999 resultados para Mecanismos de geração


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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a geração de um mapa de suscetibilidade à erosão, em área rural, no Município de Guararapes, SP, por meio de modelo multicritério aditivo. Foram utilizados mapas digitais dos temas: relevo (declividade e comprimento das rampas); pedologia (obtida em campo); uso e cobertura das terras da região; e interpretação do modelo digital de elevação. Os mapas digitais foram tratados em ambiente de sistema de informação geográfica, por meio do método multicritério aditivo, e validados pelo modelo da equação universal de perda de solo (USLE). Foram geradas cinco classes de suscetibilidade à erosão: baixa, moderada, alta, muito alta e altíssima. O mapa de risco obtido por multicritério aditivo teve boa correspondência com o modelo USLE. O mapa de suscetibilidade à erosão pode ser aplicado ao planejamento agrícola e ambiental da área rural do Município de Guararapes.

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En el presente trabajo presentamoslos mecanismos de persuasión de chinos y españoles basándonos en los seis principios de influencia propuestos por Cialdini, pero analizándolos desde una perspectiva pragmalingüística, teniendo en cuenta el uso de estrategias de cortesía, elementos de atenuación y elementos paralingüísticos y quinésicos. Hemos diseñado un cuestionario específicopartiendo de estos principios, cuyos resultados nos permite realizarun análisis cuantitativo. Comparando los mecanismos de ambos grupos,llegamos a la conclusión de que en el proceso de influencia social en estas dos culturas estos principios funcionan de manera parecida, pero no totalmente igual.

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Al finalizar la guerra civil, la agricultura constituía la actividad más importante de Lleida y su comarca. La ralentización general del desarrollo de los otros sectores producida por el impacto de la contienda y, sobre todo, la política autárquica del Nuevo Estado franquista, garantizaron la continuidad de la preeminencia económica del sector primario. El trienio 1936-39 representó, al igual que para el resto del país, el final de un período caracterizado por una cierta modernización de la estructura productiva y, a la vez, el inicio de una de las recesiones económicas y sociales más notables de su historia reciente. Más allá de las consecuencias derivadas directamente de los efectos de la contienda, las causas reales de esa situación -o, cuando menos, las de su excesiva prolongación- hay que buscarlas en la política agraria adoptada durante los años cuarenta. La gestión gubernamental se preocupó más, en efecto, por satisfacer los intereses de los terratenientes que por mejorar la situación del campo o satisfacer las necesidades más elementales de la población. Dicha actuación tendió eficazmente, a través de la política fiscal, de la política de colonización y de la política intervencionista, a garantizar un proceso de acumulación de la renta agraria en el que la gran beneficiaria fue, en detrimento de una inmensa mayoría, la minoría latifundista.

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El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar las propiedades mecánicas, así como los diferentes mecanismos de fractura activados mediante ensayos de indentación instrumentada, de electrolitos basados en circona estabilizada con itria ("yttria stabilized zirconia",YSZ) y ceria dopada con gadolinia ("gadolinia doped ceria", GDC), para pilas de combustible de óxido sólido, SOFCs. Ambos materiales, con un espesor final de 200 ¿m, se conformaron mediante prensado uniaxial a 500 MPa y se sinterizaron a 1400ºC. Propiedades mecánicas tales como la dureza (H) y el módulo de Young (E) han sido estudiadas a diferentes profundidades de penetración utilizando el algoritmo de Oliver y Pharr.

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OBJETIVO: Comparar os tempos de geração e digitação de laudos radiológicos entre um sistema eletrônico baseado na tecnologia de voz sobre o protocolo de internet (VoIP) e o sistema tradicional, em que o radiologista escreve o laudo à mão. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi necessário modelar, construir e implantar o sistema eletrônico proposto, capaz de gravar o laudo em formato de áudio digital, e compará-lo com o tradicional já existente. Por meio de formulários, radiologistas e digitadores anotaram os tempos de geração e digitação dos laudos nos dois sistemas. RESULTADOS: Comparadas as médias dos tempos entre os sistemas, o eletrônico apresentou redução de 20% (p = 0,0410) do tempo médio de geração do laudo em comparação com o sistema tradicional. O tradicional foi mais eficiente em relação ao tempo de digitação, uma vez que a média de tempo do eletrônico foi três vezes maior (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante entre os sistemas comparados, sendo que o eletrônico foi mais eficiente do que o tradicional em relação ao tempo de geração dos laudos, porém, em relação ao tempo de digitação, o tradicional apresentou melhores resultados.

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Since its inception in the 80's, capillary electrophoresis has matured into a well established technique for the separation and analysis of complex samples. One of its strongest aspects is the ability to handle materials from a diversity of chemical classes, ranging from few to millions of Daltons. This is only possible because several modes of electrophoresis can be performed in a single capillary format. In this work, relevant aspects of capillary zone electrophoresis in its three modes (free solution, micellar and gel), capillary isoelectric focusing and capillary isotachophoresis are discussed and many representative applications are presented.

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We are working in a new multi-doped glassy material to generate simultaneously the three primary light color (by addition) of the visible spectrum, with the control of the intensity of each one, allowing the simulation of any color: a full-color generator device. Tm+3, Tb+3 and Eu+3 ions were used (0.01 to 5,0 mol%) as blue, green and red narrow line emitters. A wide color gamut was obtained under ultraviolet excitation by varying the material composition. The chromaticity diagram is covered, including the white simulation.

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This paper presents a system for electrochemical hydride generation using flow-injection and atomic absorption spectrometry to determine selenium in biological materials. The electrolytic cell was constructed by assembling two reservoirs, one for the sample and the other for the electrolytic solution separated by a Nafion membrane. Each compartment had a Pt electrode. The sample and electrolyte flow-rates, acidic media, and applied current were adjusted to attain the best analytical performance and ensure the membrane lifetime. The atomisation system used a T quartz tube in an air-LPG flame. The composition of the flame, the observation height, and the argon flow rate used to carry the hydrides were critically investigated. The system allowed to perform thirty determinations per hour with a detection limit of 10 mug L-1 of Se. Relative standard deviations were in general lower than 1.5% for a solution containing 20.0 and 34.0 mug L-1 of Se in a typical sample digest. Accuracy was assessed analysing the certified materials: rice flour (NIST-1568) from National Institute of Standard and Technology and dried fish (MA-A-2), whole animal blood (A-2/1974) from the International Atomic Energy Agency.

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A study of the kinetics of oxygen evolution in alkaline conditions from ceramic films of Mn2O3 supported on stainless steel was carried out. This study has been done through the determination of transfer coefficients, Tafel slopes and exchange currents using potentiodynamic and quasi-potentiostatic measurements. The activation energy was determined as a function of the overpotential and, additionally, the electrode active surface was estimated. The results are consistent with data already published for other electrodes, implying that the methods used in this work were reliable and precise.

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In this review article, we give a general introduction on the mechanisms involved in organic chemiluminescence, where three basic models for excited state formation are presented. The chemiluminescence properties of 1,2-dioxetanes - four membered ring peroxides - are briefly outlined in the second part. In the main part, the mechanisms involved in the decomposition of 1,2-dioxetanes and analogous peroxides are discussed: (i) the unimolecular decomposition of 1,2-dioxetanes; (ii) the electron transfer catalyzed decomposition of peroxides by an intermolecular CIEEL (Chemically Initiated Electron Exchange Luminescence) mechanism; (iii) 1,2-dioxetane decomposition catalyzed by an intramolecular electron transfer mechanism (intramolecular CIEEL). Special emphasis is given to the latter subject, where recent examples with potential analytical applications are presented.

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Desde que empezó la crisis hemos presenciado un doble proceso político que amenaza con socavar algunos de los avances más importantes en materia de igualdad de género realizados en época reciente. Por un lado, hemos asistido a un inmenso recorte del gasto público social y, por el otro, al ascenso por doquier de la derecha, la cual desempolva obcecada sus recetas de auxilio a la familia tradicional para salvarla de los supuestamente crecientes y virulentos ataques perpetrados sobre esta durante los últimos años. Estos dos procesos se encuentran profundamente relacionados y contribuyen a provocar nuevos y actualizados mecanismos de acumulación por desposesión del trabajo reproductivo no remunerado de las mujeres.

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A flow injection spectrophotometric procedure was developed for the determination of metamizol in pharmaceutical formulations. The system is based on the reaction between metamizol and triiodide generated in the system by mixing iodate and iodide-starch solutions. The absorbance of triiodide-starch complex giving a steady-state baseline value which was monitored at 580 nm. The inverse peaks caused by metamizol samples were measured and there was a direct relationship between absorbance decreasing and metamizol concentration from 1.4 x 10-4 to 7.0 x 10-4 mol L-1. The RSD was 0.45 % for a metamizol solution 4.2 x 10-4 mol L-1 (n = 10) with a detection limit (three-fold blank standard deviation/slope) of 6.0 x 10-5 mol L-1 The feasibility of the system was demonstrated for the determination of metamizol in commercial samples with sixty results obtained per hour. The results obtained for metamizol in pharmaceutical formulations using the proposed flow procedure and those obtained using an iodimetric procedure are in agreement at the 95% confidence level and within an acceptable range of error.

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In this work the CCl4 degradation in aqueous solution by sonication with 40 kHz commercial ultrasonic bath was investigated. Sonochemical degradation of CCl4 occur by the cleavage of C-Cl bond into the cavitation bubbles. Oxidation reactions and the pH decreasing in the bulk solution during sonication were attributed to chlorine radicals produced by CCl4 sonolysis, leading to increase the chloride concentration. The formation of oxidizing agents was evaluated employing I- and Fe2+ ion solutions, converted to I2 and HIO, and Fe3+, respectively. The amount of chloride and hydronium ions produced after 3 min of irradiation was 11.52 and 12.19 mmol, respectively, suggesting that the same reaction was involved to produce these ions. Fe2+ oxidation and the pH variation were monitored to estimate chlorine radical formation rate in the presence (0.107 mumol s-1) and absence (0.092 mumol s-1) of metallic ion during the first minute of sonication.

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The historical development of atomic spectrometry techniques based on chemical vapor generation by both batch and flow injection sampling formats is presented. Detection via atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), microwave induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP-OES), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) , inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and furnace atomic nonthermal excitation spectrometry (FANES) are considered. Hydride generation is separately considered in contrast to other methods of generation of volatile derivatives. Hg ¾ CVAAS (cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry) is not considered here. The current state-of-the-art, including extension, advantages and limitations of this approach is discussed.

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In the present paper, a historical view from spontaneous generation of life to Oparin-Haldane hypothesis was discussed. It was also showed what is the main concern of the field of prebiotic chemistry. Several aspects of prebiotic chemistry such as synthesis of biomolecules and biopolymers, primitive metabolism and genetic code, and the importance of the adsorption for the origin of life were discussed.