No plausivel, e sempre faustissimo dia 17 de dezembro, augusto natalicio de sua magestade fidelissima a senhora D. Maria I. deo José Pedro da Silva huma nova demonstração no seu jubilo pelas occasiões de publico regozijo, illuminando as casas de sua residencia na Praça do Rocio, pela maneira seguinte.

Mode of access: Internet.

Esploracion entre San José de Cúcuta i el Rio Magdalena.

Report to the Ministerio de Hacienda, signed: Juan N. González V. Camilo de Caicedo, ayudante.

Francesco Grimaldi, un mercader-banquero genovés entre Granada, la corte e Inglaterra (siglos xv-xvi)

Los estudios sobre la comunidad genovesa del Reino de Granada suelen centrarse en las actividades desarrolladas en el territorio y rara vez en la reconstrucción de trayectorias individuales, circunstancia determinada por el recurso casi exclusivo a los protocolos notariales. El caso de Francesco Grimaldi es singular por muchas razones: su localización en fuentes de naturaleza muy variada –protocolos notariales de Granada y Málaga, Registro del Sello de Simancas y Granada, Chancillería de Valladolid, el epistolario del comendador Fuensalida y el archivo privado de la familia Grimaldo de Cáceres– ha permitido seguir su presencia y sus actividades en Granada, la Corte e Inglaterra –donde desempeñó un papel fundamental en el matrimonio entre Catalina de Aragón y Enrique VIII–. Así se conoce su interés por los préstamos y el negocio de la renta, las circunstancias de su matrimonio con Francisca de Cáceres y la adquisición de un importante patrimonio en el reino granadino.

Atención integral de pacientes hipertensos en el Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga (I.E.S.S.) Detección, control y vigilancia del hipertenso. Descripción de factores de riesgo y prevención de complicaciones

Debido a la alta prevalencia e incidencia de la Hipertensión Arterial en los pacientes que acuden al servicio de consulta externa del Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga de IESS. de la ciudad de Cuenca y considerando que se trata de un problema que afecta indiscriminadamente, nos propusimos realizar un trabajo de asistencia al paciente hipertenso, con una óptica diferente al meramente curativo. Es así que nuestra orientación va dirigida a la eduación como parte de la Attención Primaria de Salud: cuyo objetivo esta encaminado a mejorar la calidad de vida haciendo extensivo el programa a los familiares de los pacientes como potenciales personas en riesgo de adquirir la enfermedad. Las características generales y clínicas de los pacientes se las obtuvo a través de las historias clínicas y encuestas aplicadas a los hipertensos. Para la aplicación del programa educativo organizamos el club "Factores de riesgo-hipertensión" a traves del cual se pudo concretar nuestro objetivo. Para el sistema de referencia y contrareferencia se realizó un estudio previo del existente con jefes departamentales concluyendo en la necesidad de implementar un sistema más acorde con las necesidades institucionales y de los pacientes. Al finalizar nuestra investigación podemos decir que le programa educativo como parte de la Atención Primaria de Salud tiene validez y sustentabilidad dentro de la institución puesto que los resultados son satisfactorios

Disfunción diastólica en pacientes con hipertensión arterial grado I - II Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca 2006

Estudio descriptivo realizado con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de disfunción diastólica en pacientes con hipertensión arterial grado I-III, en edades de 30-60 años; a través de ecocardiograma doppler pulsado de flujo transvalvular mitral, hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca 2006. Los pacientes fueron 76 seleccioados por asignación secuencial. Resultados: la edad media de los pacientes fue de 51 +- 6 años; 61,3corresponde al sexo femenino; con un índice de masa corporal de 26 kg (talla)2; el 60con hipertensión grado I y 40grado II; 72,5presentó hipertrofia ventricular izquierda; la alteración diastólica fue de 86,3(grado I 85,4y grado II 87,5), con predominio de patrón de relajación retardada (58,8). Conclusiones: el 86,3de pacientes con hipertensión arterial presentan disfución diastólica; con mínima diferencia entre hipertensión grado I y II (85,4y 87,5); concluyendo que a mayor grado de hipertensión arterial menor porcentaje de patrón normal de función diastólica, al igual que a mayor tiempo de hipertensión arterial (mayor de 10 años) mayor grado de disfunción diastólica. El patrón de disfunción diastólica predominante en hipertensión arterial grado I y II fue el de relajación retardada; incluso independientemente del peso

La modernización entre cafetales : San José, Costa Rica, 1880-1930

This work examines the urban modernization of San José, Costa Rica, between 1880 and 1930, using a cultural approach to trace the emergence of the bourgeois city in a small Central American capital, within the context of order and progress. As proposed by Henri Lefebvre, Manuel Castells and Edward Soja, space is given its rightful place as protagonist. The city, subject of this study, is explored as a seat of social power and as the embodiment of a cultural transformation that took shape in that space, a transformation spearheaded by the dominant social group, the Liberal elite. An analysis of the product built environment allows us to understand why the city grew in a determined manner: how the urban space became organized and how its infrastructure and services distributed. Although the emphasis is on the Liberal heyday from 1880-1930, this study also examines the history of the city since its origins in the late colonial period through its consolidation as a capital during the independent era, in order to characterize the nineteenth century colonial city that prevailed up to 1890 s. A diverse array of primary sources including official acts, memoirs, newspaper sources, maps and plans, photographs, and travelogues are used to study the initial phase of San Jose s urban growth. The investigation places the first period of modern urban growth at the turn of the nineteenth century within the prevailing ideological and political context of Positivism and Liberalism. The ideas of the city s elite regarding progress were translated into and reflected in the physical transformation of the city and in the social construction of space. Not only the transformations but also the limits and contradictions of the process of urban change are examined. At the same time, the reorganization of the city s physical space and the beginnings of the ensanche are studied. Hygiene as an engine of urban renovation is explored by studying the period s new public infrastructure (including pipelines, sewer systems, and the use of asphalt pavement) as part of the Saneamiento of San José. The modernization of public space is analyzed through a study of the first parks, boulevards and monuments and the emergence of a new urban culture prominently displayed in these green spaces. Parks and boulevards were new public and secular places of power within the modern city, used by the elite to display and educate the urban population into the new civic and secular traditions. The study goes on to explore the idealized image of the modern city through an analysis of European and North American travelogues and photography. The new esthetic of theatrical-spectacular representation of the modern city constructed a visual guide of how to understand and come to know the city. A partial and selective image of generalized urban change presented only the bourgeois facade and excluded everything that challenged the idea of progress. The enduring patterns of spatial and symbolic exclusion built into Costa Rica s capital city at the dawn of the twentieth century shed important light on the long-term political social and cultural processes that have created the troubled urban landscapes of contemporary Latin America.

Betydelser i barnfamiljsbroschyrer : Systemisk-funktionell analys av den tänkta läsaren och institutionen

This thesis concerns Swedish and Finland-Swedish brochures to families with children, presenting family allowances from the social insurance institutions in the two countries. The aim of the study is to analyse what meanings are conveyed with reference to the conceivable reader and the institution in the brochures. The material consists of information brochures in Swedish from Kela, the social insurance institution of Finland, and Försäkringskassan, the Swedish social insurance agency, issued during 2003–2006. The general theoretical framework is systemic-functional linguistics (SFL) as presented by Halliday & Matthiessen (2004) and Holmberg & Karlsson (2006). The study consists of a quantitative study of the lexical choices of the social insurance brochures. Furthermore, a qualitative process and participant analysis is annotated with the UAM Corpus tool and the results are quantified. Speech functions and modal auxiliaries are analysed qualitatively. The analysis shows that material and relational processes are most common. The relational and verbal processes are used more in the Sweden-Swedish brochures, while the material processes are more common in the Finland-Swedish brochures. The participants in the brochures are the institution, mentioned by its name, and the conceivable reader, directly addressed with “you” (du). In addition, the referent “child” is often mentioned. The participants assigned for the reader are Actor, Receiver, Carrier and Speaker. In the Finland-Swedish texts, the reader is often an Actor, while the reader in the Sweden-Swedish texts is a Carrier. Thus, the conceivable reader is an active participant who takes care of his or her own matters using the internet, communicates actively to the institution and has legal rights and obligations. The institution is visible in the texts but does not have an active role as the name of the institution is mostly used in circumstances. The institution is not often a participant, but when it is, it is Actor, Receiver, Listener and Carrier, expecting the clients to address it. Speech functions are performed in different ways. For instance, questions structure the reading process and commands are realised by modal auxiliaries, not by imperatives. The most common modal auxiliary is kan (can, may), and another common auxiliary is ska (shall, must). Statements are surrounded by subordinate clauses and adverbs that describe situations and criteria. The results of the study suggest that the brochures in the two countries are similar, in particular when produced in similar ways, that is, when the Finland-Swedish texts are not translated. Existing differences reflect the differences in the institutions, the social insurance systems and the cultural contexts. KEYWORDS: Finland-Swedish, Swedish, comparative analysis, SFL, discourse analysis, administrative language, institutional discourse, institutional communication

Jos heti lataa kaiken ja osoittaa sormella, ei ne nuoret tule mukaan. Järjestöjen mahdollisuudet vaikuttaa nuorten ruokatottumuksiin.

Aims: The older the youngsters are, the more important role hobbies and leisure time activities have in their life. That is why various activities organized by the non-profit organizations have an important role concerning the development of food habits of youngsters. This study has three main themes. The themes and their respective study questions are: 1. The youngsters' conceptions on healthy eating and food choice: What kind of food do youngsters consider as healthy? How do they see their own eating habits from this point of view? 2. The youngsters and the significance of everyday food-related information: How do the youngsters perceive the role of different actors and these actors' role regarding their own food habits and food choice? 3. The possibilities of the organizations that work with youngsters to improve their food habits: What kind of role do the non-profit organizations have on the youngsters' food habits and healthy food choice? Methods: This study comprises of two types of data. First, a quantitative internet-based survey (N=582) was used to collect data on the 9th graders conceptions and understandings. The data was analyzed with the SPSS-program. Means, cross-tabulations, Pearson´s correlations and t-test were calculated from the data. The qualitative data was collected using interviews. The respondents were 12 experts from non-profit organizations. The interviews were analyzed with the qualitative content analysis. Results and conclusions: The non-profit organizations studied have good possibilities to communicate with youngsters through their hobbies. As part of their activities these organizations are able to influence on health-promoting lifestyle and food habits of youngsters. In order to reach more youngsters, these organizations should actively act e.g. in virtual societies of youngsters. Youngsters will participate when activities are voluntary and exhilarating. From the point of food habits doing, learning and identifying are the most important factors to engage the young. Also the models of peers and adults are important. Non-profit organizations should offer youngsters activities but these organizations should also influence on society.

Should I stay or should I go? : Reproductive and dispersal strategies of site-specific liverwort species

The area of intensively managed forests, in which required conditions for several liverwort species are seldom found, has expanded over the forest landscape during the last century. Liverworts are very sensitive to habitat changes, because they demand continuously moist microclimate. Consequently, about third of the forest liverworts have been classified as threatened or near threatened in Finland. The general objective of this thesis is to increase knowledge of the reproductive and dispersal strategies of the substrate-specific forest bryophytes. A further aim was to develop recommendations for conservation measures for species inhabiting unstable and stable habitats in forest landscape. Both population ecological and genetic methods have been applied in the research. Anastrophyllum hellerianum inhabits spatially and temporally limited substrate patches, decaying logs, which can be considered as unstable habitats. The results show that asexual reproduction by gemmae is the dominant mode of reproduction, whereas sexual reproduction is considerably infrequent. Unlike previously assumed, not only spores but also the asexual propagules may contribute to long-distance dispersal. The combination of occasional spore production and practically continuous, massive gemma production facilitates dispersal both on a local scale and over long distances, and it compensates for the great propagule losses that take place preceding successful establishment at suitable sites. However, establishment probability of spores may be restricted because of environmental and biological limitations linked to the low success of sexual reproduction. Long-lasting dry seasons are likely to result in a low success of sexual reproduction and decreased release rate of gemmae from the shoots, and consequent fluctuations in population sizes. In the long term, the substratum limitation is likely to restrict population sizes and cause local extinctions, especially in small-sized remnant populations. Contrastingly, larger forest fragments with more natural disturbance dynamics, to which the species is adapted, are pivotal to species survival. Trichocolea tomentella occupies stable spring and mesic habitats in woodland. The relatively small populations are increasingly fragmented with a high risk for extinction for extrinsic reasons. The results show that T. tomentella mainly invests in population persistence by effective clonal growth via forming independent ramets and in competitive ability, and considerably less in sexuality and dispersal potential. The populations possess relatively high levels of genetic diversity regardless of population size and of degree of isolation. Thus, the small-sized populations inhabiting stable habitats should not be neglected when establishing conservation strategies for the species and when considering the habitat protection of small spring sites. Restricted dispersal capacity, also on a relatively small spatial scale, is likely to prevent successful (re-)colonization in the potential habitat patches of recovering forest landscapes. By contrast, random short-range dispersal of detached vegetative fragments within populations at suitable habitat seems to be frequent. Thus, the restoration actions of spring and streamside habitats close to the populations of T. tomentella may contribute to population expansion. That, in turn, decreases the harmful effects of environmental stochasticity.

Pengarna eller livet? : En kvalitativ och longitudinell studie om långtidsarbetslösa unga i ett aktörsperspektiv

Your money or your life? A qualitative follow-up study of the young unemployed from an actor perspective is a qualitative and longitudinal study following 36 unemployed young people in Helsinki over a span of ten years. The purpose of the study is to shed light on how a few young people view employment/unemployment and their lives and future, how they as unemployed perceive their encounters with society, and how society supports them. Four so-called key informants were followed at a finer level of empirical detail. They were chosen for the thematic interviews because of their different personalities, starting points and preferences. Although some differences were expected, what the results show is quite striking. The individual stories raise a number of questions about differences between young people, about society s view of the young unemployed, and about the principles behind the so-called activation policy and how society s support is distributed. The key informants descriptions underline that the group young unemployed does not consist of individuals who are alike but that life is complex, that paid work and unemployment can be perceived very differently, and that background and unofficial support can have consequences for self-perception and for ways of looking at the future, vocational choices, paid work and activation policy. Margaret S. Archer s theory of Morphogenesis and Barbara Cruikshank s theory of constructing democracies compose the study s theoretical framework. The key informants stories give a picture of a formal support system that, even though it puts part of the responsibility for unemployment on the individuals themselves, in the name of fairness and equality, treats them in an impersonal way, not giving their personal situation and wishes much weight. As a consequence, those who share the dominant values of society do well, while others who do not are faced with difficulties. The bigger the gap between society s and the individual s values, the bigger the risk to be met by little understanding and by penalties. And vice versa: Those who initially have the right values and know how to deal with authorities get heard and their opinions get accepted. The informants ask for a more personal encounter, which could improve both the atmosphere and the clients experiences of being heard. Still the risk of having a more individualistic system should be addressed, as a new system might generate new winners, but just as well give new losers. Finally, we have to ask if the so-called activation policy is looking for answers primarily to a macro-level problem on the micro-level. If it does not produce more jobs, its support for the unemployed will be insignificant. It is not enough to think about what to do at the grassroots level to make the system more functional and support job-seeking. If the current rate of unemployment endures, the quality of life of the unemployed should be addressed. A first step could be taken by placing less guilt on the unemployed. Instead of talking about activating the unemployed, discussion should be targeted at removing structural impediments to employment. If we want to have less polarisation between the those with paid work and those without, who often struggle with low incomes, we need to include the macro-level in the discussion. What does high unemployment mean in a work-based society, where the individual s self-perception and important social forms of support are linked to labour income? And what can be done at the macro-level to change this undesirable condition at the micro-level? Keywords: Unemployment, Youth, Public interventions, Activation policy, Individual actors, Qualitative, Longitudinal, Holistic, Helsinki, Finland

Jos olisin viisas niin siivoisin : Lasten luovat prosessit päiväkodissa

It has been found usually to talk in the early childhood education in connection with the creativity about arts and skills and about play. In this treatise, the creativity is approached besides play but also from the point of view of the creativity of the everyday. The starting point for the study is the view according to which the creativity is complex interaction between a creative person and an environment. The theoretical body of the study is the Componential theory of creativity of Amabile (1996). The process which is open and product which is new and suitable or acceptable were defined creative. In the opinion of many researchers, the creativity is a phenomenon that has determined in a certain time and place so the creativity is examined from the point of view of the social constructionism. As creative processes in the day nursery it has been defined pretend play, child´s involvement and children´s agentive perception which is based on the Children´s agentive perception theory of Reunamo (2007). The purpose of the study is to clarify how the child's personal factors and the social environment affect the creative processes of children in the day nursery. This Master's thesis is based on the Children' s agentive perception uncovered study led by Jyrki Reunamo (2010) which was carried out in the spring of 2010 in Keski-Uusimaa and in Hämeenlinna and Taiwan. From the study, a name has also been used "on the sources of Orientation", a research project and development project. The study includes the children's evaluation sector, the observation sector, the children's interview sector and the evaluation sector of the pedagogic environment. 891 Children 1-7 year-old by age participated in the study. All the sectors which belong to the study of Reunamo were utilized in this treatise and the Finnish day nurseries or preschool groups which had participated in the study were marked off as the target group. The main component analysis, sum variables, the correlation coefficients, Mann-Whitney s U-test and Kruskall-Wallas test were used for the statistical examination of the quantitative material. In this treatise it was noticed, both the personal properties of the child and a social environment, that they affected all the examined creative processes which also had a significant connection with each other statistically. The definition of creativity was filled best by the participative answers. However, the number of the participative answers was only 8% in the questions concerning adults. That raised the question whether an attempt should be made to have effect so that the children's better participation also in the interaction with the adults would be possible in the educational culture of the day nursery. In the further study, the conscious building of the social environment which supports the creativity from a social constructionism point of view could indeed be an interesting task. The treatise is suitable for an examination of the interaction between the child's person and a social environment especially from the point of view of the creativity.

Evaluacion de regencia en farmacias veterinarias de distritos I, II y III de Managua

En vista que en Nicaragua y principalmente en la capital Managua, existe una problemática en los establecimientos que se dedican a la venta de productos veterinarios y que brindan servicios directos a la ciudadanía para sus animales se propuso este estudio de tesis; que lleva por título: Evaluación de regencia en farmacias veterinarias de distritos I, II y III de Managua. Para lo cual se procedió a establecer objetivos tales como: Evaluar los tipos de farmacias veterinarias (Agroveterinarias, Farmacias Veterinarias, Farmacias Veterinarias con clínica Integrada y Farmacias Veterinarias Puras) de los distritos I, II, y III de Managua, para esto se efectuó dicho estudio en un periodo de 3 meses mediante visitas y recopilación de la información del 100% de los establecimientos encontrados en la guía telefónica del año 2007, por medio de información obtenida del Ministerio Agropecuario y Forestal (MAGFOR) y finalmente se tomaron en cuenta los establecimientos populares comprobados in situ, en total se evaluaron 20 establecimientos, en los cuales se aplicó una misma encuesta para la recolección de datos.. Los resultados obtenidos, demuestran que el alto porcentaje de las empresas que brindan servicio relacionado con la salud animal no esta siendo atendida por personal especializado, así el 80% de las Agroveterinarias equivalente a 4 establecimientos, actualmente son administradas 3 por comerciantes y una está a cargo de un Zootecnista. El 50% de las farmacias veterinarias son atendidas por Médicos Veterinarios y otro 50% por Comerciantes y Zootecnistas, no obstante aun en las farmacias veterinarias con clínica se encuentran regenciadas por Zootecnistas (9%) y el 91%(9), por Médicos Veterinarios. Se encontró que los 5 establecimientos agroveterinarios no están legalizados por las autoridades competentes del Ministerio Agropecuario y Forestal, 3 de las farmacias veterinarias (75%), laboran ilegalmente y 4 farmacias veterinarias con clínica (36%), brindan servicios a la población ilícitamente. Única y exclusivamente presentan permiso de la alcaldía de Managua. Concluyendo que la mayoría de los establecimientos son atendidos por no profesionales y /o profesionales que no son Médicos Veterinarios, no obstante se encontraron establecimientos atendidos por Médicos Veterinarios, por lo cual se recomienda que todo establecimiento de servicio Veterinario deben ser regenciados por un Médico Veterinario titulado, según citan los incisos 6.1.1 y 6.5.1 de la Norma Técnica Obligatoria Nicaragüense (NTON-20001-03.MAGFOR,2003).

Anuario Argentino de Derecho Canónico, 1994, Vol. I (número completo)

Contenido: La ley y la gracia según Santo Tomás de Aquino / I. Andereggen – Algunas sugerencias para la interpretación del canon 1095, 2º / J. M. Serrano Ruiz – El Concilio Plenario Latinoamericano y los Sínodos Argentinos de principios del siglo XX / N. C. Dellaferrera – Las fuentes del Derecho Público Eclesiástico en el Concilio Vaticano II y en el Código de Derecho Canónico / A. D. Busso – Jurisprudencia – Actualidad – Documentos – Legislación particular argentina

Disponibilidad y acceso a los alimentos de pobladores rurales del municipio de San José de Cusmapa, Madriz en el año 2008

El tema disponibilidad y acceso se enmarca dentro de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional; específicamente, es un análisis de las variables disponibilidad, acceso y aprovechamiento de alimentos de los pobladores rurales del Municipio de San José de Cusmapa (El Mojón, El Rodeo, Los Llanitos, Los á n geles I, II III, San Francisco de Imires y La Fuente). En el estudio se planteó disponer de información respecto a la situación alimentaria de la localidad, para que los decisores orienten líneas, políticas y estrategias en función de mejorar la calidad de vida de los pobladores rurales del municipio. La metodología utilizada fue participativa con pobladores rurales de San José, líderes comunales, representantes de ONG’s, autoridades municipales, del Ministerio de Educación y Salud. Ellos brindaron información que fue recopilada a través de la observación, encuestas y entrevistas que luego, fue analizada y presentada ante las autoridades locales de las cuales surgieron sugerencias que fueron incorporadas al estudio. Se seleccionó a las comunidades de San José de Cusmapa porque representan el 87.1% de extrema pobreza, según mapa de pobreza de Nicaragua realizado en el 2001. Con relación a la variable disponibilidad, los resultados demostraron que el 71.4% de la población no logra satisfacer sus necesidades alimenticias, cifra coincidente con el estudio de pobreza del 2001. Respecto al acceso a los alimentos, sólo un 10.2% de pobladores tiene un acceso pleno y suficiente a los mismos; el 79.6% sólo a medias lo logra, y el 10.2% lo hace de forma insuficiente. Sobre higiene uso y aprovechamiento de los alimentos, un 93.9% de la población conoce y hace uso adecuado de los mismos. Ello se explica porque la mayoría de los pobladores han recibido capacitación al respecto. San José de Cusmapa presenta una aguda situación de inseguridad alimentaria, debido a que solo un 28.6% de sus pobladores dispone de alimentos seguros y estables; un 10.2% tiene acceso a los alimentos y el 90% aprovecha y utiliza higiénicamente los alimentos poco disponible y accesible. Los factores de riesgos de la seguridad alimentaria están asociados a las prolongadas sequías, insuficientes factores de producción, bajo rendimiento de cultivos, alta incidencia de plagas y enfermedades, escasez de fuentes de agua y semillas, poca presencia y apoyo de organizaciones y los altos precios de los alimentos.