Bio recuperación de suelos salinos con el uso de materiales orgánicos.

El suelo es un importante recurso natural que necesita ser preservado y mejorado para permitirle mantener su calidad y capacidad productiva, para ello se deben proponer y aplicar prácticas sostenibles que permitan recuperar aquellos suelos degradados por un mal manejo del hombre, como por ejemplo la salinización. El objetivo planteado fue evaluar la biorecuperación de un suelo con problemas salino-sódico con la aplicación de dos proporciones (1,5 y 3% (p/p)) de tres enmiendas orgánicas: compost, vermicompost sólido y Lemna mesclados o no con el 100% de los requerimientos de fosfoyeso, generándose 15 tratamientos (incluyendo tres controles). La evaluación se realizó a través de tres ensayos: 1. Columnas simuladas de suelo. 2. Evolución de CO2 y 3. Crecimiento de plántulas de tomate. El suelo objeto de estudio está clasificado my como Fluventic Haplustepts, y fue tomado de una zona de la Hacienda Alto Viento, con una latitud de 10° 2' 15 N y una longitud de 72 ° 34' 15 W, en el estado de Zulia – Venezuela. Se tomó una muestra compuesta por 20 submuestras de 20 cm de profundidad del área problema, se secó al aire (2,3% de humedad), se tamizó y homogenizó. El suelo y las enmiendas orgánicas fueron caracterizadas. Los materiales orgánicos; compost y vermicompost fueron procesados en la misma Hacienda con el uso de estiércol de ganado bovino; la Lemna fue recolectada de orillas del Lago de Maracaibo en la ciudad de Maracaibo. El suelo se mezcló a las proporciones indicadas se le midió respiración basal y el efecto sobre la germinación de semillas de tomate y se empaquetó en un tubo de polietileno de 7,1 cm de diámetro y 70 a 90 cm de longitud, según la altura de la mezcla del suelo con la enmienda. El fondo de cada columna fue rellenado con 40 cm de arena lavada para facilitar el drenaje. En cada columna se utilizó la misma cantidad de suelo (1055 mg), la altura que ocupó dentro de las columnas dependió del tipo de enmienda orgánica y su proporción, la cual modificó la Da del suelo (1,328±0,05 g•cm-3). La altura dentro de la columna varió desde 20 cm para el suelo sin enmienda hasta 38,33±0,8 cm para el suelo enmendado con Lemna al 3,0%. Transcurrido el periodo de tres meses tiempo en el cual el suelo enmendado y colocado en las columnas fue lavado con una cantidad de agua que equivalente a la tasa de infiltración, la cual se calculó a partir de la precipitación anual de la zona y las perdidas por evaporación y escorrentía; se fraccionó en tres secciones de 7, 7 y 6 cm de longitud, y el suelo de cada fracción se secó al aire y se tamizó, y se le midió CEextr, pH, cationes en solución y cationes extraíbles para calcular el RAS y el PSI. Se tomó una cantidad equivalente de cada sección para conformar una muestra de 50 g de suelos a los cuales se le midió respiración basal e igualmente se tomó suelo para evaluar la germinación y crecimiento de plántulas de tomate. Se detectaron diferencias significativa (p<0,05) entre tratamientos, según la prueba de Tukey, para la variables evaluadas, aunque no hubo diferencias entre las proporciones ni entre la utilización del fosfoyeso mezclado con las enmiendas orgánicas. La enmienda que mostró menos potencial en la bio remediación fue la Lemna por sus altos contenidos de Na+. La metodología de las columnas simuladas del suelo, bajo las condiciones de estudio, no fue del todo adecuada para evaluar la bio remediación debido que en el suelo control por efecto de la aplicación de agua también hubo recuperación del mismo por su disminución en el la CE, RAS y PSI y en algunas variables su recuperación fue mayor que en aquellos enmendados con Lemna. Tomando en la respuesta del cultivo la mejor enmienda fue el vermicompost Abstract The soil is an important natural resource that needs to be preserved and improved to maintain its quality and production potential. Therefore, it is necessary to propose and apply sustainable practices that permit the recovery of soils that have been degraded by inadequate management, among these saline soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioremediation of a saline-sodic soil through the application of two proportions (1,5 and 3% (p/p) of three organic amendments: compost, vermicompost and Lemna, mixed or not with gypsum phosphate, resulting in 15 treatments (including 3 controls). The evaluation was conducted through three tests: 1. Simulated soil columns. 2. Evolution of CO2 and 3. Growth of tomato seedlings The soil under evaluation was classified as Fluventic Haplustepts and was collected from the Alto Viento farm located at 10° 2' 15 North Latitude and 72° 34' 15 West longitude, in Zulia State, Venezuela. A composite soil sample, integrated of 20 subsamples taken to a depth of 20 cm collected in the problem area, was air dried (2.3 % moisture), sieved and homogenized. Soil and organic amendments were characterized. Organic material for the compost and vermicompost were obtained on the farm using cattle manure, whereas the Lemna was collected from the shores of Lake Maracaibo outside Maracaibo city. The soil was mixed in the above-mentioned proportions and its baseline respiration rate and effect on the germination of tomato seeds were recorded. Soil was packed in a PVC pipe (7,1 cm diameter and 70-90 cm length) to simulate a soil column. The bottom of each column was filled out with 40 cm of washed sand to facilitate drainage. The same amount of soil was used in each column (1,055 mg), but the height of the column varied according to the organic amendment and its proportion, which modified the apparent density of the soil (1,328±0,05 g•cm-3). The height of each column varied from 20 cm for the soil without amendment to 38,33±0,8 cm for the soil with 3% Lemna. After three months, the soil was treated with water (using the equivalent of the problem area infiltration rate), and was divided into three sections (7, 7 and 6 cm length). The soil from each section was air dried, sieved and its cationic exchange capacity, pH, cation solutions and extractable cations were measured to estimate RAS and PSI. An equivalent portion of each section was collected to compose a 50 g soil sample, and baseline respiration rate and tomato seedlings growth were recorded. Statistical differences (p<0,05) were observed among treatments for the variables under evaluation. Tukey test showed no differences among the proportions of organic amendments nor with the addition of gypsum phosphate to the organic amendments. The amendment which showed the lowest bioremediation potential was the Lemna, as a result of its high Na+ concentration. Under the conditions of this study, the soil column methodology used showed limitations to evaluate bioremediation because the control soil column, after being rinsed with water, also showed improvements as CE, RAS and PSI values were reduced. For some variables, the improvement noted in the control soil column surpassed those obtained with the soil amended with Lemna. Based on the best crop response amendment was vermicompost 3%.

Renewable Energy Generation at Copper Mountain Resort

Copper Mountain, a Colorado ski area, evaluated onsite renewable energy generation to save on energy costs and reduce carbon emissions. Multiple resort locations were analyzed to determine suitable sites for implementation of solar electricity generation, wind electricity generation and biomass heat production. Potential project sites were assessed based on four criteria: costs and financial returns, environmental impacts, implementation and maintenance, and public relations/marketing opportunities. Solar projects had the lowest capital cost of the three types of renewable energy, and wind projects had high capital costs and low financial returns. Biomass projects had high capital costs, solid financial projections and good marketing value compared to wind and solar technologies. Project implementation recommendations were given based upon the evaluation.

Isolation and characterization of integron-containing bacteria without antibiotic selection

The emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic and commensal bacteria has become a serious problem worldwide. The use and overuse of antibiotics in a number of settings are contributing to the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. The class 1 and 2 integrase genes (intI1 and intI2, respectively) were identified in mixed bacterial cultures enriched from bovine feces by growth in buffered peptone water (BPW) followed by integrase-specific PCR. Integrase-positive bacterial colonies from the enrichment cultures were then isolated by using hydrophobic grid membrane filters and integrase-specific gene probes. Bacterial clones isolated by this technique were then confirmed to carry integrons by further testing by PCR and DNA sequencing. Integron-associated antibiotic resistance genes were detected in bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Aeromonas spp., Proteus spp., Morganella morganii, Shewanella spp., and urea-positive Providencia stuartii isolates from bovine fecal samples without the use of selective enrichment media containing antibiotics. Streptomycin and trimethoprim resistance were commonly associated with integrons. The advantages conferred by this methodology are that a wide variety of integron-containing bacteria may be simultaneously cultured in BPW enrichments and culture biases due to antibiotic selection can be avoided. Rapid and efficient identification, isolation, and characterization of antibiotic resistance-associated integrons are possible by this protocol. These methods will facilitate greater understanding of the factors that contribute to the presence and transfer of integron-associated antibiotic resistance genes in bacterial isolates from red meat production animals.

A földrajzi távolság, a kulturális hasonlóság és a szabadkereskedelem hatása a borkereskedelemre = Effects on the global wine trade of geographical distance, cultural and linguistic similarity, and free trade

A globalizálódó világgazdaságban a vezető bortermelő országok egyre jelentősebb borkereskedelmet bonyolítanak le egymás között. Míg Európában a fogyasztók egyre kevesebb bort vásárolnak, addig Amerikában és Ázsiában a bor iránti kereslet folyamatosan bővül: a borkereskedelem földrajzi átrendeződése zajlik. A kulturális hasonlóság és a földrajzi távolság kereskedelemre gyakorolt hatását gyakran a kereskedelemelméletek gravitációs modelljével elemzik. E tanulmány azt vizsgálja, hogy a fő borexportáló országok közötti földrajzi távolság, kulturális hasonlóság és szabadkereskedelem milyen hatással van a nemzetközi borkereskedelemre, annak költségeire. A regressziós becslés eredményei alátámasztják, hogy a borkereskedelem költségei alacsonyabbak, ha a kereskedelmi partnerek kulturálisan hasonlók, földrajzilag közel helyezkednek el egymáshoz, vagy van tengeri kikötőjük, tagjai a WTO-nak, illetve ha kötöttek egymással regionális kereskedelmi megállapodást. Ezenkívül megállapítható, hogy az angolszász, a latin-amerikai és az európai kulturális klaszterek elsősorban egymással kereskednek. A kutatás számos kulturális változó alkalmazásával és több ökonometriai modell, illetve becslési eljárás nagymintás tesztelésével gazdagítja a szakirodalmat. ____ In a globalizing world, major wine-producing countries export considerable quantities to the global wine market and turn over a notable trade, but in what happens European wine regions differ markedly from the New World. Here major wine producers suffered a remarkable fall in domestic wine consumption in recent decades, while New World wine producers increased their production potential and generated new foreign demand. The changes have been joined by geographical relocation of wine consumption and exports. The gravity equation can be derived from demand-side or supply-side theory-consistent estimation methods that suggest relationships between the size of the economies, geographical distances, cultural similarities, and size of their trade. The paper analyses the effects of cultural and geographical proximity, free trade, and linguistic similarity on bilateral trade in the main wine-producing countries, using a cross-section gravity model for 2012. The results suggest that larger countries export more wine, while transport costs rise in line with geographical distance and are higher for landlocked trading partners. Wine export costs are lower if trading partners are culturally similar, share a dominant religion, or are both WTO members with regional trade agreements. Anglo-Saxon, Germanic, Latin American and Latin European countries mainly trade wines within their groups. The paper looks to extend the number of trading partners, investigate the effect of language clusters, and confirm that the results are robust by different econometric methodologies.

Intragenus competition between coccolithoviruses: an insight on how a select few can come to dominate many

Viruses are a major cause of coccolithophore bloom demise in both temperate and sub-temperate oceanic regions. Most infection studies on coccolithoviruses have been conducted with a single virus strain, and the effect of intragenus competition by closely related coccolithoviruses has been ignored. Here we conducted combined infection experiments, infecting Emiliania huxleyi CCMP 2090 with two coccolithoviruses: EhV-86 and EhV-207 both simultaneously and independently. EhV-207 displayed a shorter lytic cycle and increased production potential than EhV-86 and was remarkably superior under competitive conditions. Although the viruses displayed identical adsorption kinetics in the first 2 h post infection, EhV-207 gained a numerical advantage as early as 8 h post infection. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that when infecting in combination, EhV-207 was not affected by the presence of EhV-86, whereas EhV-86 was quickly out-competed, and a significant reduction in free and cell-associated EhV-86 was seen as early as 2 days after the initial infection. The observation of such clear phenotypic differences between genetically distinct, yet similar, coccolithovirus strains, by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR allowed tentative links to the burgeoning genomic, transcriptomic and metabolic data to be made and the factors driving their selection, in particular to the de novo coccolithovirus-encoded sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway. This work illustrates that, even within a family, not all viruses are created equally, and the potential exists for relatively small genetic changes to infer disproportionately large competitive advantages for one coccolithovirus over another, ultimately leading to a few viruses dominating the many.

Intragenus competition between coccolithoviruses: an insight on how a select few can come to dominate many

Viruses are a major cause of coccolithophore bloom demise in both temperate and sub-temperate oceanic regions. Most infection studies on coccolithoviruses have been conducted with a single virus strain, and the effect of intragenus competition by closely related coccolithoviruses has been ignored. Here we conducted combined infection experiments, infecting Emiliania huxleyi CCMP 2090 with two coccolithoviruses: EhV-86 and EhV-207 both simultaneously and independently. EhV-207 displayed a shorter lytic cycle and increased production potential than EhV-86 and was remarkably superior under competitive conditions. Although the viruses displayed identical adsorption kinetics in the first 2 h post infection, EhV-207 gained a numerical advantage as early as 8 h post infection. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that when infecting in combination, EhV-207 was not affected by the presence of EhV-86, whereas EhV-86 was quickly out-competed, and a significant reduction in free and cell-associated EhV-86 was seen as early as 2 days after the initial infection. The observation of such clear phenotypic differences between genetically distinct, yet similar, coccolithovirus strains, by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR allowed tentative links to the burgeoning genomic, transcriptomic and metabolic data to be made and the factors driving their selection, in particular to the de novo coccolithovirus-encoded sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway. This work illustrates that, even within a family, not all viruses are created equally, and the potential exists for relatively small genetic changes to infer disproportionately large competitive advantages for one coccolithovirus over another, ultimately leading to a few viruses dominating the many.

Use of business analysis in beef businesses to direct management practice change for climate adaptation outcomes

Beef businesses in northern Australia are facing increased pressure to be productive and profitable with challenges such as climate variability and poor financial performance over the past decade. Declining terms of trade, limited recent gains in on-farm productivity, low profit margins under current management systems and current climatic conditions will leave little capacity for businesses to absorb climate change-induced losses. In order to generate a whole-of-business focus towards management change, the Climate Clever Beef project in the Maranoa-Balonne region of Queensland trialled the use of business analysis with beef producers to improve financial literacy, provide a greater understanding of current business performance and initiate changes to current management practices. Demonstration properties were engaged and a systematic approach was used to assess current business performance, evaluate impacts of management changes on the business and to trial practices and promote successful outcomes to the wider industry. Focus was concentrated on improving financial literacy skills, understanding the business’ key performance indicators and modifying practices to improve both business productivity and profitability. To best achieve the desired outcomes, several extension models were employed: the ‘group facilitation/empowerment model’, the ‘individual consultant/mentor model’ and the ‘technology development model’. Providing producers with a whole-of-business approach and using business analysis in conjunction with on-farm trials and various extension methods proved to be a successful way to encourage producers in the region to adopt new practices into their business, in the areas of greatest impact. The areas targeted for development within businesses generally led to improvements in animal performance and grazing land management further improving the prospects for climate resilience.

Produção de carboidratos a partir do efluente de laticínios tratado por cianobactéria

Nesta tese foi demonstrado o potencial de produção de carboidratos por Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli cultivada no efluente oriundo de uma indústria de laticínios. Para tanto, o trabalho é composto de quatro artigos que objetivaram avaliar a produção de carboidratos em função da temperatura, inóculo e razões C/N e N/P do elfluente, bem como a possibilidade de reúso da água residuária. Foram utilizadas temperaturas de (10, 20 e 30ºC) e inóculo (100, 200 e 300 mg.L-1). A melhor condição indicada foi quando utilizou-se a temperatura de 30°C e 200 mg.L-1 de inóculo. Na sequência, considerando a temperatura e a concentração celular selecionada, foi estudada a influência das razões C/N e N/P na produção de carboidratos. Para tal, C/N (20, 40 e 60) e N/P (5, 10 e 15) na produção de carboidratos extracelulares foram avaliadas em cultivos a 30°C, tendo como inóculo 200 mg.L-1. Os melhores resultados obtidos, foram quando foi utilizado C/N 60 e N/P 10. Uma vez definidas as melhores condições de produção de carboidratos, foi estudado o processo de separação de biomassa do meio de cultivo, a partir dos coagulantes FeCl3, Al2(SO4)3 e tanino. O efeito dos coagulantes na separação da biomassa foram estudados, quanto ao pH (6,0, 7,0 e 8,0) e concentração de coagulantes (50, 300 e 550 mg.L-1), utilizando como parâmetro de medida, a eficiência de remoção de DQO, turbidez e sólidos suspensos (SS). Os resultados demonstraram que as concentrações de coagulantes influenciaram significativamente ao nível de significância de 5 %, na separação da biomassa, com eficiência significativa na remoção da DQO, turbidez e SS. A melhor condição avaliada foi a que utilizou tanino na concentração de 300 mg.L-1 e pH 7,0, o que resultou em uma água residuária com remoção média de 96 % da turbidez, com potencial de ser reutilizada. Por fim, foi realizada a identificação de carboidratos gerados por Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli. Os resultados evidenciaram uma biomassa com até 33,5 % de carboidratos totais, perfazendo uma fração de carboidratos extracelulares, na fase estacionária de crescimento celular, de aproximadamente 25 % e 8 % os carboidratos da parede celular. Ficou demonstrado ainda que a composição dos carboidratos extracelulares do microorganismo em estudo é constituído por mono e dissacarídeos perfazendo concentrações na ordem de 12,88 % de glicose, 3,54 % de rafinose, 3,43 % sacarose, 2,13 % de frutose e 2,45 % de ribose. Ficou demonstrado o potencial de produção de carboidratos por Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli quando cultivada no efluente da indústria de laticínios.

Desenvolvimento ponderal de bubalinos da raça Murrah criados em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha no Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Foram analisados os dados de desempenho ponderal de bubalinos Murrah do Sistema de Produção de Leite da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, campus de Botucatu. Os pesos foram corrigidos às diversas idades-padrão e o modelo incluiu os efeitos de sexo (S), mês (M) e ano (A) de nascimento, classe de idade da búfala ao parto (C) e as interações S x M, S x A, S x C e M x A. As médias ajustadas e respectivos erros-padrão estimados para as características estudadas foram: Peso ao Nascer (PN): 37,71 ± 8,25kg; Peso aos 120 dias (P120): 102,08 ± 16,27kg; Peso aos 240 dias (P240): 169,84 ± 22,83kg; Peso aos 365 dias (P365): 250,59 ± 25,12kg; Peso aos 550 dias (P550): 326,13 ± 39,27kg e Peso aos 730 dias (P730): 389,80 ± 31,26kg. O efeito de sexo (S) foi significativo somente para PN e P365, sendo que machos tenderam a nascer mais pesados que fêmeas. O mês de nascimento (M) exerceu efeito sobre o PN, P120 e P730 sendo que animais nascidos em maio foram os mais pesados ao nascer, enquanto os nascidos em janeiro e maio, foram os mais pesados aos 120 e 730 dias, respectivamente. O efeito de ano de foi significativo sobre o PN, P120, P240 e P730. Os filhos de búfalas das classes de idade 1 (3 anos ou menos) e da classe 6 (10,11 e 12 anos) foram os mais leves e mais pesados ao nascer, respectivamente. O fato de a classe de idade da búfala não exercer efeito sobre os P365, P550 e P730 sugere que, em rebanhos comerciais possa ser feita a substituição de búfalas não gestantes por novilhas prenhes, apesar de esta prática reduzir a média de idade do rebanho de cria. Bubalinos da raça Murrah oriundos de rebanhos leiteiros podem ser utilizados para a produção de carne.

Estudo da utilizaçäo dos glúcidos em dietas para robalo (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Dissertação de mest. em Estudos Marinhos e Costeiros- Ramo de Aquacultura, Unidade de Ciências e Tecnologia dos Recursos Aquáticos, Univ. do Algarve, 1995

Ruminal methane emission by dairy cattle in southeast Brazil.

ABSTRACT: Ruminal gases, particularly methane, generated during the fermentative process in rumen, represent a partial loss of feed energy and are also pointed to as an important factors in greenhouse effect. This study aimed at quantifying methane (CH 4) emission rates from lactating and dry cows and heifers, 24 month-old in average, on pasture under Southeast Brazil tropical conditions, using the tracer gas technique, sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6), four animals per category, distributed in four blocks. Measurements were performed in February and June, 2002, with Holstein and Brazilian Dairy Crossbred (Holstein ¾ x Gir (Zebu) ¼), maintained on fertilized Tanzania-grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania) and fertilized Brachiaria-grass (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk) pastures. Heifers of both breeds were maintained on unfertilized Brachiaria-grass to simulate conditions of extensive cattle farming systems. CH 4 and SF 6 levels were measured with gas chromatography. Differences in CH4 emissions were measured (p < 0.05) for genetical groups. Holstein produced more methane (299.3g day?1) than the Crossbred (264.2 g day?1). Lactating cows produced more methane (353.8 g day?1) than dry cows (268.8 g day?1) and heifers (222.6 g day?1). Holstein, with greater milk production potential, produced less CH4 (p < 0.05) per unit of dry matter intake (19.1 g kg?1) than the Crossbred (22.0 g kg?1). Methane emission by heifers grazing fertilized pasture (intensive system) was 222.6 g day?1, greater (p < 0.05) than that of heifers on unfertilized pasture (179.2 g day?1). Methane emission varied as function of animal category and management intensity of production system.

First evidence of Schmallenberg virus introduction in Portugal, 2014

Objectives: Serra da Estrela native (SEN) breed of sheep is one of the most important in Portugal, standing responsible for the production of one of the most internationally recognized cheeses in the world, "Queijo Serra da Estrela” (protected designation of origin). One of the major risks to the sustainability of SEN dairy flocks if footrot, an infectious diseases that causes lameness, decrease in milk production, weight loss and decrease in fertility. The aim of this work was to determine which parameters become decisive for the appearance of footrot in SEN dairy flocks, while establishing associations with environmental and nutritional variables. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out by performing an especially designed 27 multiple choice questionnaire, based on the underlying causes of lameness in livestock and in the clinical diagnosis performed by the vet techinichian of the clinical cases evaluated at the moment of the inquiry. The survey was performed during the execution of the oficial veterinary health program between February and September of 2014 by a veterinarian team from the Association of SEN Sheep Breeders (ANCOSE). The ovine producers (N=30, with a total of 1270 animals) were randomly selected from the extense area of production of “Queijo Serra da Estrela”. The parameters evaluated in the study were: season and consequent weather changes during the period of the study, floor types, hygiene conditions, bed types, the existence and use of footbaths, location of footbaths, foot trimming and foot hygiene procedures. After the construction of the database and using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16.0 the frequency response for each item was calculated. Results: All SEN livestock producers are proactive in the treatment of lameness (70%). About 99.7% of lameness was related with footroot and most appeared in winter (36.7%). In some occasions there was not a specific season distribution (56.7% rainiest years). From the analyzed farms, 70% use straw as a floor bed, followed by bush (21%). 45.6% of animals were clinically diagnosed with footrot and were sheltered in straw floor. Bed quality is good in 40%, however frequent changes in the floor bed in the preceding 15 days had a higher rate of footroot diagnosed cases (33,23%) compared to monthly changes. Regarding sheepfold animal number, the distribution is proper in 36.7%, elevated in 30%, overcrowded in 6.7% and low in 23.3%. Clinically ill diagnosed animals in last category were the lowest observed (3%). Concerning hoof trimming, 76.7% trims while 23.3% reported not to perform that task. From those that perform trimming, 73.9% do it only when necessary, 21.7% at the time of clipping and 4.4% when the animal is affected. One curious result was that animals who perform trimming at clipping had higher footrot cases (52.6%), unlike those who trim only when necessary (40.2%) or even when animals are clinically ill (0.91%). Mostly all in the presence of footrot choose a local treatment (95.2%) using antibiotic sprays, instead of parenteral antibiotic treatment. Footbath is rarely used in the prevention (13.3%) of this disease and when it is misconceived (25%) and incorrectly formulated (100%). Conclusions: This study was the first performed in Portugal focusing footrot caracterization in native SEN flocks.Economic impact in SEN dairy flocks is atributed to factors such as direct decrease in milk and meat production,early slaughter of affected animals due to non responsive treatment and medical expenses.The most effective eradication method combines first of all the ability to understand the problems of SEN producers and implementation of preventive measures and treatment of footrot.Often linked to lack of formation, the advance age of portuguese producers the mentality and social factors block the advance of veterinarian intervention itself.

Footrot caracterization in serra da estrela native flocks

Objectives: Serra da Estrela native (SEN) breed of sheep is one of the most important in Portugal, standing responsible for the production of one of the most internationally recognized cheeses in the world, "Queijo Serra da Estrela” (protected designation of origin). One of the major risks to the sustainability of SEN dairy flocks if footrot, an infectious diseases that causes lameness, decrease in milk production, weight loss and decrease in fertility.The aim of this work was to determine which parameters become decisive for the appearance of footrot in SEN dairy flocks, while establishing associations with environmental and nutritional variables. Materials and methods: The present study was carried out by performing an especially designed 27 multiple choice questionnaire, based on the underlying causes of lameness in livestock and in the clinical diagnosis performed by the vet techinichian of the clinical cases evaluated at the moment of the inquiry. The survey was performed during the execution of the oficial veterinary health program between February and September of 2014 by a veterinarian team from the Association of SEN Sheep Breeders (ANCOSE). The ovine producers (N=30, with a total of 1270 animals) were randomly selected from the extense area of production of “Queijo Serra da Estrela”. The parameters evaluated in the study were: season and consequent weather changes during the period of the study, floor types, hygiene conditions, bed types, the existence and use of footbaths, location of footbaths, foot trimming and foot hygiene procedures. After the construction of the database and using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16.0 the frequency response for each item was calculated. Results: All SEN livestock producers are proactive in the treatment of lameness (70%). About 99.7% of lameness was related with footroot and most appeared in winter (36.7%). In some occasions there was not a specific season distribution (56.7% rainiest years). From the analyzed farms, 70% use straw as a floor bed, followed by bush (21%). 45.6% of animals were clinically diagnosed with footrot and were sheltered in straw floor. Bed quality is good in 40%, however frequent changes in the floor bed in the preceding 15 days had a higher rate of footroot diagnosed cases (33,23%) compared to monthly changes. Regarding sheepfold animal number, the distribution is proper in 36.7%, elevated in 30%, overcrowded in 6.7% and low in 23.3%. Clinically ill diagnosed animals in last category were the lowest observed (3%). Concerning hoof trimming, 76.7% trims while 23.3% reported not to perform that task. From those that perform trimming, 73.9% do it only when necessary, 21.7% at the time of clipping and 4.4% when the animal is affected. One curious result was that animals who perform trimming at clipping had higher footrot cases (52.6%), unlike those who trim only when necessary (40.2%) or even when animals are clinically ill (0.91%). Mostly all in the presence of footrot choose a local treatment (95.2%) using antibiotic sprays, instead of parenteral antibiotic treatment. Footbath is rarely used in the prevention (13.3%) of this disease and when it is misconceived (25%) and incorrectly formulated (100%). Conclusion: This study is the first performed in Portugal focusing on footrot caracterization in native SEN flocks. The economic impact in SEN dairy flocks is atributed to factors such as the direct decrease in milk and meat production, the early slaughter of affected animals due to a non responsive treatment, and medical expenses. The most effective eradication method combines first of all the ability to understand the problems of SEN producers and then the implementation of preventive measures and treatment of footrot. Often linked to the lack of formation, and the advanced age of portuguese producers, the mentality and social factors block the advance of veterinarian intervention itself.

Comparing pollination control bag types for sorghum seed harvest.

Efficacy of pollination bags made of new nonwoven fabrics was compared with the traditional paper bags in sorghum during 2015 using three cultivars comprising BR007B (red seeded), SC283 (white seeded) and 1167048 hybrid with tannin (brown seeded). The five pollination bag treatments were: no bagging, traditional paper bag, paper bag plus plastic screen bag for extra bird protection, duraweb®SG2 polypropylene bag and duraweb®SG1 polyester bag. There was no bird damage on tannin hybrid but birds damaged bags to access grains of the other two varieties. Varieties and bag types differed significantly, and also showed significant interactions for panicle weight (at P<0.06), seed weight and average seed weight per panicle. The tannin hybrid was consistently a better performer for all traits regardless of bag type. The paper bags were the worst for bird damage. Duraweb® SG1 was the best performer for all traits including bird damage followed by duraweb®SG2. The joint regression analysis showed that BR007B performed consistently under all bag types with average response. On the other hand, SC283 improved its response with the increasing quality of bag type at an above average rate for panicle weight and seed traits. It was concluded that new nonwoven fabric bags could replace paper bags in providing better seed production potential and greater protection against bird damage.

Annual crop rotation of tropical pastures with no-till soil as affectedby lime surface application.

Soil acidity and low natural fertility are the main limiting factors for grain production in tropical regionssuch as the Brazilian Cerrado. The application of lime to the surface of no-till soil can improve plant nutrition, dry matter production, crop yields and revenue. The present study, conducted at the Lageado Experimental Farm in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil, is part of an ongoing research project initi-ated in 2002 to evaluate the long-term effects of the surface application of lime on the soil?s chemical attributes, nutrition and kernel/grain yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), white oat (Avena sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) inter cropped with palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu), as well as the forage dry matter yield of palisade grass in winter/spring, its crude protein concentration, estimated meat production, and revenue in a tropical region with a dry winter during four growing seasons. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments consisted of four rates of lime application (0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 kg ha−1), performed in November 2004. The surface application of limestone to the studied tropical no-till soil was efficient in reducing soil acidity from the surface down to a depth of 0.60 m and resulted in greater availability of P and K at the soil surface. Ca and Mg availability in the soil also increased with the lime application rate, up to a depth of 0.60 m. Nutrient absorption was enhanced with liming, especially regarding the nutrient uptake of K, Ca and Mg by plants.Significant increases in the yield components and kernel/grain yields of peanut, white oat and maize were obtained through the surface application of limestone. The lime rates estimated to achieve the maximum grain yield, especially in white oat and maize, were very close to the rates necessary to increase the base saturation of a soil sample collected at a depth of 0?0.20 m to 70%, indicating that the surface liming of 2000 kg ha−1is effective for the studied tropical no-till soil. This lime rate also increases the forage dry matter yield, crude protein concentration and estimated meat production during winter/spring in the maize-palisade grass inter cropping, provides the highest total and mean net profit during the four growing seasons, and can improve the long-term sustainability of tropical agriculture in the Brazilian Cerrado.