Corredor Mediterráneo. L.A.V. Valencia - Castellón. Mejora de trazado apto para tráfico mixto. Tramo: La Llosa - Nules

En el contexto definido por las actuaciones previstas por el Ministerio de Fomento, el “Proyecto de Mejora de trazado apto para Tráfico Mixto perteneciente a la L.A.V Valencia‐Castellón” pretende convertir al ferrocarril en un transporte moderno y competitivo con los siguientes objetivos: * Reducir sustancialmente los tiempos actuales de recorrido entre las grandes ciudades. * Aumentar la participación del ferrocarril en la demanda global del transporte y hacerlo competitivo frente a la carretera y el avión. * Incrementar la demanda de viajeros, tanto en los servicios de larga distancia como en los regionales. * Mejorar el resultado económico de explotación de los servicios de larga distancia. El análisis de demanda realizado por el Ministerio de Fomento en el marco de diversos estudios indica una previsión de circulaciones por sentido para el año 2025, de 300 circulaciones en ambos sentidos del tramo Valencia – Castellón. Se aconseja, así, la construcción de una nueva doble vía, objeto del presente proyecto, para separar los distintos tipos de tráfico que se presentan. A tal efecto, el Ministerio de Fomento decidió redactar el Proyecto de Línea de Alta Velocidad Madrid – Castilla la Mancha – Comunidad Valenciana – Región de Murcia. El presente Estudio Informativo corresponde al “Proyecto de mejora de trazado apto para Tráfico Mixto. Tramo La Llosa – Nules “del proyecto global que une Valencia y Castellón. El objetivo del Estudio Informativo es seleccionar la mejor opción de trazado que pueda plantearse para el tramo estudiado que une las localidades de La Llosa y Nules. Este análisis se realiza con criterio suficiente para la comparación y la elección de la alternativa idónea, considerando, al menos, los puntos de vista económico, ambiental y técnico – funcional. Los objetivos de este Proyecto a grandes rasgos son por lo tanto: * Crear las infraestructuras ferroviarias necesarias para disponer de un enlace ferroviario de alta velocidad entre Valencia y Castellón que pueda servir tanto a los servicios regionales como a los de largo recorrido de viajeros en las relaciones radiales y del eje mediterráneo. * Potenciar los servicios de cercanías al permitirse con la actuación un aumento de la frecuencia. * Conservar, dentro del nuevo esquema ferroviario, la funcionalidad de las instalaciones precisas para el mantenimiento de los distintos tráficos previstos, incluyendo alta velocidad, regionales, cercanías y mercancías. * Mejorar la proposición inicial redactada por el Ministerio de Fomento con trazados más adaptados a las necesidades funcionales de la actuación.

Cartografía de QTL asociados a la tolerancia a estrés hídrico en frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Phaseolus vulgaris L. (frijol común o judía) es una leguminosa de gran demanda para la nutrición humana y un producto agrícola muy importante. Sin embargo, la producción de frijol se ve limitada por presiones ambientales como la sequía. En México, el 85% de la cosecha de frijol se produce en la temporada de primavera-verano, principalmente en las regiones del altiplano semiárido con una precipitación anual entre 250 y 400 mm. A pesar del implemento de tecnología en el campo, los factores naturales impiden al agricultor llegar a los rendimientos deseados. El Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), como instituto de investigación gubernamental en México, tiene como objetivo la mejora de cultivos estratégicos, uno de ellos, P. vulgaris. Los estudios en relación a la sequía se enfocan especialmente en la selección de genotipos tolerantes, los cuales son sometidos en condiciones de estrés y monitoreando parámetros como el rendimiento y peso de semilla, además de algunos indicadores tales como índice de cosecha. El resultado de estos trabajos ha sido la obtención de variedades con mayor tolerancia a la sequía, tales como Pinto Villa y Pinto Saltillo. En los últimos años se ha avanzado notablemente en el conocimiento de las bases moleculares en las respuestas de las plantas al estrés. De acuerdo a diversos estudios se ha demostrado que las plantas bajo estrés por sequía experimentan cambios en la expresión de genes involucrados en la señalización, regulación de la transcripción y la traducción, transporte de agua y la función directa en la protección celular. También se ha observado que el déficit de agua es causado por las temperaturas extremas y la alta concentración de sales, por lo que al nivel molecular, las respuestas al estrés tienen puntos de especificidad y puntos de entrecruzamiento. La sequía puede generar estreses secundarios, tales como el nutricional, oxidativo y osmótico. Sin embargo, es necesario identificar y caracterizar muchos de los componentes involucrados en las respuestas al déficit hídrico, la caracterización de estos genes permitirá tener una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos bioquímicos y fisiológicos involucrados en la tolerancia al estrés. Actualmente, con el apoyo de la biología molecular se han identificado algunos genes que otorgan ventajas para la adaptación a ambientes desfavorables. Por lo que el objetivo del presente trabajo es identificar marcadores genéticos asociados a rasgos fenotípicos con énfasis a la tolerancia a estrés hídrico en P. vulgaris. Una vez establecidos los marcadores asociados al estrés hídrico, es factible considerar su uso para la selección asistida por marcadores en líneas o variedades de frijol de interés para los mejoradores. Se evaluaron 282 familias F3:5 derivadas de la cruza entre los cultivares Pinto Villa y Pinto Saltillo. Las familias se sembraron bajo un diseño simple de látice 17x17, el experimento se llevo acabo en el ciclo primavera-verano del 2010 y 2011, y otoñoinvierno de 2010 en el Campo Experimental Bajío del INIFAP con dos repeticiones para cada tratamiento de humedad (riego completo y sequía terminal). En todos los genotipos se realizó el fenotipado (variables fenotípicas) y el genotipado a través de marcadores moleculares. Los análisis estadísticos se basaron en el análisis de componentes principales (Eigen Analysis Selection Index Method, ESIM), la asociación entre marcadores SNP y el fenotipado (paquete SNPassoc para R) y el análisis de varianza (ANOVA). Los valores ESIM mostraron que las variables de Rendimiento, Días a floración, Días a madurez fisiológica e Índice de cosecha fueron sobresalientes en sequía terminal, por lo que se sugieren tomarse en consideración para los estudios de sequía en P. vulgaris como monitores de evaluación a la resistencia. Se identificaron nueve familias sobresalieron por sus valores ESIM (PV/PS6, 22, 131, 137, 149, 154, 201, 236 y 273), además de presentar valores superiores para el rendimiento en comparación con los parentales. Estos genotipos son candidatos interesantes para realizar estudios de identificación de loci asociados con la respuesta al estrés, y como potenciales parentales en el desarrollo de nuevas variedades de frijol. En los análisis de asociación SNPassoc se identificaron 83 SNPs significativos (p<0,0003) asociados a los rasgos fenotípicos, obteniendo un total de 222 asociaciones, de las cuales predomina el modelo genético de codominancia para las variables Días a floración, Periodo reproductivo y Biomasa total. Treinta y siete SNPs se identificaron a diferentes funciones biológicas a través del análisis de anotación funcional, de los cuales 12 SNPs (9, 18, 28, 39, 61, 69, 80, 106, 115, 128, 136 y 142) sobresalen por su asociación al fenotipado, y cuya anotación funcional indica que se encuentran en genes relacionados a la tolerancia a la sequía, tales como la actividad kinasa, actividad metabólica del almidón, carbohidratos y prolina, respuesta al estrés oxidativo, así como en los genes LEA y posibles factores de transcripción. En el caso de los análisis ANOVA, se identificaron 72 asociaciones entre los SNPs y las variables fenotípicas (F< 3,94E-04). Las 72 asociaciones corresponden a 30 SNPs y 7 variables fenotípicas, de las que predomina Peso de 100 semillas y Periodo reproductivo. Para los rasgos de Rendimiento, Índice de cosecha y Días a madurez fisiológica se presentaron asociaciones con seis SNPs (17, 34, 37, 50, 93 y 107), de los cuales, a los SNP37 y SNP107 fueron identificados a la anotación biológica de protein binding. Por otro lado, los SNP106 y SNP128 asociados al Periodo reproductivo, son genes con actividad kinasa y actividad metabólica del almidón, respectivamente. Para los marcadores tipo AFLP, se identificaron 271 asociaciones (F<2,34E-04). Las asociaciones corresponden a 86 AFLPs con todas las variables fenotípicas evaluadas, de las que predomina peso de 100 semillas, Días a floración y Periodo reproductivo. Debido a que los en los AFLPs no es posible determinar su anotación biológica, se proponen como marcadores potenciales relacionados a la resistencia a la sequía en frijol. Los AFLPs candidatos requieren más estudios tales como la secuenciación de los alelos respectivos, así como la identificación de éstas secuencias en el genoma de referencia y su anotación biológica, entre otros análisis, de esta manera podríamos establecer aquellos marcadores candidatos a la validación para la selección asistida. El presente trabajo propone tanto genotipos como marcadores genéticos, que deben ser validados para ser utilizados en el programa de mejoramiento de P. vulgaris, con el objetivo de desarrollar nuevas líneas o variedades tolerantes a la sequía. ABSTRACT Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean or judia) is a legume of great demand for human consumption and an important agricultural product. However, the common bean production is limited by environmental stresses, such as drought. In Mexico, 85% of the common bean crop is produced in the spring-summer season mainly in semiarid highland regions with a rainfall between 250 and 400 mm per year. In spite of the improvement of crop technology, the natural factors hamper getting an optimal yield. The National Institute for Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock (INIFAP) is a government research institute from Mexico, whose main objective is the genetic breeding of strategic crops, like P. vulgaris L. The drought tolerance studies particularly focus on the selection of bean tolerant genotypes, which are subjected to stress conditions, by means of monitoring parameters such as yield and seed weight, plus some agronomic indicators such as harvest index. The results of these works have led to obtain cultivars with higher drought tolerance such as Pinto Villa and Pinto Saltillo. Significant achievements have been recently made in understanding the molecular basis of stress plant responses. Several studies have shown that plants under drought stress present changes in gene expression related to cell signalling, transcriptional and translational regulation, water transport and cell protection. In addition, it has been observed that the extreme temperatures and high salt concentrations can cause a water deficiency so, at the molecular level, stress responses have specific and crossover points. The drought can cause secondary stresses, such as nutritional, oxidative and osmotic stress. It is required the identification of more components involved in the response to water deficit, the characterization of these genes will allow a better understanding of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms involved in stress tolerance. Currently, with the support of molecular biology techniques, some genes that confer an advantage for the crop adaptation to unfavourable environments have been identified. The objective of this study is to identify genetic markers associated with phenotypic traits with emphasis on water stress tolerance in P. vulgaris. The establishment of molecular markers linked to drought tolerance would make possible their use for marker-assisted selection in bean breeding programs. Two hundred and eighty two F3:5 families derived from a cross between the drought resistant cultivars Pinto Villa and Pinto Saltillo were evaluated. The families were sowed under a 17x17 simple lattice design. The experiment was conducted between spring-summer seasons in 2010 and 2011, and autumn-winter seasons in 2010 at the Bajio Experimental Station of INIFAP with two treatments (full irrigation and terminal drought). All families were phenotyped and genotyped using molecular markers. Statistical analysis was based on principal component analysis (Eigen Analysis Selection Index Method, ESIM), association analysis between SNP markers and phenotype (SNPassoc package R) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ESIM values showed that seed yield, days to flowering, days to physiological maturity and harvest index were outstanding traits in terminal drought treatment, so they could be considered as suitable parameters for drought-tolerance evaluation in P. vulgaris. Nine outstanding families for the ESIM values were identified (PV/PS6, 22, 131, 137, 149, 154, 201, 236 and 273), in addition, these families showed higher values for seed yield compared to the parental cultivars. These families are promising candidates for studies focused on the identification of loci associated to the stress response, and as potential parental cultivars for the development of new varieties of common bean. In the SNPassoc analysis, 83 SNPs were found significantly associated (p<0.0003) with phenotypic traits, obtaining a total of 222 associations, most of which involved the traits days to flowering, reproductive period and total biomass under a codominant genetic model. The functional annotation analysis showed 37 SNPs with different biological functions, 12 of them (9, 18, 28, 39, 61, 69, 80, 106, 115, 128, 136 and 142) stand out by their association to phenotype. The functional annotation suggested a connection with genes related to drought tolerance, such as kinase activity, starch, carbohydrates and proline metabolic processes, responses to oxidative stress, as well as LEA genes and putative transcription factors. In the ANOVA analysis, 72 associations between SNPs and phenotypic traits (F<3.94E- 04) were identified. All of these associations corresponded to 30 SNPs markers and seven phenotypic traits. Weight of 100 seeds and reproductive period were the traits with more associations. Seed yield, harvest index and days to physiological maturity were associated to six SNPs (17, 34, 37, 50, 93 and 107), the SNP37 and SNP107 were identified as located in protein binding genes. The SNP106 and SNP128 were associated with the reproductive period and belonged to genes with kinase activity and genes related to starch metabolic process, respectively. In the case of AFLP markers, 271 associations (F<2.34E-04) were identified. The associations involved 86 AFLPs and all phenotypic traits, being the most frequently associated weight of 100 seeds, days to flowering and reproductive period. Even though it is not possible to perform a functional annotation for AFLP markers, they are proposed as potential markers related to drought resistance in common bean. AFLPs candidates require additional studies such as the sequencing of the respective alleles, identification of these sequences in the reference genome and gene annotation, before their use in marker assisted selection. This work, although requires further validation, proposes both genotypes and genetic markers that could be used in breeding programs of P. vulgaris in order to develop new lines or cultivars with enhanced drought-tolerance.

Taxonomía y caracterización del arbusto forrajero Atriplex halimus L.

El objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral ha sido la revisión de la taxonomía infraespecífica de la especie Atriplex halimus L., la delimitación del área geográfica que ocupan sus taxones y su caracterización morfológica. En base a las citas bibliográficas y material de herbario consultado se ha trazado un mapa de distribución de la especie, que delimita su distribución como planta espontánea a la Cuenca Mediterránea, desierto de Siria, Macizo de Hoggar y Sahara Occidental. El resto debe considerarse poblaciones naturalizadas o cultivadas. La taxonomía actual, basada en relaciones filogenéticas, nos indica que lo adecuado es separar las poblaciones de A. halimus en dos clados que se caracterizan por tener diferente nivel de ploidía. Para definir el área de distribución de los clados diploide y tetraploide se ha determinado la ploidía de 19 poblaciones en el espacio comprendido entre las dos áreas de distribución conocidas. Y como resultado el área de distribución de ambos clados puede definirse trazando una recta que une el estrecho de Gibraltar con Estambul, las poblaciones al sur de esta línea son tetraploides a las que habría que añadir las poblaciones del este y sur de la isla de Cerdeña que son también tetraploides. Se han determinado cuales son los parámetros morfológicos que permiten caracterizar ambos clados, para lo cual se han estudiado 52 poblaciones que comprenden toda el área de distribución de la especie. Se han evaluado caracteres cualitativos y cuantitativos de valvas fructíferas, plántulas cultivadas en cámara y arbustos de 2 a 4 años situados en la misma parcela. El único elemento fiable para determinar la pertenencia al clado diploide o tetraploide es la medición del nivel de ploidía. Ninguno de los caracteres morfológicos estudiados es plenamente fiable para determinar si los individuos de una población pertenecen al clado diploide o tetraploide a pesar de realizarse las mediciones sobre poblaciones cultivadas en igualdad de condiciones de suelo y clima, y en condiciones muy favorables para la expresión de caracteres cualitativos y cuantitativos. Los caracteres cualitativos observados que guardan una mayor correlación con el nivel de ploidía son: la base de las hojas de las plántulas, el porte del arbusto, la ramificación, el ángulo de inserción de las ramas y la longitud de la inflorescencia. Respecto a los datos cuantitativos los más relevantes han sido, la longitud de los cotiledones y la longitud del limbo de la 1ª, 3ª o 5ª hoja de la plántula o la razón entre este valor y la anchura del limbo. ABSTRACT The aim of this Thesis has been in the revision of the infraspecies taxa of Atriplex halimus L., the delimitation of their natural growing area and their morphological characterization. Using references to relevant literature and consultation of herbariums, it has been possible to map the distribution of the species as spontaneous plant in the Mediterranean Basin, Desert of Syria, Massif of Hoggar and Western Sahara. The remaining populations must be considered as naturalized or cultivated. The current taxonomy, based on phylogenetic relationships, indicates that A.halimus should be divided in two clades. These clades are characterized by their different ploidy level. Samples of nineteen populations collected from localizations between the defined distribution area of both clades have been characterized for their ploidy level. As a result, it can be seen that the line of clade separation can be trazed from Istambul tothe Strait of Gibraltar, where the populations north to this line are classified as diploid and those south of the line are clsassified as tetraploid. The only exception of this rule is in Sardinia, hwre populations to the West and South of the Island are also classified as tetraploid. The morphological parameters, which include the characterization of both clades, have been defined, and the study of fifty-two populations from the entire distribution area according to these parameters have been analysed. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the fruit valves have been evaluated, with seedlings grown in a culture chamber, and 2-4 years old shrubs grown in the same orchard. None of the morphological characters under study are fully reliable to determine whether individuals in a population belong to clade diploid or tetraploid. This is despite measurements being made on populations grown under the same conditions of soil and climate, and in very favorable conditions for the expression of qualitative and quantitative traits. The qualitative characteristics that show a higher correlation with the ploidy level are: the base of the leaves of the seedlings, the bearing bush, the branch arrangement, the angle of insertion of the branches and the inflorescence length. With regards to the quantitative data the most relevant were the length of the cotyledons and the length of the blade of the 1st, 3rd or 5th leaves of the seedling, and the ratio of any of this values and the leaf blade width. The only reliable way to determine the diploid or tetraploid clade membership is the measurement of ploidy level.

Judicial justificación, hecha a instancia de D.Vicente Pérez, (vulgó El Médico del Agua) de las enfermedades cronicas, habituales y desauciadas por los médicos, y actuales curadas con brevedad, seguridad, y placer de los dolientes, con el admirable methodo del agua, aplicada debidamente en quantidad, qualidad, ocasión, y modo, sin escusar, quando la naturaleza lo impide, e indica el uso de la sangria...

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Description historique et critique de l'Italia ou Nouveaux mémoires sur l'État actuel de son Gouvernement ... /

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Description historique et critique de l'Italia ou Nouveaux mémoires sur l'État actuel de son Gouvernement ... /

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Traité theologique, sur la forme de la consecration de l'Eucharistie.

Mode of access: Internet.

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from Acacia nilotica ssp. indica (Mimosaceae)

Five microsatellite loci are presented for prickly acacia, Acacia nilotica ssp. indica (Benth.) Brenan, an introduced weed of national significance in Australia. These microsatellite loci were obtained through the construction of an enriched library and their use will enable us to determine the genetic origin and extent of genetic diversity of this weed in Australia.

Cryopreservation of spermatozoa of black marlin, Makaira indica (Teleostei : Istiophoredae)

As a first step towards the development of a method for the cryopreservation of black marlin spermatozoa, this study investigated the effect of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) concentration and pellet size on post-thaw spermatozoal motility. Spermatozoa were recovered from the spermatic duct of testes retrieved post-mortem from four adult black marlin caught in the Coral Sea spawning grounds of Australia. Undiluted spermatozoa. were stored on ice for 4 to 10 hours during transport to shore, then evaluated for motility after activation in seawater (1:10 v:v). Spermatozoa were prepared for cryopreservation in pellets by extension (1:3 v:v) in a defined fish Ringer's solution to give two final DMSO concentrations of 2.5% or 5.0%. Diluted spermatozoa were frozen directly on a dry ice block in pellet sizes of either 0.25 ml or 0.50 ml. Frozen pellets were thawed in a water bath at 40 degrees C for 60 seconds and assessed for post-thaw motility following activation in seawater. Spermatozoa recovered within 50 minutes of death and chilled on ice for 4 to 10 hours showed a mean (+/- SEM) motility immediately following activation of 91.6 +/- 7.9%. 50% of the spermatozoa remained motile for approximately 4 to 5 minutes. Following cryopreservation; mean motility declined significantly across all cryoprotectant and pellet size combinations (P < 0.001) but spermatozoa frozen in 2.5% DMSO showed higher motility than those frozen in 5.0% DMSO (P = 0.014). Pellet size had no effect on post-thaw motility (P = 0.179).

Atividade antiofídica do decocto das folhas de jatropha gossypiifolia l. frente o veneno de bothrops jararaca

Antiophidic activity from decoct of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. leaves against Bothrops jararaca venom. Snakebites are a serious worldwide public health problem. In Latin America, about 90 % of accidents are attributed to snakes from Bothrops genus. Currently, the main available treatment is the antivenom serum therapy, which has some disadvantages such as inability to neutralize local effects, risk of immunological reactions, high cost and difficult access in some regions. In this context, the search for alternative therapies to treat snakebites is relevant. Jatropha gossypiifolia L., a medicinal plant popularly known in Brazil as “pinhão-roxo”, is very used in folk medicine as antiophidic. So, the aim of this study is to evaluate the antiophidic properties of this species against enzymatic and biological activities from Bothrops jararaca snake venom. The aqueous leaf extract of J. gossypiifolia was prepared by decoction. The inhibition studies were performed in vitro, by pre-incubation of a fixed amount of venom with different amounts of extract from J. gossypiifolia for 60 min at 37 °C, and in vivo, through oral or intraperitoneal treatment of animals, in different doses, 60 min before venom injection. The proteolytic activity upon azocasein was efficiently inhibited, indicating inhibitory action upon metalloproteinases (SVMPs) and/or serine proteases (SVSPs). The extract inhibited the fibrinogenolytic activity, which was also confirmed by zymography, where it was possible to observe that the extract preferentially inhibits fibrinogenolytic enzymes of 26 and 28 kDa. The coagulant activity upon fibrinogen and plasma were significantly inhibited, suggesting an inhibitory action upon thrombin-like enzymes (SVTLEs), as well as upon clotting factor activators toxins. The extract prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), suggesting an inhibitory action toward not only to SVTLEs, but also against endogenous thrombin. The defibrinogenating activity in vivo was efficiently inhibited by the extract on oral route, confirming the previous results. The local hemorrhagic activity was also significantly inhibited by oral route, indicating an inhibitory action upon SVMPs. The phospholipase activity in vitro was not inhibited. Nevertheless, the edematogenic and myotoxic activities were efficiently inhibited, by oral and intraperitoneal route, which may indicate an inhibitory effect of the extract upon Lys49 phospholipase (PLA2) and/ or SVMPs, or also an anti-inflammatory action against endogenous chemical mediators. Regarding the possible action mechanism, was observed that the extract did not presented proteolytic activity, however, presented protein precipitating action. In addition, the extract showed significant antioxidant activity in different models, which could justify, at least partially, the antiophidic activity presented. The metal chelating action presented by extract could be correlated with SVMPs inhibition, once these enzymes are metal-dependent. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of sugars, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes and/or steroids and proteins, from which the flavonoids could be pointed as major compounds, based on chromatographic profile obtained by thin layer chromatography (TLC). In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the J. gossypiifolia leaves decoct present potential antiophidic activity, including action upon snakebite local effects, suggesting that this species may be used as a new source of bioactive molecules against bothropic venom.

Efeitos de fungicidas alternativos em folhas de Carthamus tinctorius L. (Asteraceae), potencial espécie para cultivo em agricultura familiar

The currently main development model on global society is driven by an economic rationality that endangers the environment and social justice. More and more, attention to this way of production and consumption is increasing, boosting research for sustainable development, with an environmental rationality that can harmonize nature preservation and welfare of all socioeconomic classes. One of the efforts on this sense is changing the sources supplying the energy demand, replacing fossil fuels for renewable and cleaner sources, such as biofuels. Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) is an oilseed crop with potential for biodiesel production, with good oil yield and chemical profile, allied to good adaptation to climates such like the northeastern semiarid lands of Brazil. With public policies fomentation, the use of this species may be an interesting alternative for family farming. In farming in general, the use of pesticides to prevent and combat diseases and plagues is common, which is not a sustainable practice. Thus, there are researched alternative, less dangerous substances. In this study, it was aimed to assess if neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract (20% m/v) and Bordeaux mixture (copper sulfate) have effects on safflower. It was also aimed to verify acceptance of farmers on safflower crop in Apodi, a municipality in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil, in view of it being localized in the aimed region for this crop cultivation. Besides that, understanding that the farmers’ knowledge and inclination to adopt the crop is fundamental for the introduction of this species and socioeconomic growth due to its exploration. In addition, a booklet with basic information on safflower was produced. In the field experiment, the fungicides were pulverized on plants cultivated in field experimental plots, with collection of leaf samples for analysis on anatomy, cuticle, and epicuticular wax morphology, the protective layer that interfaces with the surrounding ambient. In Apodi, forty-five farmers from Potiguar Cooperative of Apiculture and Sustainable Rural Development (COOPAPI) underwent semi-structured interviews, which also addressed their assessment on currently cultivated crops and perception of pesticide uses and sustainable alternatives. After comparing using analysis of variance, it was found that there was no difference between treatments in the experiment, as well as no anatomical or morphological modifications. Safflower acceptation among farmers was wide, with 84% of interviewees believing in a perspective of good incomes. The current scenario, comprised of low crop diversity, fragile in face of droughts and plagues, can partially explain this opinion. The booklet was effective in catching people attention for the species potential. There was wide acknowledgement on the importance of alternative pesticides, justified by health security. Based on the assessed parameter in the results of this research, the treatments here utilized may be recommended as fungicides for safflower. Given the crop susceptibility to fungi in heavy rainy period, it is advised that its potential introduction on the region shall be focused on semiarid areas.

Εl voto de un soldado a Silvano – Zeus "Dalbenus"?

Estudiamos una pieza inédita de una colección privada de Barcelona. Es una escultura votiva, ofrecida por un soldado. Representa al dios Silvano, si bien el nombre de este dios no aparece citado en la inscripción griega de la base, donde se indica que el voto va dirigido a Zeus Dalbenus. Este epíteto Dalbenos / Dalbenus es un hápax. Ofrecemos una lectura del texto e intentamos dar una respuesta a las “incongruencias” entre imagen y texto inscrito.

Il vulcanismo esplosivo : l'isola Ferdinandea: eruzione del 1831 nel mar di Sicilia

Il contenuto di questo volume non vuole rappresentare un testo didattico per lo studio in generale della vulcanologia in quanto in esso si tratta unicamente quell’a-spetto della disciplina che riguarda il vulcanismo esplosivo. In tal senso l’autore ritiene che questo testo possa essere utile per gli studenti di Scienze Geologiche che, vivendo nelle aree vulcaniche italiane di età quaternaria ed anche attive, possano, da laureati, svolgere attività professionali mirate alla individuazione e definizione di Pericolosità, Vulnerabilità e Rischio Vulcanico. Trattare gli argomenti che seguono non è stato facile e forse si poteva, in alcuni casi, renderli più semplici, ma talvolta la semplicità non sempre è sinonimo di precisione; inoltre, per descrivere certi aspetti non quantitativi si è costretti ad utilizzare un linguaggio quanto più possibile “ad hoc”. L’autore ha svolto la propria attività di ricerca in aree vulcaniche, sia in Italia che all’estero. Le ricerche in Italia sono state da sempre concentrate nelle aree di vulcanismo attivo in cui l’attività del vulcanologo è finalizzata fondamentalmente alla definizione della Pericolosità Vulcanica supporto indispensabile per la definizione dell’aree a Rischio Vulcanico, intendendo per Rischio il prodotto della Pericolosità per il Danno in termini, questo, di numero di vite umane ovvero di valore monetario dei beni a rischio nell’area vulcanica attiva. Le ricerche svolte dall’autore in Africa Orientale (Etiopia e Somalia) e nello Yemen hanno contribuito ad assimilare i concetti di vulcanologia regionale, rappresentata dall’ampia diffusione del vulcanismo di plateau, variabile per spessore dai 1500 ai 3000 metri, fra i quali si inseriscono, nella depressione dell’Afar, catene vulcaniche inquadrabili, dal punto di vista geodinamico, come “oceaniche” alcune delle quali attive e che si sviluppano per decine/centinaia di chilometri. Nelle aree vulcaniche italiane le difficoltà che sorgono durante il rilevamento risiedono nella scarsa continuità di affioramenti, talvolta incompleti per la descrizione delle variazioni di facies piroclastiche, non disgiunta dalla fitta vegetazione ovvero ur banizzazione specialmente nelle aree di vulcanismo attivo. Il rilevamento vulcanologico richiede competenze e l’adozione di scale adatte a poter cartografare le variazioni di facies piroclastiche che, a differenza dalle assise sedimentarie, in un’area vulcanica possono essere diffuse arealmente soltanto per alcune centinaia di metri. I metodi di studio delle rocce piroclastiche sono del tutto simili a quelli che si usano per le rocce clastiche, cioè dall’analisi delle strutture e delle tessiture alla litologica fino a quella meccanica; su questi clasti inoltre le determinazioni della densità, della mineralogia e della geochimica (Elementi in tracce e Terre Rare), ottenute sulla frazione vetrosa, rappresentano parametri talvolta identificativi di un’area vulcanica sorgente. Non esistono testi nei quali venga descritto come si debba operare nelle aree vulcaniche per le quali l’unica certezza unificante è rappresentata dall’evidenza che, nelle sequenze stratigrafiche, il termine al top rappresenta quello più relativamente recente mentre quello alla base indica il termine relativo più vecchio. Quanto viene riportato in questo testo nasce dall’esperienza che è stata acquisita nel tempo attraverso una costante azione di rilevamento che rappresenta l’uni- ca sorgente di informazione che un vulcanologo deve ricavare attraverso un attento esame dei depositi vulcanici (dalla litologia alla mineralogia, alla tessitura, etc.) la cui distribuzione, talvolta, può assumere un carattere interegionale in Italia nell’ambito dell’Olocene. Soltanto l’esperienza acquisita con il rilevamento produce, in un’area di vulcanismo attivo, risultati positivi per la definizione della Pericolosità, sapendo però che le aree vulcaniche italiane presentano caratteristiche ampiamente differenti e di conseguenza il modo di operare non può essere sempre lo stesso. Un esempio? Immaginate di eseguire un rilevamento vulcanico prima al Somma-Vesuvio e poi nei Campi Flegrei: sono mondi completamente differenti. L’autore desidera ribadire che questo testo si basa sulla esperienza acquisita sia come geologo sia come docente di Vulcanologia; pertanto il libro potrà forse risultare più o meno bilanciato, in forza dell’argomento trattato, in quanto durante l’attività di ricerca l’autore, come tutti, ha affrontato alcuni argomenti più di altri. Questo approccio può essere considerato valido per chiunque voglia scrivere un libro in maniera autonoma e originale, non limitandosi, come molte volte avviene, a tradurre in italiano un libro su tematiche analoghe diffuso, ad esempio, nel mondo anglosassone.Diversamente, si sarebbe potuto concepire un libro come un collage di capitoli scritti da vari autori, che magari avevano esperienza più specifica nei singoli argomenti, ma in tal senso si sarebbe snaturato lo spirito con cui si è impostato il progetto. L’autore, infine, ha fatto ricorso al contributo di altri autorevoli colleghi solo per temi importantissimi, ma in qualche modo complementari rispetto al corpus costitutivo del Vulcanismo Esplosivo.