Conclusion: patterns of non-territorial autonomy

This article seeks to generalise about the significance of non-territorial autonomy as a mechanism for the management of ethnic conflict on the basis of a set of case studies covering the Ottoman empire and its successor states, the Habsburg monarchy, the Jewish minorities of Europe, interwar Estonia, contemporary Belgium, and two indigenous peoples, the Sami in Norway and Maori in New Zealand. It begins by assessing the extent to which the spatial distribution of ethnonational communities determined the range of autonomy options available—whether these might be territorial or whether only non-territorial autonomy would be realistic. The article continues with an assessment of the significance of ‘autonomy’ in circumstances where the institutions with which it is associated enjoy a non-territorial rather than a territorial writ. It concludes by suggesting that in almost all cases where autonomy is extended to a minority within a state this is exercised on a territorial basis, and that in many cases of non-territorial autonomy, or national–cultural autonomy, the powers assumed by the ‘autonomous’ institutions are substantially symbolic. It argues that notwithstanding the limited empirical evidence for the existence of non-territorial autonomy, this device should not be written off at a normative level.

La interseccionalidad en la política identitaria de los Indígenas Evangélicos Ecuatorianos

En este trabajo se analiza el movimiento indígena evangélico ecuatoriano con énfasis particular enlas tensiones entre etnicidad y religión en contextos de movilización política en la provincia deChimborazo. Una provincia que ha sido una fortaleza tradicional tanto de la Iglesia Católica comoposteriormente de las Iglesias Evangélicas, lo que ha contribuido a la excepcionalidad de la provinciay asimismo ha animado la formación de diferentes movimientos políticos. El enfoque principal de esteanálisis es la Federación Ecuatoriana de Indígenas Evangélicos/FEINE y su brazo electoral AmautaJatari, así como sus complejas relaciones con el más amplio movimiento indígena. Teórica ymetodológicamente, el artículo se apoya en ideas de Interseccionalidad, se integran dentro de unmarco analítico sociológico-politológico. Se justifica esta integración analítica por su valor para laapertura de posibilidades de problematización del tema, sino también para comprender la complejamezcla identitaria que influye en las lógicas colectivas e individuales en la sociedad.

Extractivism and the de jure and de facto ethno-territorial rights in Latin America: How important are the constitutions? : Extractivismo y derechos étnico-territoriales de jure y de facto en Latinoamérica: ¿Cuán importantes son las constituciones?

A growing number of Latin American rural groups have attained extended ethno-territorial rights, and sizeable territories were safeguarded by progressive constitutions. This trend was the product of extended cycles of protest at local, national and transnational levels; social movements struggle, with broader collective South-South collaboration. Nonetheless, the continent simultaneously experienced a resource extraction boom. Commonly, the extractivism takes place in protected areas and/or indigenous territories. Accordingly, economic interests clash with the safeguarding and recognition of constitutional rights. Through the analysis of selected illustrative cases across Latin America, this study analyses the (de jure) rights on paper versus the (de facto) rights in practice. 

Competing "Host" Discourses: Appropriation of Australian Aboriginal Culture in the Tourism Borderzones

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Learning from one another: evaluating the impact of horizontal knowledge exchange for environmental management and governance

There is increasing advocacy for inclusive community-based approaches to environmental management, and growing evidence that involving communities improves the sustainability of social-ecological systems. Most community-based approaches rely on partnerships and knowledge exchange between communities, civil society organizations, and professionals such as practitioners and/or scientists. However, few models have actively integrated more horizontal knowledge exchange from community to community. We reflect on the transferability of community owned solutions between indigenous communities by exploring challenges and achievements of community peer-to-peer knowledge exchange as a way of empowering communities to face up to local environmental and social challenges. Using participatory visual methods, indigenous communities of the North Rupununi (Guyana) identified and documented their community owned solutions through films and photostories. Indigenous researchers from this community then shared their solutions with six other communities that faced similar challenges within Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Colombia, French Guiana, and Brazil. They were supported by in-country civil society organizations and academics. We analyzed the impact of the knowledge exchange through interviews, field reports, and observations. Our results show that indigenous community members were significantly more receptive to solutions emerging from, and communicated by, other indigenous peoples, and that this approach was a significant motivating force for galvanizing communities to make changes in their community. We identified a range of enabling factors, such as building capacity for a shared conceptual and technical understanding, that strengthens the exchange between communities and contributes to a lasting impact. With national and international policy-makers mobilizing significant financial resources for biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation, we argue that the promotion of community owned solutions through community peer-to-peer exchange may deliver more long-lasting, socially and ecologically integrated, and investment-effective strategies compared to top-down, expert led, and/or foreign-led initiatives.

"We Bring Love" Les discours sur l'autochtonéité au sein du mouvement Healing Our Spirit Worldwide

La présente recherche porte sur Healing Our Spirit Worldwide (HOSW), un mouvement autochtone de guérison international. Les rassemblements HOSW, qui se déroulent à un intervalle variable dans différents pays, sont des lieux de célébration de la résilience des peuples autochtones et contribuent à l’émergence d’un sentiment de communauté et de solidarité entre les participants. Une description brève du mouvement, notamment vis-à-vis de son historique, son mandat et sa structure, est complétée par l’exemple du sixième rassemblement qui s’est déroulé à Honolulu, Hawai’i en septembre 2010. Celui-ci est mis à profit pour illustrer plus clairement la nature du mouvement et mettre en relief les discours des conférenciers lors de cet événement sur les thèmes de la guérison et de l’autochtonéité qui sont au cœur des intentions de recherche. La recherche met en lumière la dimension relationnelle de la guérison et de l’autochtonéité telles qu’elles sont décrites au sein du mouvement HOSW.

The significance of restorative justice in schools

Este artículo trata de abordar el uso dominante de los enfoques punitivos a los problemas de comportamiento en las escuelas, y se propone un enfoque de justicia restaurativa. En los Estados Unidos, y especialmente después de 1994, las políticas de tolerancia cero han transformado los problemas de control social en una crisis de graves proporciones. Estas políticas («tolerancia cero») parece que han servido, principalmente, para sólo marginalizar más a los chicos latinos y afroamericanos y para agravar, a largo plazo, los retos políticos, económicos y sociales del país. Sobre la base de las tradiciones de justicia restaurativa internacionales y la experiencia de los pueblos indígenas en los Estados Unidos, el objetivo de la justicia restaurativa es devolver a la víctima a la situación anterior al delito y reconstruir la relación del agresor tanto con el ofendido como con la comunidad. El artículo establece los principios que rigen un proceso de restauración, así como sus componentes esenciales.

UNA BASE DE DATOS CON INFORMACIÓN SOBRE POBLACIONES INDÍGENAS

Este documento describe brevemente el origen del Proyecto "Centro de Conocimiento sobre/de Grupos Étnicos Indígenas Centroamericanos" denominado "Proyecto GEIC". Expone su misión, sus objetivos y las actividades realizadas en la primera etapa en Costa Rica. Además, explica el proceso de creación de la Base de Datos CEGE y presenta algunas estadísticas elaboradas con la información contenida en la misma. 

Governance and community capitals : understanding how governance has worked in three faith-based schools in the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea

This thesis, titled Governance and Community Capitals, explores the kinds of practical processes that have made governance work in three faith-based schools in the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG). To date, the nation of PNG has been unable to meet its stated educational goals; however, some faith-based primary schools have overcome educational challenges by changing their local governance systems. What constitutes good governance in developing countries and how it can be achieved in a PNG schooling context has received very little scholarly attention. In this study, the subject of governance is approached at the nexus between the administrative sciences and asset-based community development. In this space, the researcher provides an understanding of the contribution that community capitals have made to understandings of local forms of governance in the development context. However, by and large, conceptions of governance have a history of being positioned within a Euro-centric frame and very little, if anything is known about the naming of capitals by indigenous peoples. In this thesis, six indigenous community capitals are made visible, expanding the repertoire of extant capitals published to date. The capitals identified and named in this thesis are: Story, Wisdom, Action, Blessing, Name and Unity. In-depth insights into these capitals are provided and through the theoretical idea of performativity, the researcher advances an understanding of how the habitual enactment of the practical components of the capitals made governance work in this unique setting. The study draws from a grounded and appreciative methodology and is based on a case study design incorporating a three-stage cycle of investigation. The first stage tested the application of an assets-based method to documentary sources of data including most significant change stories, community mapping and visual diaries. In the second stage, a group process method relevant to a PNG context was developed and employed. The third stage involved building theory from case study evidence using content analysis, language and metaphorical speech acts as guides for complex analysis. The thesis demonstrates the contribution that indigenous community capitals can make to understanding local forms of governance and how PNG faith-based schools meet their local governance challenges.

Nós, os outros e os "parentes" : política e povos indígenas no contexto de implantação da hidrelétrica de Belo Monte

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Departamento de Antropologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social, 2015.

Entre discursos e práticas : as relações entre estados (pluri) nacionais e povos indígenas no Brasil e na Bolívia a partir do direito de consulta

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Centro de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação sobre as Américas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Comparados sobre as Américas, 2015.

Estruturação e gestão da secretaria especial de saúde indígena : caminhos, atores e institucionalidade

Mestrado (dissertação)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, 2016.

WIPO and the Reinforcement of the Nagoya Protocol: Towards Effective Implementation of an Access and Benefit Sharing Regime for the Protection of Traditional Knowledge Associated with Genetic Resources

Traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources (TKaGRs) is acknowledged as a valuable resource. Its value draws from economic, social, cultural, and innovative uses. This value places TK at the heart of competing interests as between indigenous peoples who hold it and depend on it for their survival, and profitable industries which seek to exploit it in the global market space. The latter group seek, inter alia, to advance and maintain their global competitiveness by exploiting TKaGRs leads in their research and development activities connected with modern innovation. Biopiracy remains an issue of central concern to the developing world and has emerged in this context as a label for the inequity arising from the misappropriation of TKaGRs located in the South by commercial interests usually located in the North. Significant attention and resources are being channeled at global efforts to design and implement effective protection mechanisms for TKaGRs against the incidence of biopiracy. The emergence and recent entry into force of the Nagoya Protocol offers the latest example of a concluded multilateral effort in this regard. The Nagoya Protocol, adopted on the platform of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), establishes an open-ended international access and benefit sharing (ABS) regime which is comprised of the Protocol as well as several complementary instruments. By focusing on the trans-regime nature of biopiracy, this thesis argues that the intellectual property (IP) system forms a central part of the problem of biopiracy, and so too to the very efforts to implement solutions, including through the Nagoya Protocol. The ongoing related work within the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), aimed at developing an international instrument (or a series of instruments) to address the effective protection of TK, constitutes an essential complementary process to the Nagoya Protocol, and, as such, forms a fundamental element within the Nagoya Protocol’s evolving ABS regime-complex. By adopting a third world approach to international law, this thesis draws central significance from its reconceptualization of biopiracy as a trans-regime concept. By construing the instrument(s) being negotiated within WIPO as forming a central component part of the Nagoya Protocol, this dissertation’s analysis highlights the importance of third world efforts to secure an IP-based reinforcement to the Protocol for the effective eradication of biopiracy.

Pluralismo y derechos fundamentales en el estado social de derecho: la situación de las poblaciones indígenas en Colombia en 2014

Este es un estudio sobre la garantía y aplicabilidad de los derechos humanos de las poblaciones indígenas colombianas durante los primeros cuatro años de mandato de la administración Santos. La investigación busca explicar la manera en que las adversas condiciones socio económicas que caracterizan el desarrollo de las poblaciones indígenas, denotan la incapacidad del Estado Social de Derecho para garantizar la protección y aplicabilidad de los derechos fundamentales de estas comunidades. Las disposiciones constitucionales han tenido un desarrollo truncado debido a las escasas medidas proferidas por diferentes gobiernos frente a las necesidades de estos grupos en particular. En razón de lo anterior, el estudio se inscribe dentro del marco teórico referente al neo constitucionalismo debido al alto valor explicativo que ofrecen los postulados de Gustavo Zagrebelsky y Luigi Ferrajoli en relación al fenómeno que se pretende analizar. Se concluye que frente a la persistencia de los factores que afectan el desarrollo de las poblaciones indígenas, el reconocimiento constitucional debe ser complementado por una efectiva normatividad que asegure la aplicabilidad de los derechos fundamentales por parte de las administraciones políticas: no debe existir un desfase entre las nociones de principio y la ley.

La Ecogubernamentalidad como estrategia de las Redes Transnacionales de Defensa del territorio colectivo en el Resguardo de Santa Rosa de Guayacán

El interés del artículo es analizar cómo la ecogubernamentalidad se ha constituido en una estrategia de las redes transnacionales en la defensa del territorio colectivo. Para ello se rastrean los discursos y las políticas globales sobre el medio ambiente y sobre los Derechos Humanos de los pueblos indígenas, a través de los cuales se ha asignado la responsabilidad de preservar la biodiversidad a dichas comunidades, legitimando su control sobre el territorio. Se expone cómo el delineamiento de la zona Humanitaria y Biodiversa del territorio colectivo del Resguardo de Santa Rosa de Guayacán, usa categorías globales en la escala local, con el fin de aprovechar las oportunidades políticas de la tecnociencia y de las herramientas jurídicas internacionales. Finalmente, se plantea que la Comisión Intereclesial de Justicia y Paz y Peace Brigades International están involucrados en la política de lugar de los wounaan, a través de prácticas en terreno; lobby en organismos internacionales y ciberpolítica, que visualizan la construcción de un espacio socio-natural alternativo por los indígenas promovidos por fines ambientales específicos.