Evolución histórica del colegio mayor : del siglo XIV al XXI

Resumen basado en el de la publicación. Resumen en inglés

Comparaci??n de tres metodolog??as de evaluaci??n de objetos de aprendizaje virtuales

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Foro: revista de derecho. 6 (Recensiones)

Presenta las reseñas de los siguientes libros: Julio Echeverría, EL DESAFÍO CONSTITUCIONAL, CRISIS INSTITUCIONAL Y PROCESO POLÍTICO EN EL ECUADOR, Quito, Editorial Abya-Yala / ILDIS, 2006, 145 pp. -- Hemán Salgado Pesantes, MANUAL DE JUSTICIA CONSTITUCIONAL ECUATORIANA, Serie Fortalecimiento de la Justicia Constitucional en Ecuador, vol. 5, Quito, Corporación Editora Nacional/Instituto de Derecho Público Comparado de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid / Comisión Europea / Tribunal Constitucional, 2004, 232 pp. -- Luis Toscano Soria, PROCEDIMIENTOS ADMINISTRATIVOS Y CONTENCIOSOS EN MATERIA TRIBUTARIA, Quito, Pudeleco Editores S.A., 2006, 427 pp.

La prueba eficaz en el proceso de defensa de la marca notoria

He encontrado en las fuentes consultadas, algo que se repite: no es fácil definir esta condición de la notoriedad ligada a los signos. La Jurisprudencia Alemana, como nos cuenta Carlos Fernández-Nóvoa, es pionera en esfuerzos creadores importantes para proteger el renombre de los signos sobrepasando las barreras del principio de especialidad. El Bundesgerichtshof Tribunal Supremo alemán, elaboró dos propuestas de protección: la Berühmte Marke para proteger a la marca renombrada frente al riesgo de debilitamiento, y la bekannte Marke para proteger a la marca conocida contra el aprovechamiento de su prestigio por parte de un tercero. La tesis que nos entrega Jorge Otamendi, es que hay varios grados de notoriedad y es tajante en relación con la no necesidad de probar lo que es notorio. No he querido elaborar una definición. El objetivo principal es llevar nuestra atención a trabajar en lo que ya todos hemos entendido: el nivel de conocimiento de la marca implantado en la mente del público. Ese es el requisito del derecho y del no derecho (principios no vinculantes) que pide el juez para obtener la certeza que necesita para dictar un fallo objetivo y motivarlo debidamente. Un fallo en el que el juzgador pueda decir que ha quedado demostrada, sin lugar a dudas, la habilidad intrínseca del signo, de ser recordado en la mayor parte del público, que es lo que logrará certeza en la mente del juzgador para proteger el derecho subjetivo del titular del signo notoriamente conocido. La investigación que se apoya en referencias bibliográficas de estudiosos de derecho de marcas, derecho civil y en jurisprudencia consta de dos partes, el primer capítulo sobre La notoriedad de la marca en la Comunidad Andina y el segundo sobre la actividad probatoria para la demostración de notoriedad. Una fuente de consulta que resultó inspiradora para demostrar que es posible cuantificar el renombre, ha sido el análisis empírico español realizado por un equipo de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.

Propiedad intelectual y empresa: industria de software en el Ecuador

El Capítulo 1 referente a Nociones Generales de Propiedad Intelectual y de Empresa, es un extracto de las formas de protección de los programas de ordenador, en especial de los derechos de autor. Se pone real énfasis al desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología en este capítulo ya que constituye un pilar fundamental para que el desarrollo de la protección legal de software se dé. El Capítulo II recoge información sobre legislación tanto en el ámbito nacional como internacional. En el presente capítulo se hace un análisis general de la legislación, de los procedimientos legales utilizados en el Ecuador, englobando, además, nuevas formas internacionales de aplicación para la protección de software que no consta en la Ley ecuatoriana y que representan una novedad para el contexto nacional. Siguiendo el orden, el Capítulo III, con título Programas de Ordenador en el Ecuador, hace referencia a la creación del software en pasos sistemáticos a seguir. El procedimiento para crear un programa de ordenador, debe realizárselo según ciertos parámetros que serán la guía para obtener un resultado. Los Mecanismos alternativos de Protección de los Programas de Ordenador en el Ecuador, contenidos en el Capítulo IV, son fundamentales en este mundo de constante cambio ya que a falta de una protección completa por el efecto legal, los empresarios y creadores de software han intentado por cuenta propia dotarse de mecanismos que les permitan tener un control más cerrado y efectivo del software que ellos producen, con el objeto de impedir la piratería y pérdidas por efecto de ella. En función de determinar los costos para la creación de software se ha analizado de manera general, en el Capítulo V, lo que puede costar realizar un determinado programa (aplicación) y del efecto que este produce en el contexto global (PNB). Por último, el Capítulo VI, constituye un estudio de los efectos de la globalización en el campo del software. Es inquietante conocer los efectos que ella, la globalización, puede conllevar en una economía pequeña como la nuestra, la influencia de organismos poderosos y de los posibles cambios en el ámbito legal y tecnológico que pueden darse, tanto nacional como internacionalmente. Puede que esta situación sea preocupante en un futuro, dependiendo del ambiente y su desarrollo.

Chronic ouabain treatment increases the contribution of nitric oxide to endothelium-dependent relaxation

The aim of this study was to analyze the contribution of nitric oxide, prostacyclin and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor to endothelium-dependent vasodilation induced by acetylcholine in rat aorta from control and ouabain-induced hypertensive rats. Preincubation with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl esther (L-NAME) inhibited the vasodilator response to acetylcholine in segments from both groups but to a greater extent in segments from ouabain-treated rats. Basal and acetylcholine-induced nitric oxide release were higher in segments from ouabain-treated rats. Preincubation with the prostacyclin synthesis Inhibitor tranylcypromine or with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin inhibited the vasodilator response to acetylcholine in aortic segments front both groups. The Ca(2+)-dependent potassium channel blocker charybdotoxin inhibited the vasodilator response to acetylcholine only In segments from control rats. These results indicate that hypertension induced by chronic ouabain treatment is accompanied by increased endothelial nitric oxide participation and impaired endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor contribution In acetylcholine-induced relaxation. These effects might explain the lack of effect of ouabain treatment oil acetylcholine responses in rat aorta.

Glucocorticoids in Vivo Induce Both Insulin Hypersecretion and Enhanced Glucose Sensitivity of Stimulus-Secretion Coupling in Isolated Rat Islets

Although glucocorticoids are widely used as antiinflammatory agents in clinical therapies, they may cause serious side effects that include insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. To study the potential functional adaptations of the islet of Langerhans to in vivo glucocorticoid treatment, adult Wistar rats received dexamethasone (DEX) for 5 consecutive days, whereas controls (CTL) received only saline. The analysis of insulin release in freshly isolated islets showed an enhanced secretion in response to glucose in DEX-treated rats. The study of Ca(2+) signals by fluorescence microscopy also demonstrated a higher response to glucose in islets from DEX-treated animals. However, no differences in Ca(2+) signals were found between both groups with tolbutamide or KCl, indicating that the alterations were probably related to metabolism. Thus, mitochondrial function was explored by monitoring oxidation of nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate autofluorescence and mitochondrial membrane potential. Both parameters revealed a higher response to glucose in islets from DEX-treated rats. The mRNA and protein content of glucose transporter-2, glucokinase, and pyruvate kinase was similar in both groups, indicating that changes in these proteins were probably not involved in the increased mitochondrial function. Additionally, we explored the status of Ca(2+)-dependent signaling kinases. Unlike calmodulin kinase II, we found an augmented phosphorylation level of protein kinase C alpha as well as an increased response of the phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate pathway in DEX-treated rats. Finally, an increased number of docked secretory granules were observed in the beta-cells of DEX animals using transmission electron microscopy. Thus, these results demonstrate that islets from glucocorticoid-treated rats develop several adaptations that lead to an enhanced stimulus-secretion coupling and secretory capacity. (Endocrinology 151: 85-95, 2010)

Role of common mental and physical disorders in partial disability around the world

Background Mental and physical disorders are associated with total disability, but their effects on days with partial disability (i.e. the ability to perform some, but not full-role, functioning in daily life) are not well understood. Aims To estimate individual (i.e. the consequences for an individual with a disorder) and societal effects (i.e. the avoidable partial disability in the society due to disorders) of mental and physical disorders on days with partial disability around the world. Method Respondents from 26 nationally representative samples (n=61 259, age 18+) were interviewed regarding mental and physical disorders, and day-to-day functioning. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) was used to assess mental disorders; partial disability (expressed in full day equivalents) was assessed with the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule in the CIDI 3.0. Results Respondents with disorders reported about 1.58 additional disability days per month compared with respondents without disorders. At the individual level, mental disorders (especially post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and bipolar disorder) yielded a higher number of days with disability than physical disorders. At the societal level, the population attributable risk proportion due to physical and mental disorders was 49% and 15% respectively. Conclusions Mental and physical disorders have a considerable impact on partial disability, at both the individual and at the societal level. Physical disorders yielded higher effects on partial disability than mental disorders.

Impact of FLT3 Internal Tandem Duplication on the Outcome of Related and Unrelated Hematopoietic Transplantation for Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia in First Remission: A Retrospective Analysis

Purpose Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and FLT3/internal tandem duplication (FLT3/ITD) have poor prognosis if treated with chemotherapy only. Whether this alteration also affects outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) remains uncertain. Patients and Methods We analyzed 206 patients who underwent HLA-identical sibling and matched unrelated HSCTs reported to the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation with a diagnosis of AML with normal cytogenetics and data on FLT3/ITD (present: n = 120, 58%; absent: n = 86, 42%). Transplantations were performed in first complete remission (CR) after myeloablative conditioning. Results Compared with FLT3/ITD-negative patients, FLT3/ITD-positive patients had higher median leukocyte count at diagnosis (59 v 21 x 10(9)/L; P < .001) and shorter interval from CR to transplantation (87 v 99 days; P = .04). Other characteristics were similar in the two groups. At 2 years, relapse incidence (RI; +/- standard deviation) was higher (30% +/- 5% v 16% +/- 5%; P = .006) and leukemia-free survival (LFS) lower (58% +/- 5% v 71% +/- 6%; P = .04) in FLT3/ITD-positive compared with FLT3/ITD-negative patients. In multivariate analyses, FLT3/ITD led to increased RI (hazard ratio [HR], 3.4; 95% CI, 1.46 to 7.94; P = .005), as did older age, female sex, shorter interval between CR and transplantation, and higher number of chemotherapy courses before achieving CR. FLT3/ITD positivity was associated with decreased LFS (HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.73; P = .002), along with older age and higher number of chemotherapy courses before achieving CR. Conclusion FLT3/ITD adversely affected the outcome of HSCT in the same direction it does after chemotherapy; despite this, more than half of the patients harboring this mutation who received transplants were alive and leukemia free at 2 years. To further improve the results, use of FLT3 inhibitors before or after HSCT deserves investigation.

Cannabidiol protects oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from inflammation-induced apoptosis by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress

Cannabidiol (CBD) is the most abundant cannabinoid in Cannabis sativa that has no psychoactive properties. CBD has been approved to treat inflammation, pain and spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), of which demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss are hallmarks. Thus, we investigated the protective effects of CBD against the damage to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) mediated by the immune system. Doses of 1 mu M CBD protect OPCs from oxidative stress by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species. CBD also protects OPCs from apoptosis induced by LPS/IFN gamma through the decrease of caspase 3 induction via mechanisms that do not involve CB1, CB2, TRPV1 or PPAR gamma receptors. Tunicamycin-induced OPC death was attenuated by CBD, suggesting a role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the mode of action of CBD. This protection against ER stress-induced apoptosis was associated with reduced phosphorylation of eiF2 alpha, one of the initiators of the ER stress pathway. Indeed, CBD diminished the phosphorylation of PKR and eiF2 alpha induced by LPS/IFN gamma. The pro-survival effects of CBD in OPCs were accompanied by decreases in the expression of ER apoptotic effectors (CHOP, Bax and caspase 12), and increased expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. These findings suggest that attenuation of the ER stress pathway is involved in the 'oligoprotective' effects of CBD during inflammation. Cell Death and Disease (2012) 3, e331; doi:10.1038/cddis.2012.71; published online 28 June 2012

Parent psychopathology and offspring mental disorders: results from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys

Background Associations between specific parent and offspring mental disorders are likely to have been overestimated in studies that have failed to control for parent comorbidity. Aims To examine the associations of parent with respondent disorders. Method Data come from the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Surveys (n = 51 507). Respondent disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and parent disorders with informant-based Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria interviews. Results Although virtually all parent disorders examined (major depressive, generalised anxiety, panic, substance and antisocial behaviour disorders and suicidality) were significantly associated with offspring disorders in multivariate analyses, little specificity was found. Comorbid parent disorders had significant sub-additive associations with offspring disorders. Population-attributable risk proportions for parent disorders were 12.4% across all offspring disorders, generally higher in high- and upper-middle-than low-/lower-middle-income countries, and consistently higher for behaviour (11.0-19.9%) than other (7.1-14.0%) disorders. Conclusions Parent psychopathology is a robust non-specific predictor associated with a substantial proportion of offspring disorders.

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS) in patients with fibromyalgia

Background Mindful-based interventions improve functioning and quality of life in fibromyalgia (FM) patients. The aim of the study is to perform a psychometric analysis of the Spanish version of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) in a sample of patients diagnosed with FM. Methods The following measures were administered to 251 Spanish patients with FM: the Spanish version of MAAS, the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire, the Pain Catastrophising Scale, the Injustice Experience Questionnaire, the Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale, the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire and the Euroqol. Factorial structure was analysed using Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA). Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated to examine internal consistency, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess the test-retest reliability of the measures. Pearson’s correlation tests were run to evaluate univariate relationships between scores on the MAAS and criterion variables. Results The MAAS scores in our sample were low (M = 56.7; SD = 17.5). CFA confirmed a two-factor structure, with the following fit indices [sbX2 = 172.34 (p < 0.001), CFI = 0.95, GFI = 0.90, SRMR = 0.05, RMSEA = 0.06. MAAS was found to have high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.90) and adequate test-retest reliability at a 1–2 week interval (ICC = 0.90). It showed significant and expected correlations with the criterion measures with the exception of the Euroqol (Pearson = 0.15). Conclusion Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the MAAS in patients with FM are adequate. The dimensionality of the MAAS found in this sample and directions for future research are discussed.

Acesso aos livros eletrônicos (E-books), disponíveis para a comunidade USP

Este trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar o processo de implementação de uma Base de Busca Unificada, para acesso aos títulos de E-books, adquiridos pelo Consórcio CRUESP Bibliotecas e desenvolvida pelo Sistema Integrado de Bibliotecas da Universidade de São Paulo (SIBi/USP). A Metodologia utilizada para elaboração do serviço foi a exportação dos registros de cada base dos fornecedores de E-books para um banco de dados MySQL, integrado com a linguagem Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP), a elaboração de treinamento com bibliotecários e usuários para utilização do recurso e o desenvolvimento de estatística por Unidades da USP. Após a realização dos treinamentos e análise dos dados estatísticos verificou-se um aumento significativo da utilização do serviço desde a sua implantação em 2008, pelos usuários das Bibliotecas da USP. Conclui-se que o serviço é essencial para o desenvolvimento das atividades de ensino, pesquisa e extensão da Universidade, além de estar em consonância com as Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) utilizadas atualmente em bibliotecas universitárias. Para aprimoramento do serviço outras atividades estão em desenvolvimento, como a ampliação da divulgação e a inclusão dos registros no Banco de Dados Bibliográficos da USP – DEDALUS

¿Qué puede hacer la ciudadanía para defenderse de unas finanzas todopoderosas?

[ES] Conferencia celebrada en el Aula de Grado de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Presenta al ponente D. Julio Vega López, Profesor de Derecho del Trabajo y Seguridad Social. D. Ricardo García Zaldivar, es Presidente de ATTAC Espa&ntilde;a, Doctor en Estudios Territoriales y Urbanos por la Universidad de Paris Sorbonne en 1974, Doctor en Economía por la Universidad de Bilbao en 1979, Licenciado en Economía por la Universidad de Bilbao en 1969 y actualmente residente en Madrid ejerciendo como Profesor de Economía de los Recursos Naturales y el Medio Ambiente en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, de 2004 y Consultor en temas medioambientales, territoriales, urbanísticos y turísticos de diversas entidades públicas y privadas, desde 1976 hasta la fecha.