Productive traits of broiler chickens fed diets containing different growth promoters

This study evaluated the effect of different probiotics and prebiotics on the performance of broilers. One-day-old male broiler chicks from the Cobb strain (n=1,260) were randomly distributed in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement, considering 3 probiotics and 3 prebiotics sources. Nine treatments with 4 repetitions and 35 birds per parcel were used. The results showed that there was no influence of treatment on feed intake at the different rearing phases. Better weight gain (p<0.05) was seen when diet was supplemented with the phosphorylated mannanoligosaccharide-based prebiotic (MOS) compared to diets without prebiotics. Feed conversion of birds fed diets with probiotics and prebiotics was better than feed conversion of birds not receiving such additives. Such better results were seen in the initial period (1 to 21 days), but not in the following period (1 to 35 days) or in the total period (1 to 42 days). Better rearing viability was seen when MOS was used together with organic acidifier when compared to the diets without prebiotic. Viability was worst when no prebiotics or probiotics were used. It was concluded that beneficial effects were seen in performance of birds at 21 days when the growth promoters were used, but not at 42 days of age. Nevertheless, there was better growth viability at 42 days of age when growth promoters were added.

Análise pelo Supply Chain Management da cadeia produtiva da castanha de caju no Rio Grande do Norte

This work presents the cashew nuts chain in the State of Rio Grande do Norte between 1960 and 2009. The main purpose of this research was to find the reason of the low productivity of the cashew nut in this state, identifying in the cashew's chain production the struggling points which were limiting the commerce of this product through the distribution network. Therefore, the Supply Chain Management was used as a logistic analysis methodology, focusing on relationships management between the nodes of this chain, from the producer until the final customer. Many problems were found: first, the precarious production conditions of the small producer don't lead to reach the demanded productivity by the market. The distance, the lack of communication of the small producers among themselves and an archaic way of dealing with their businesses, may be an explanatory reason for this problem, considering that those factors are the main elements which contribute for the weakening of the small producer placed in the productive chain. Another spotted point was that the business-oriented relationship between the producer and the local trader does not allow the small producer's economical development, which interferes in any technological investment to reach a good quality production that fulfills the market demand. And also, the fact that there is a tendency of the final costumer to require lower prices day-byday, forcing a pressure on the nodes transferring to the other and successively until arriving at the producer who inevitably is suffering the biggest impacts from this mentioned pressure.

Kondo-attractive-Hubbard model for the ordering of local magnetic moments in superconductors

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Experimental and theoretical correlation of very intense visible green photoluminescence in BaZrO3 powders

Very intense visible green photoluminescence (PL) was observed at room temperature in structurally ordered-disordered BaZrO3 powders. Ab initio calculations, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and PL were performed. Theoretical and experimental results showed that local defects in the cubic structure caused by [ZrO5 center dot V-O(z)] complex clusters, where V-O(z) = V-O(x), V-O(center dot), and V-O(center dot center dot), play an important role in the formation of hole-electron pairs, giving rise to a charge gradient in the structure which is responsible for PL emission. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Administrative rationality and coping strategies in shift work

Shift work (SW) can affect worker health and productivity. Working at night, workers often accumulate fatigue and are less productive. In Brazil, laws have been drafted aiming to reduce night work and rotating shift hours. In order to slash costs, companies have been looking for new arrangements to improve productivity under these conditions. The purpose of this study was to examine management changes and their outcomes in a large glass factory located in an industrial region of Brazil. The results show that the management, seeking equal productivity among shifts, focused its efforts mainly on distributing employee expertise. The arrangement resulted in 12 different groups that combine to serve three fixed shifts. A same shift can be served by more than one group, and the members of a same group share days off on different days. There was no statistically significant productivity difference among the three shifts. The on-site examination showed that part of the production was held by the workers and transferred to the next shift in order for them to be able to meet the management's performance rate requirements. The finding shows how a Brazilian cultural trait (resistance without conflict) is used to drive coping in SW.

Cultivares de trigo sob manejos de solo e água, na região de cerrado

A cultura do trigo, sob irrigação por aspersão ou sequeiro, vem sendo introduzida nos últimos anos no cerrado brasileiro. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do manejo do solo e água nas características fenológicas e produtivas de cultivares de trigo, na região de cerrado. O estudo foi conduzido na área experimental da UNESP, localizada em Selvíria, MS. Adotou-se um delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, num esquema fatorial, com quatro repetições, sendo as mesmas constituídas por dois manejos de solo (arado de aivecas e plantio direto), dois manejos de água (-0,05MPa e -0,07MPa) e três cultivares de trigo ('BRS 210', 'BR 18', 'IAC 24'). O plantio direto proporcionou maior rendimento de grãos de trigo em relação ao preparo do solo com arado de aivecas para as cultivares 'BRS 210' e 'BRS 18'. O manejo de água com tensão -0,05MPa foi o que proporcionou maior rendimento de grãos.

O circuito espacial de produção e os círculos de cooperação da soja no Maranhão no período técnico-científico informacional

The study in screen it has as objective the understanding of the space circuit of production and the circles of cooperation of the soy that if develop in the Maranhão in the technician-scientific-informational period. Characterized for the material and incorporeal flows if they develop in the Maranhão, from the moment where it had a process of integration of the maranhense territory while peripheral space of the capitalist dynamics, that if gave through the politics of regional integration created by the State, but when it had a process of selective modernization, also partial and conservative of the agriculture, that made possible the significant increase of the production and reproduction of the capital. The study sample that with the advent of the soy, had a concentration of the production techniques, mainly in the agricultural region of Balsas, due to bigger it offers of lands, time of implantation of the culture, technique accumulated in the production, whereas in the agricultural region of Chapadinha, these indices still are without representation. Moreover, the intensification of the agricultural credit, the agrarian politics and tax incentives are elements that have propitiated increase of the production of the soy. The development of the space circuit and circles of cooperation of the soy, a side, create new forces politics in the Maranhão that can result in the creation of a new state, the other, are responsible, for the elimination of part of the subsistence agriculture, producing social problems as, agrarian concentration and unemployment. The study it still evidences the appropriation of the place for a small number of companies that has generated, beyond an intense concentration of income, an alienation of the territory, in view of that this is used for a strange purpose to the place and the yearning of the population does not stop

Cell-free antigens from precocious Paracoccidioides brasiliensis culture induce a typical delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Productive performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed at different frequencies and periods with automatic dispenser

Avaliou-se o desempenho de tilápias-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) produzidas em tanque-rede, providas de dispensadores automáticos de ração, alimentadas em diferentes frequências - uma vez por hora e a cada duas horas - e períodos - durante o dia, à noite ou ambos. Dezoito tanques-rede de 1.0m³ foram colocados em um tanque de 2000m² com dois metros de profundidade e renovação de água de 5%. Cento e setenta tilápias, com peso inicial de 16.0±4.9g foram distribuídas em cada tanque-rede de 1m³ e a taxa alimentar foi ajustada a cada 21 dias junto com as biometrias. As medidas foram coletadas de março a julho (outono e inverno). Observou-se diferença significativa para peso final (P<0.05) entre os tratamentos. O aumento da frequência alimentar melhorou o desempenho produtivo de tilápias-do-nilo produzidas em tanque-rede e permitiu melhor manejo alimentar. A melhor conversão alimentar para alta frequência, 24 vezes dia-1, pode resultar em uma economia de até 360kg de ração por tonelada de peixe produzido, melhorando a sustentabilidade econômica para produção de tilápia e sugerindo menor poluição ambiental.

Biocompatibility of a chlorhexidine local delivery system in a subcutaneous mouse model

Objective: This study aimed evaluating histologically and histomorphometrically the response of the conjunctive tissue face to the implant of chlorhexidine chips in the subcutaneous tissues of rats. Study Design: In this research 35 male rats Wistar were used to analyze the biocompatibility and the degradation process of chlorhexidine chip. In each animal, it was made 2 incisions for subcutaneous implantation of chlorhexidine chip (test group) and a polytetrafluorethylene membrane (control group). The morphological changes in subcutaneous implantations were assessed after 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 days. The data were submitted to Friedman nonparametric test to analyze the comparisons among observation periods and to allow the comparison among groups. Results: Differences were found in the analysis of the inflammatory response when comparing the tested materials (p values <= 0.05). In test group was observed hemorrhage, edema and intense inflammatory infiltrate predominantly neutrophilic around material. From 3-day and subsequent periods was verified granulation tissue externally at this infiltrate. From 10-day on was observed crescent area of degradation of chlorhexidine chip, associated with neutrophilic and macrophagic infiltrate, that maintained until 21-day. In the control group, moderate inflammatory infiltrate was observed initially, predominantly polymorphonuclear, edema and granulation tissue 3-day period. The inflammatory infiltrate was gradually replaced for granulation tissue, culminating in a fibrous capsule. Giant multinucleate cells situated at contact interface with the coating was examined since 3-day and persisted until 21-day. Conclusion: The chlorhexidine chip induces an intense acute inflammatory response at subcutaneous tissue of rats. Therefore, at conditions of this study was not biocompatible.

Intense violet-blue photoluminescence in BaZrO3 powders: A theoretical and experimental investigation of structural order-disorder

Intense violet-blue photoluminescence (PL) emission at room temperature was verified in BaZrO3 (BZO) powders with structural order-disorder. Ab-initio calculations, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy and PL were performed. Theoretical results showed that the local disorder in the network-formed Zr clusters present an important role in the formation of hole-electron pair. The experimental data and theoretical results are in agreement, indicating that the PL emission in BZO powders can be related to the structural order-disorder degree in the lattice. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The role of structural order-disorder for visible intense photoluminescence in the BaZr0.5Ti0.5O3 thin films

The nature of the intense visible room temperature photoluminescence of BaZr0.5Ti0.5O3 non-crystalline thin films is discussed in the light of experimental results and theoretical calculations. The photoluminescence measurements reveal that the emission intensity changes with the degree of disorder in the BaZr0.5Ti0.5O3 lattice. First principles quantum mechanical techniques, based on density functional theory at B3LYP level, have been employed to study the electronic structure of a crystalline model and of structurally disordered models in order to detect the influence of disorder on the electronic structure. An analysis of the electronic charge distribution reveals local polarization in the disordered structures. The relevance of the present theoretical and experimental results on the photoluminescence behavior of BZT is discussed. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Conditions giving rise to intense visible room temperature photoluminescence in SrWO4 thin films: the role of disorder

The nature of intense visible photoluminescence at room temperature of SrWO4 (SWO) non-crystalline thin films is discussed in the light of experimental results and theoretical calculations. The SWO thin films were synthesized by the polymeric precursors method. Their structural properties have been obtained by X-ray diffraction data and the corresponding photoluminescence (PL) spectra have been measured. The UV-vis optical spectra measurements suggest the creation of localized states in the disordered structure. The photoluminescence measurements reveal that the PL changes with the degree of disorder in the SWO thin film. To understand the origin of visible PL at room temperature in disordered SWO, we performed quantum-mechanical calculations on crystalline and disordered SWO periodic models. Their electronic structures are analyzed in terms of DOS, hand dispersion and charge densities. We used DFT method with the hybrid non-local B3LYP approximation. The polarization induced by the symmetry break and the existence of localized levels favors the creation of trapped holes and electrons, giving origin to the room temperature photoluminescence phenomenon in the SWO thin films. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Relationship between Crystal Shape, Photoluminescence, and Local Structure in SrTiO3 Synthesized by Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Method

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Avaliação experimental dos efeitos do anestésico local ropivacaína em nervos ciáticos

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of ropivacaine after intrafascicular injection into the sciatic nerves of albino rabbits. Twenty adult albine rabbits were used, following sedation with intramuscular ketamine (50 mg/kg) for nerve exposure by lateral incision. We considered three experimental groups: Group I:sciatic nerve control; Group II: intrafascicular injection with 0.2 mL of physiologic saline solution in the left nerves and intrafascicular injection with 0.2 mL of local anesthetic ropivacaine into the rigth nerves. The specimens were colected at 48 h after drugs administration; Group III. intrafascicular injection with 0.2 mL of physiologic saline solution in the left nerves and intrafascicular injection with 0.2 mL of local anesthetic ropivacaine in the rigth nerves. The specimens were colected at 7 days after drugs administration. The sciatic nerves were removed from these animals and fixed in Karnowisky solution for 24 hours. After partial dehydration up to 95% ethanol, they were embedded in historesin (Leica). The tissue was then sectioned at 1-2μm. Sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin (HE); toluidine blue (TB) or picrosirius-haematoxylin (PSH). Comparing with control group the histological evidence of inflammatory reaction (migration of macrophagic cells and eosinophils-appeared soon after injection, with intense proliferation of perineurial cells. The results show that after 7 days of intrafascicular injection there was a severe fibrosis and an increase on perineurial vascularization. In group 2 the inflammatory reaction was noted near the local of the injection. Furthermore in this experiment we observed an increase on the number of epineurial lipoblasts and adipocytes. This study demonstrated that the toxic effects of ropivacaine are transient. In many cases there was an initial fascicular recover and axonal regeneration after 7 days of the injection.