913 resultados para FoxP3, Galectin-10, autoimmunity, tolerance, CD4 CD25 regulatory T cells
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IIL-27 counters the effect of TGF-beta+IL-6 on naive CD4(+) T cells, resulting in near complete inhibition of de novo Th17 development. In contrast, little is known about the effect of IL-27 on already differentiated Th17 cells. A better understanding of how IL-27 regulates these cells is needed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of IL-27 in Th17 cells-associated diseases. In this study, we show that IL-27 had surprisingly little effect on committed Th17 cells, despite its expression of a functional IL-27R. Contrary to de novo differentiation of Th17 cells, IL-27 did not suppress expression of retinoid-related orphan receptor (ROR)gammat or RORalpha in committed Th17 cells. Consistent with this finding, the frequency of committed Th17 cells and their cytokine secretion remained unaffected by IL-27. Both memory Th17 cells (CD4(+)CD25(-)CD62L(low)) that developed in vivo and encephalitogenic Th17 cells infiltrating the CNS of mice developing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis produced similar amounts of IL-17A when reactivated with IL-23 in the absence and presence of exogenous IL-27. Finally, IL-27 failed to suppress encephalitogenicity of Th17 cells in an adoptive transfer of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Analysis ex vivo of transferred Th17 cells in the spleen and CNS of recipient mice showed that cells retained similar phenotype irrespective of whether cells were treated or not with IL-27. Our data demonstrate that in contrast to inhibition of de novo differentiation of Th17 cells, IL-27 has little or no effect on committed Th17 cells. These findings indicate that therapeutic applications of IL-27 might have a limited efficacy in inflammatory conditions where aggressive Th17 responses have already developed.
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Aging is associated with changes in lymphocyte subsets and unexplained HLA-DR upregulation on T-lymphocytes. We further investigated this activation, by measuring early (CD69), middle (CD25), and late (HLA-DR) T-lymphocyte activation markers on CD3+ lymphocytes, across subjects (20-100 years) together with serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R). HLA-DR was present as a CD3+ HLA-DR+ subset that constituted 8% of total lymphocytes, increased twofold with age and included CD4+, CD8+, and CD45RA+ phenotypes. HLA-DR was also expressed on a CD8+ CD57+ subset. The CD3+ CD25+ subset constituted 13% of lymphocytes, fell with age but was weakly associated with the CD3+ HLA-DR+ subset especially in older subjects. A small 3-5% CD3+ CD69+ subsets showed no age effect. Serum sIL-2R, TNF-alpha, but not IFN-gamma, were associated with CD3+ HLA-DR+ lymphocytes, TNF-alpha with CD8+ CD57+ count and sIL-2R and IFN-gamma with the CD3+ CD25+/CD3+ CD4+ ratio. The study confirms age-related upregulation of HLA-DR on CD3+ lymphocytes, shows some evidence for associated upregulation of CD25 on CD3+ cells in older subjects, and links serum TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and sIL2-R to T-lymphocyte activation.
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Efficient formation of early GCs depends on the close interaction between GC B cells and antigen-primed CD4+ follicular helper T cells (TFH). A tight and stable formation of TFH/B cell conjugates is required for cytokine-driven immunoglobulin class switching and somatic hypermutation of GC B cells. Recently, it has been shown that the formation of TFH/B cell conjugates is crucial for B-cell differentiation and class switch following infection with Leishmania major parasites. However, the subtype of DCs responsible for TFH-cell priming against dermal antigens is thus far unknown. Utilizing a transgenic C57BL/6 mouse model designed to trigger the ablation of Langerin+ DC subsets in vivo, we show that the functionality of TFH/B cell conjugates is disturbed after depletion of Langerhans cells (LCs): LC-depleted mice show a reduction in somatic hypermutation in B cells isolated from TFH/B cell conjugates and markedly reduced GC reactions within skin-draining lymph nodes. In conclusion, this study reveals an indispensable role for LCs in promoting GC B-cell differentiation following cutaneous infection with Leishmania major parasites. We propose that LCs are key regulators of GC formation and therefore have broader implications for the development of allergies and autoimmunity as well as for future vaccination strategies.
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Regulatory and coding variants are known to be enriched with associations identified by genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of complex disease, but their contributions to trait heritability are currently unknown. We applied variance-component methods to imputed genotype data for 11 common diseases to partition the heritability explained by genotyped SNPs () across functional categories (while accounting for shared variance due to linkage disequilibrium). Extensive simulations showed that in contrast to current estimates from GWAS summary statistics, the variance-component approach partitions heritability accurately under a wide range of complex-disease architectures. Across the 11 diseases DNaseI hypersensitivity sites (DHSs) from 217 cell types spanned 16% of imputed SNPs (and 24% of genotyped SNPs) but explained an average of 79% (SE = 8%) offrom imputed SNPs (5.1 enrichment; p = 3.7 10<sup style="border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 0; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; text-align: justify; word-spacing: -1.03685009479523px;">17</sup>) and 38% (SE = 4%) offrom genotyped SNPs (1.6 enrichment, p = 1.0 10<sup style="border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 0; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; text-align: justify; word-spacing: -1.03685009479523px;">4</sup>). Further enrichment was observed at enhancer DHSs and cell-type-specific DHSs. In contrast, coding variants, which span 1% of the genome, explained <10% ofdespite having the highest enrichment. We replicated these findings but found no significant contribution from rare coding variants in independent schizophrenia cohorts genotyped on GWAS and exome chips. Our results highlight the value of analyzing components of heritability to unravel the functional architecture of common disease.
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<p>Molecular characterization of genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci can uncover key genes and biological mechanisms underpinning complex traits and diseases. Here we present deep, high-throughput characterization of gene regulatory mechanisms underlying prostate cancer risk loci. Our methodology integrates data from 295 prostate cancer chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing experiments with genotype and gene expression data from 602 prostate tumor samples. The analysis identifies new gene regulatory mechanisms affected by risk locus SNPs, including widespread disruption of ternary androgen receptor (AR)-FOXA1 and AR-HOXB13 complexes and competitive binding mechanisms. We identify 57 expression quantitative trait loci at 35 risk loci, which we validate through analysis of allele-specific expression. We further validate predicted regulatory SNPs and target genes in prostate cancer cell line models. Finally, our integrated analysis can be accessed through an interactive visualization tool. This analysis elucidates how genome sequence variation affects disease predisposition via gene regulatory mechanisms and identifies relevant genes for downstream biomarker and drug development.</p>
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Retroviral transfer of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) genes selected by circumventing tolerance to broad tumor- and leukemia-associated antigens in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201 (A2.1) transgenic (Tg) mice allows the therapeutic reprogramming of human T lymphocytes. Using a human CD8 x A2.1/Kb mouse derived TCR specific for natural peptide-A2.1 (pA2.1) complexes comprising residues 81-88 of the human homolog of the murine double-minute 2 oncoprotein, MDM2(81-88), we found that the heterodimeric CD8 alpha beta coreceptor, but not normally expressed homodimeric CD8 alpha alpha, is required for tetramer binding and functional redirection of TCR- transduced human T cells. CD8+T cells that received a humanized derivative of the MDM2 TCR bound pA2.1 tetramers only in the presence of an anti-human-CD8 anti-body and required more peptide than wild-type (WT) MDM2 TCR+T cells to mount equivalent cytotoxicity. They were, however, sufficiently effective in recognizing malignant targets including fresh leukemia cells. Most efficient expression of transduced TCR in human T lymphocytes was governed by mouse as compared to human constant (C) alphabeta domains, as demonstrated with partially humanized and murinized TCR of primary mouse and human origin, respectively. We further observed a reciprocal relationship between the level of Tg WT mouse relative to natural human TCR expression, resulting in T cells with decreased normal human cell surface TCR. In contrast, natural human TCR display remained unaffected after delivery of the humanized MDM2 TCR. These results provide important insights into the molecular basis of TCR gene therapy of malignant disease.
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Taking advantage of homeostatic mechanisms to boost tumor-specific cellular immunity is raising increasing interest in the development of therapeutic strategies in the treatment of melanoma. Here, we have explored the potential of combining homeostatic proliferation, after transient immunosuppression, and antigenic stimulation of Melan-A/Mart-1 specific CD8 T-cells. In an effort to develop protocols that could be readily applicable to the clinic, we have designed a phase I clinical trial, involving lymphodepleting chemotherapy with Busulfan and Fludarabine, reinfusion of Melan-A specific CD8 T-cell containing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (exempt of growth factors), and Melan-A peptide vaccination. Six patients with advanced melanoma were enrolled in this outpatient regimen that demonstrated good feasibility combined with low toxicity. Consistent depletion of lymphocytes with persistent increased CD4/CD8 ratios was induced, although the proportion of circulating CD4 regulatory T-cells remained mostly unchanged. The study of the immune reconstitution period showed a steady recovery of whole T-cell numbers overtime. However, expansion of Melan-A specific CD8 T-cells, as measured in peripheral blood, was mostly inconsistent, accompanied with marginal phenotypic changes, despite vaccination with Melan-A/Mart-1 peptide. On the clinical level, 1 patient presented a partial but objective antitumor response following the beginning of the protocol, even though a direct effect of Busulfan/Fludarabine cannot be completely ruled out. Overall, these data provide further ground for the development of immunotherapeutic approaches to be both effective against melanoma and applicable in clinic.
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Les chimiokines et leurs rcepteurs respectifs jouent un rle important dans limmunit inne et adaptative. Les rcepteurs de chimiokines identifient des cellules T CD4+ avec potentiel de migration dans des tissus spcifiques et fonctionnalit distincte du point de vue de la spcificit antignique et de la production de cytokines. Lidentit de la population des cellules T CD4+ susceptibles versus rsistantes linfection par le virus de limmunodficience humaine (VIH) reste mal dfinie. Le recrutement dans les muqueuses intestinales dun excs de cellules T effectrices (CD8+) compar aux cellules cibles (CD4+) reprsente un bon pronostic de linfection par le virus de limmunodficience simienne (VIS), tandis que la dpltion des cellules Th17 dans les tissus lymphodes associs au tractus gastro-intestinal (GALT) est un marqueur de la progression de linfection VIH. Leffet rgulateur des chimiokines sur lactivation de la rplication virale dans diffrentes sous-populations cellulaires T CD4+ reste peu tudi. Ce projet de matrise est divis en 3 parties: (1) lidentification des rcepteurs de chimiokines CCR4, CXCR3 et CCR6 comme marqueurs de surfaces des sous populations T CD4+ avec susceptibilit distincte linfection par le VIH; (2) la caractrisation phnotypique et fonctionnelle des cellules T CD4+ et T CD8+ spcifiques au VIH de sujets progression lente vers le stade sida (LTNP); et (3) les effets des chimiokines ligands de CCR4, CXCR3 et CCR6 sur lactivation cellulaire et la rplication virale in vitro. Nos rsultats dmontrent que les cellules T CD4+ CCR4+CCR6+ (profile cytokinique Th17) et CXCR3+CCR6+ (profile cytokinique Th1/Th17) sont hautement permissives linfection par le VIH. Nous proposons galement de nouveaux corrlats de protection immunitaire contre le VIH chez les sujets LTNP: (i) le potentiel de co-localisation dans les muqueuses intestinales des cellules T CD4+ et CD8+ spcifiques au VIH via lintgrine 7, (ii) le ratio lev entre les cellules T effectrices (CD8+) versus les cellules cibles (CD4+) spcifiques au VIH, (iii) le profil cytokinique Th17 et (iv) la capacit des cellules T CD4+ et CD8+ spcifiques au VIH produire des ligands de CCR5 bloquant lentre virale. Finalement, nos rsultats sur leffet co-stimulateur des chimiokines sur les cellules T et leurs effets opposs sur la rplication virale dmontrent limplication du rseau des chimiokines dans la rgulation de la pathogense de linfection VIH.
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Les travaux antrieurs du laboratoire ont dmontr le rle du CD47 dans la fonction des cellules dendritiques ainsi que dans linduction des lymphocytes T rgulateurs (Tregs) chez lhumain in vitro. Notre premier objectif tait de dterminer le rle de CD47 sur la fonction des DCs in vivo. Nos travaux dmontrent que le CD47 contrle slectivement la migration des DCs au travers des vaisseaux lymphatiques et des barrires cellulaires endothliales in vivo sans interfrer avec celle des lymphocytes T et B. Des expriences de migration comptitive et d immunisation active avec des DCs mylodes dmontrent que la migration des DCs est dpendante de lexpression du CD47 sur les DCs et non sur les cellules endothliales. Ce dfaut de migration est corrl avec labsence de DCs splniques dans la zone marginale chez nos souris CD47-/-. Notre second objectif tait de dterminer le rle de CD47 dans lhomostasie et la fonction des Tregs. Nous dmontrons que lexpression du CD47 contrle slectivement lhomostasie dune sous-population de Tregs CD103+ ltat de base. La proportion de cellules actives/mmoires (CD44hi CD62Llo ) Foxp3+ CD103+ augmente rapidement au cours du vieillissement chez nos souris CD47-/- compare aux souris CD47+/+ du mme ge, tandis que le pourcentage de cellules (CD44loCD62Lhi) Foxp3+ CD103- reste comparable entre les deux souches de souris. En conclusion, le CD47 inhibe la prolifration excessive des Tregs CD103+ empchant ainsi laccumulation de ces cellules en absence dinflammation. Les DCs et les Tregs sont troitement rgules de manire reciproque. Cette rgulation croise contribue au maintien dun quilibre entre limmunit protectrice et la tolrance. La perspective de nos travaux est dapprofondir nos connaissances sur le rle du CD47 et de ses ligands dans la rgulation des DCs par les Tregs et vice et versa. Les DCs et les Tregs tant impliqus dans la pathogense de multiples maladies telles que le cancer, les maladies infectieuses et les maladies auto-immunes. Par consquent, nos tudes pourraient ouvrir des portes de nouvelles stratgies thrapeutiques.
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La raction du greffon contre lhte (GvH) est responsable dun grand taux de morbidit et de mortalit chez les patients recevant des greffes de cellules souches (GCSH) allogniques. Dans ce contexte, les cellules T rgulatrices sont largement tudies et semblent avoir un grand potentiel dutilisation dans le domaine de la thrapie cellulaire de la GvH. Parmi les populations cellulaires T rgulatrices, les lymphocytes T CD4-CD8- TCR+ Doubles-Ngatifs (DN), qui ne reprsentent que 1-3% des lymphocytes T, ont t dcrits. Ces cellules ont des proprits inhibitrices de la rponse immunitaire qui savrent spcifiques aux antignes auxquels elles ont pralablement t exposes. La rpression de la rponse immunitaire par les cellules T DN rgulatrices semble tre un mcanisme important impliqu dans linduction de la tolrance aux allo-antignes. De plus, ces cellules confrent une tolrance immunitaire dans des modles de greffes allogniques et xnogniques. En effet, ces cellules ont la capacit dinhiber la raction contre un allo-antigne auquel elles ont t exposes, sans inhiber la raction contre un allo-antigne inconnu. Les cellules T DN ont t isoles et caractrises chez lhomme o elles ont la capacit dinteragir avec des cellules prsentatrices dantignes (APCs) par un contact cellulaire, comme chez la souris. Cependant, leur capacit immunomodulatrice reste inconnue chez lhumain. Notre objectif consistait donc principalement tudier le rle et le mcanisme daction des cellules T DN rgulatrices humaines in vitro, en tudiant leur capacit inhiber une raction lymphocytaire mixte (MLR). Nous avons montr que les cellules T DN stimules par un allo-antigne donn inhibent des cellules syngniques effectrices diriges contre ce mme alloantigne mais ninhibent pas des cellules syngniques effectrices diriges contre un autre alloantigne, dmontrant ainsi la spcificit aux antignes de ces cellules. De plus, les T DN non stimules par un allo-antigne nont pas de rle inhibiteur. Cependant, durant cette inhibition, nous nobservons pas de modulation de lexpression des marqueurs dactivation et dinduction de lapoptose. Afin dtudier le mcanisme daction des cellules T DN, nous avons mesur lexpression intracellulaire de la granzyme B. Les rsultats dmontrent que les cellules T DN stimules expriment un niveau significativement plus lev de granzyme B que les cellules T DN non-stimules par lallo-antigne. Ceci suggre que limmunosuppression induite par les cellules T DN stimules pourrait passer par la voie granzyme B. Le mcanisme utilis par ces cellules reste tre confirm par nos futures expriences.
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Introduction: Lactivation des cellules stellaires hpatiques (CSHs) est un point cl du processus de fibrose hpatique. Les lymphocytes T CD4+ intra-hpatiques sont une source majeure de cytokines anti-inflammatoires comme lIL-10 et pro-inflammatoire (IL-17A), hpatoprotectrice (IL-22) produites par les Th17. Les Th17 sont impliqus dans de nombreuses pathologies inflammatoires mais leffet de ces cellules sur les CSHs nest pas encore lucid. Objectif: Comprendre le rle des cytokines de type Th17 dans le processus dactivation des CSHs. Mthodes: La ligne de CSHs humaine LX2 a t stimule par lIL-17A ou lIL-22 puis compare des cellules traites par le TGF-b et le tampon phosphate salin (PBS). Lactivation des CSHs a t value en examinant les molcules profibrotique alpha-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA), collagne de type I (COL1A1) et inhibiteur produits par les tissus des mtalloprotases matricielles I (TIMP-I) par q-PCR. Lexpression protique a t valide par immunobuvardage ou coloration au rouge de picro Sirius. Lexpression membranaire de lIL-10Rb, du TGF-b-RII et de lIL-17RA a t mesure par cytomtrie en flux. Rsultats: LIL-17A et lIL-22 nactivent pas les cellules LX2, car aucune induction da-SMA, de COL1A1 et de TIMP-I na t observe. Cependant, lIL-17A et lIL-22 sensibilisent les CSHs laction du TGF-b, tel que dmontr par une forte expression et production da-SMA, collagne type I et TIMP-I. LIL-17A, mais pas lIL-22, induit la surexpression la surface cellulaire du TGF-b-RII et inhibe partiellement la baisse dexpression du TGF--RII aprs stimulation au TGF-b. Conclusion: Nos rsultats dmontrent une fonction pro-fibrotique de lIL-17A et de lIL-22, car les deux cytokines sensibilisent les CSHs laction du TGF-b. LIL-17A agit via la surexpression et la stabilisation du TGF-b-RII tandis que lIL-22 agit probablement par des mcanismes intracellulaires.
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Gene expression is a quantitative trait that can be mapped genetically in structured populations to identify expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). Genes and regulatory networks underlying complex traits can subsequently be inferred. Using a recently released genome sequence, we have defined cis- and trans-eQTL and their environmental response to low phosphorus (P) availability within a complex plant genome and found hotspots of trans-eQTL within the genome. Interval mapping, using P supply as a covariate, revealed 18,876 eQTL. trans-eQTL hotspots occurred on chromosomes A06 and A01 within Brassica rapa; these were enriched with P metabolism-related Gene Ontology terms (A06) as well as chloroplast-and photosynthesis-related terms (A01). We have also attributed heritability components to measures of gene expression across environments, allowing the identification of novel gene expression markers and gene expression changes associated with low P availability. Informative gene expression markers were used to map eQTL and P use efficiency-related QTL. Genes responsive to P supply had large environmental and heritable variance components. Regulatory loci and genes associated with P use efficiency identified through eQTL analysis are potential targets for further characterization and may have potential for crop improvement.
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Spleen or spleen plus bone marrow cells from (BALB/c x C57Bl/6)F1 donors were transferred into BALB/c recipients 21 days before skin or cardiac transplantation. Prolonged graft survival was observed on recipients treated with the mixture of donor-derived cells as compared to those treated with spleen cells alone. We evaluated the expression of CD45RB and CD44 by splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells 7 and 21 days after donor cell transfer. The populations of CD8(+)CD45RB(low) and CD8(+)CD44(high) cells were significantly decreased in mice pre-treated with donor spleen and bone marrow cells as compared to animals treated with spleen cells only, although these cells expanded in both groups when compared to an earlier time-point. No differences were observed regarding CD4+ T cell population when recipients of donor-derived cells were compared. An enhanced production of IL-10 was observed seven days after transplantation in the supernatants of spleen cell cultures of mice treated with spleen and bone marrow cells. Taken together these data suggest that donor-derived bone marrow cells modulate the sensitization of the recipient by semi-allogeneic spleen cells in part by delaying the generation of activated/memory CD8(+) T cells leading to enhanced graft survival. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Background: Inhibitory signals mediated via molecules such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) play a critical role in downmodulating immune responses and maintaining peripheral tolerance. We investigated the involvement of cytokines and PD-1 engagement in mediating the T-cell unresponsiveness to bacterial and ubiquitous antigens in periodontal diseases. Methods: Gingival and peripheral blood samples from healthy individuals and patients with chronic periodontitis were collected and used for the subsequent assays. Leukocytes in the lesion site and blood were evaluated using flow cytometry. The production of interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-P proteins was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the presence of PD-1+cells in the inflamed gingiva was confirmed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy for CD4 and PD-1 colocalization. Results: T cells from patients with chronic periodontitis proliferated poorly in response to Aggregatibacter actinomycetem comitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) antigen. T-cell unresponsiveness was not associated with imbalanced cytokine production. However, T cells from patients with chronic periodontitis expressed significantly higher levels of PD-1 either upon isolation or after culture with antigens. Moreover, PD-1 blocking did not result in significant T-cell proliferation in cells cultured with phytohemagglutinin or bacterial antigens. The blockade of PD-1 resulted in the increased production of IFN-gamma. In addition, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing PD-1 accumulated in lesions with chronic periodontitis. Conclusion: These data show that PD-1 engagement could be involved in the modulation of IFN-gamma production by T cells in patients with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2009,80:1833-1844.
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Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP)
