of deductive-inductive method, because we analyzed the argumentation in an "unknown" text - particular case - based on a theory already known (about language, text and argumentation). About the nature and objectives, our search was characterized as qualitatively and as an explanatory and descriptive investigation, with technical procedures of documental collection of Bibliographic Search. As corpus, we use a court judgment of character condemnatory, issued on September 10, 2014 and taken from the online site of the Federal Court of Rio Grande do Norte (JFRN). The results revealed that the argumentative operators exercised decisive roles in the organization of argumentative strategies of the text and the speech , guiding the announcer to the Desired conclusion by the enunciator. It was also possible to conclude that the use of argumentative operators allowed syllogistic constructions in the form of presentation of the arguments and in the construction of argumentation. In addition, operators like "but", "until", "already", "although" etc. helped to identify in the data's analysis the point of view (PoV) of the enunciator, the expectation break about the previous enunciate and / or the value scale given to the argument. Finally, with the use of argumentative operators the enunciator introduced arguments able to demonstrate/justify a thesis and refute an opposing thesis towards a conclusion sought by the own enunciator.

Temporary contracts and non-protected employment in Argentina, Chile and Perú: incidence and determinants

The diverse kinds of legal temporary contracts and the employment forms that do not comply with legal requirements both facilitate employment adjustment to firms´ requirements and entail labour cost reductions. Their employment incidence depends not only on the economic and labour market evolutions but also on other factors, in particular the historical trajectories followed by labour legislation, state enforcement, and the degree of compliance. To contribute to the understanding of the determinants of the degree of utilization of different employment practices, the study reported in this article explores the use made of the various legal temporary contracts and of precarious employment relationships by private enterprises in three Latin American countries (Argentina, Chile and Peru) during 2003-2012, a period of economic growth, and the explanatory role of diverse factors.

An?lisis del significado en el discurso de los docentes respecto al manejo del valor posicional en los tres primeros a?os de escolaridad

El siguiente trabajo de grado trata sobre el an?lisis del significado en los discursos emitidos por las maestras, respecto a la ense?anza del sistema de numeraci?n decimal en los tres primeros a?os de escolaridad en torno al valor posicional, utilizando los libros de texto que la instituci?n educativa implementa; adem?s de tomar como referencia la informaci?n que J. Searle proporciona con respecto al significado, y la importancia que mencionan Perelman & Olbrechts-Tyteca referente a la construcci?n de los argumentos para lograr que los estudiantes se adhieran a ?stos. Para llevar a cabo este trabajo de grado se realizaron grabaciones de video en una instituci?n educativa, los libros de texto utilizados por las docentes fueron el soporte para realizar el an?lisis, pues a trav?s de ellos se pudo rastrear en cierta medida las conceptualizaciones que las maestras emplean con relaci?n al valor posicional, adem?s de las representaciones semi?ticas en juego; utilizando la teor?a de los actos de habla propuesta por J. Searle y lo planteado por Bajt?n sobre el an?lisis dial?gico se analiz? el significado del discurso reconociendo el acto y la fuerza que lo acompa?a, adem?s de caracterizar las tres componentes de un g?nero discursivo. Gracias a este trabajo realizado se logr? evidenciar si los docentes de matem?ticas en sus argumentos tienen en cuenta las opiniones, inquietudes, concepciones que los estudiantes tienen, y si en el momento de emitir sus argumentos sus intenciones son asimiladas por los estudiantes.

An?lisis enunciativo-argumentativo de la sentencia C-141 de 2010 de la corte constitucional de Colombia [recurso electr?nico]

Esta investigaci?n es de tipo documental-anal?tico y fue elaborada a partir del an?lisis del discurso jur?dico de la Sentencia C-141 de 2010, tomando como referencia los planteamientos te?ricos de autores como Mart?nez (2005) con su Esquema de la Situaci?n de Enunciaci?n; Perelman y Olbrechts-Tyteca (1958) con su Categorizaci?n de Argumentos y Toulmin (1958) con su Esquema Argumentativo. Dicha Sentencia tuvo como prop?sito fundamental el estudio de la Ley 1354 de 2009 (convocatoria a un referendo constitucional y sometimiento a consideraci?n del pueblo de un proyecto de reforma constitucional). El direccionamiento metodol?gico seguido fue de corte cualitativo y la t?cnica para la recopilaci?n de informaci?n fue el an?lisis de contenido. El objetivo que orient? la investigaci?n consisti? en analizar las estrategias discursivas-argumentativas implementadas por los magistrados de la Corte Constitucional de Colombia que impartieron el fallo que declar? la inexequibilidad de la Ley 1354 de 2009 sobre el referendo reeleccionista. Para el logro de lo anterior, en primer lugar, fueron reconocidos los componentes de la Din?mica Enunciativa en el discurso de la Sentencia C-141 de 2010. En segundo lugar, fueron identificadas las categor?as argumentativas presentes en la Sentencia referenciada que estructuraron su discurso jur?dico, incluido en el fallo en derecho sobre la Ley del referendo reeleccionista, y finalmente, se caracteriz? el esquema argumentativo en la Sentencia mencionada.

Validação de método para estudo de deposição de inseticidas biológicos em florestas.

Tem sido dada muito pouca atenção aos estudos da deposição de inseticidas biológicos, os quais tem sido aplicados com equipamento desenvolvido para uso com químicos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar um método para a analise da deposição de agrotóxicos em florestas de eucaliptos, caracterizado pelo uso de uma calda de pulverização marcada com traçador e uma técnica especial de amostragem. Empregou-se o cobre como traçador, na forma de fungicida, cuja analise espectrofotométrica e de baixo custo, fácil de execução, alem de possibilitar um excelente nível de recuperação das plantas. Utilizaram-se cartões de papel mata-borrão como alvo artificial para amostrar as gotas. Cartões grampeados em barbantes, em distancias preestabelecidas, foram colocados sobre as plantas, possibilitando uma amostragem estratificada por alturas. Para o solo, os cartões foram colocados em discos de Petri e distribuídos sob a copa das arvores, entre plantas e entre as linhas de plantio. Os resultados indicam que 61% do produto aplicado ficaram retidos nas plantas, 31% atingiram o solo e 8% podem ter sido perdidos através da "exo-deriva".

Manual de tecnologia de aplicação de agrotóxicos.

Este livro visa à maior eficiência na aplicação de agrotóxicos. Estruturado em seis capítulos, esta publicação aborda os principais fatores que afetam tanto a eficiência das aplicações quanto a regulagem de pulverizadores. Descreve ainda, de forma detalhada, a calibração da pulverização, numa abordagem simples e fácil entendimento.

A NATURALISTIC COMPUTATIONAL MODEL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN NAVIGATION AND SEARCH TASKS

Planning, navigation, and search are fundamental human cognitive abilities central to spatial problem solving in search and rescue, law enforcement, and military operations. Despite a wealth of literature concerning naturalistic spatial problem solving in animals, literature on naturalistic spatial problem solving in humans is comparatively lacking and generally conducted by separate camps among which there is little crosstalk. Addressing this deficiency will allow us to predict spatial decision making in operational environments, and understand the factors leading to those decisions. The present dissertation is comprised of two related efforts, (1) a set of empirical research studies intended to identify characteristics of planning, execution, and memory in naturalistic spatial problem solving tasks, and (2) a computational modeling effort to develop a model of naturalistic spatial problem solving. The results of the behavioral studies indicate that problem space hierarchical representations are linear in shape, and that human solutions are produced according to multiple optimization criteria. The Mixed Criteria Model presented in this dissertation accounts for global and local human performance in a traditional and naturalistic Traveling Salesman Problem. The results of the empirical and modeling efforts hold implications for basic and applied science in domains such as problem solving, operations research, human-computer interaction, and artificial intelligence.

Numeric model to estimate pesticide deposition and losses from aerial spraying.

Pesticides applications have been described by many researches as a very inefficient process. In some cases, there are reports that only 0.02% of the applied products are used for the effective control of the problem. The main factor that influences pesticides applications is the droplet size formed on spraying nozzles. Many parameters affects the dynamic of the droplets, like wind, temperature, relative humidity, and others. Small droplets are biologically more active, but they are affected by evaporation and drift. On the other hand, the great droplets do not promote a good distribution of the product on the target. In this sense, associated with the risk of non target areas contamination and with the high costs involved in applications, the knowledge of the droplet size is of fundamental importance in the application technology. When sophisticated technology for droplets analysis is unavailable, is common the use of artificial targets like water-sensitive paper to sample droplets. On field sampling, water-sensitive papers are placed on the trials where product will be applied. When droplets impinging on it, the yellow surface of this paper will be stained dark blue, making easy their recognition. Collected droplets on this papers have different kinds of sizes. In this sense, the determination of the droplet size distribution gives a mass distribution of the material and so, the efficience of the application of the product. The stains produced by droplets shows a spread factor proportional to their respectives initial sizes. One of methodologies to analyse the droplets is a counting and measure of the droplets made in microscope. The Porton N-G12 graticule, that shows equaly spaces class intervals on geometric progression of square 2, are coulpled to the lens of the microscope. The droplet size parameters frequently used are the Volumetric Median Diameter (VMD) and the Numeric Median Diameter. On VMD value, a representative droplets sample is divided in two equal parts of volume, in such away one part contains droplets of sizes smaller than VMD and the other part contains droplets of sizes greater that VMD. The same process is done to obtaining the NMD, which divide the sample in two equal parts in relation to the droplets size. The ratio between VMD and NMD allows the droplets uniformity evaluation. After that, the graphics of accumulated probability of the volume and size droplets are plotted on log scale paper (accumulated probability versus median diameter of each size class). The graphics provides the NMD on the x-axes point corresponding to the value of 50% founded on the y-axes. All this process is very slow and subjected to operator error. So, in order to decrease the difficulty envolved with droplets measuring it was developed a numeric model, implemented on easy and accessfull computational language, which allows approximate VMD and NMD values, with good precision. The inputs to this model are the frequences of the droplets sizes colected on the water-sensitive paper, observed on the Porton N-G12 graticule fitted on microscope. With these data, the accumulated distribution of the droplet medium volumes and sizes are evaluated. The graphics obtained by plotting this distributions allow to obtain the VMD and NMD using linear interpolation, seen that on the middle of the distributions the shape of the curves are linear. These values are essential to evaluate the uniformity of droplets and to estimate the volume deposited on the observed paper by the density (droplets/cm2). This methodology to estimate the droplets volume was developed by 11.0.94.224 Project of the CNPMA/EMBRAPA. Observed data of herbicides aerial spraying samples, realized by Project on Pelotas/RS county, were used to compare values obtained manual graphic method and with those obtained by model has shown, with great precision, the values of VMD and NMD on each sampled collector, allowing to estimate a quantities of deposited product and, by consequence, the quantities losses by drifty. The graphics of variability of VMD and NMD showed that the quantity of droplets that reachs the collectors had a short dispersion, while the deposited volume shows a great interval of variation, probably because the strong action of air turbulence on the droplets distribution, enfasizing the necessity of a deeper study to verify this influences on drift.