Programme cantonal Diabète: bilan de la première phase du programme (2010-2011) et construction d'une théorie d'action.

Le Programme cantonal diabète (PCD) du canton de Vaud a pour objectifs de réduire durablement l'impact du diabète sur la population vaudoise. Il a été élaboré à l'initiative du Service de la santé publique du canton de Vaud et la stratégie du programme a été construite sur la base des propositions de plusieurs groupes de travail. Ce programme inclut divers projets complémentaires qui ont été progressivement mis sur pied à partir de 2010. 2012 marque la fin de la première phase du programme et une évaluation-bilan du programme est demandée. Cette évaluation-bilan fait suite à une première phase de travaux qui ont consisté en une évaluation de l'évaluabilité du programme. Les résultats de cette première phase ont été délivrés en décembre 2011 au groupe de pilotage et consignés dans un rapport en février 2012. L'IUMSP propose donc pour 2012 des travaux en continuité de ce qui a été fait en 2011 et qui vont dans le sens d'un bilan critique et de propositions pour un système de monitoring à long terme du programme, comportant des indicateurs d'activité (à harmoniser lorsque c'est possible dans des projets similaires), des indicateurs de couverture et de résultats. [p. 7]

Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption.

Synthetic chemicals currently used in a variety of industrial and agricultural applications are leading to widespread contamination of the environment. Even though the intended uses of pesticides, plasticizers, antimicrobials, and flame retardants are beneficial, effects on human health are a global concern. These so-called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt hormonal balance and result in developmental and reproductive abnormalities. New in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies link human EDC exposure with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Here we review the main chemical compounds that may contribute to metabolic disruption. We then present their demonstrated or suggested mechanisms of action with respect to nuclear receptor signaling. Finally, we discuss the difficulties of fairly assessing the risks linked to EDC exposure, including developmental exposure, problems of high- and low-dose exposure, and the complexity of current chemical environments.

Exploration des expériences et des besoins des patients diabétiques et des professionnels de la santé du canton de Vaud: Programme cantonal Diabète Vaud

Dans le cadre de l'élaboration du Programme cantonal Diabète du canton de Vaud, nous avons mis en place une étude qualitative visant à connaître l'opinion des divers acteurs du système de santé du canton, sur la prise en charge actuelle du diabète et le développement du Programme cantonal Diabète. Nous avons recruté des patients diabétiques et des professionnels de la santé dans le but d'organiser huit focus-groupes (entretiens de groupe) : un focus-groupe de patients diabétiques et un focus-groupe de professionnels de la santé, dans chacune des quatre régions sanitaires du canton de Vaud. [Auteurs, p. 5]

Variants in MTNR1B influence fasting glucose levels.

To identify previously unknown genetic loci associated with fasting glucose concentrations, we examined the leading association signals in ten genome-wide association scans involving a total of 36,610 individuals of European descent. Variants in the gene encoding melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B) were consistently associated with fasting glucose across all ten studies. The strongest signal was observed at rs10830963, where each G allele (frequency 0.30 in HapMap CEU) was associated with an increase of 0.07 (95% CI = 0.06-0.08) mmol/l in fasting glucose levels (P = 3.2 x 10(-50)) and reduced beta-cell function as measured by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-B, P = 1.1 x 10(-15)). The same allele was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio = 1.09 (1.05-1.12), per G allele P = 3.3 x 10(-7)) in a meta-analysis of 13 case-control studies totaling 18,236 cases and 64,453 controls. Our analyses also confirm previous associations of fasting glucose with variants at the G6PC2 (rs560887, P = 1.1 x 10(-57)) and GCK (rs4607517, P = 1.0 x 10(-25)) loci.

Multifaceted roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) at the cellular and whole organism levels.

Chronic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, inflammation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis, are related to alterations in lipid and glucose metabolism, in which peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)α, PPARβ/δ and PPARγ are involved. These receptors form a subgroup of ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor family. This review discusses a selection of novel PPAR functions identified during the last few years. The PPARs regulate processes that are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy and embryonic development. Newly found hepatic functions of PPARα are the mediation of female-specific gene repression and the protection of the liver from oestrogen induced toxicity. PPARα also controls lipid catabolism and is the target of hypolipidaemic drugs, whereas PPARγ controls adipocyte differentiation and regulates lipid storage; it is the target for the insulin sensitising thiazolidinediones used to treat type 2 diabetes. Activation of PPARβ/δ increases lipid catabolism in skeletal muscle, the heart and adipose tissue. In addition, PPARβ/δ ligands prevent weight gain and suppress macrophage derived inflammation. In fact, therapeutic benefits of PPAR ligands have been confirmed in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as encephalomyelitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Furthermore, PPARs promote skin wound repair. PPARα favours skin healing during the inflammatory phase that follows injury, whilst PPARβ/δ enhances keratinocyte survival and migration. Due to their collective functions in skin, PPARs represent a major research target for our understanding of many skin diseases. Taken altogether, these functions suggest that PPARs serve as physiological sensors in different stress situations and remain valuable targets for innovative therapies.

A genome-wide approach accounting for body mass index identifies genetic variants influencing fasting glycemic traits and insulin resistance.

Recent genome-wide association studies have described many loci implicated in type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathophysiology and β-cell dysfunction but have contributed little to the understanding of the genetic basis of insulin resistance. We hypothesized that genes implicated in insulin resistance pathways might be uncovered by accounting for differences in body mass index (BMI) and potential interactions between BMI and genetic variants. We applied a joint meta-analysis approach to test associations with fasting insulin and glucose on a genome-wide scale. We present six previously unknown loci associated with fasting insulin at P < 5 × 10(-8) in combined discovery and follow-up analyses of 52 studies comprising up to 96,496 non-diabetic individuals. Risk variants were associated with higher triglyceride and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, suggesting a role for these loci in insulin resistance pathways. The discovery of these loci will aid further characterization of the role of insulin resistance in T2D pathophysiology.

HDLs, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and of the metabolic syndrome is rising worldwide and reaching epidemic proportions. These pathologies are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, in particular with an excess of cardiovascular deaths. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the cluster of pathologies including insulin resistance, central obesity, high blood pressure, and hypertriglyceridemia that constitute the metabolic syndrome are associated with low levels of HDL cholesterol and the presence of dysfunctional HDLs. We here review the epidemiological evidence and the potential underlying mechanisms of this association. We first discuss the well-established association of type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance with alterations of lipid metabolism and how these alterations may lead to low levels of HDL cholesterol and the occurrence of dysfunctional HDLs. We then present and discuss the evidence showing that HDL modulates insulin sensitivity, insulin-independent glucose uptake, insulin secretion, and beta cell survival. A dysfunction in these actions could play a direct role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Factores asociados a la aparición de mediastinitis en revascularizacion miocárdica

Objetivos: La mediastinitis se presenta hasta en el 4% de los pacientes sometidos a revascularización miocárdica, con un mortalidad hospitalaria reportada del 14 al 47%, generando aumento en los costos de atención, deterioro de la calidad de vida y la sobrevida a largo plazo del enfermo; su etiología es multifactorial. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar cuáles antecedentes clínicos del paciente y factores relacionados con el procedimiento quirúrgico se asocian con la aparición mediastinitis. Métodos: Diseño de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte histórica de pacientes sometidos a revascularización miocárdica en el periodo de enero de 2005 a julio de 2011. Los pacientes con mediastinitis se compararon con un grupo control sin mediastinitis tomados del mismo grupo de riesgo en una relación 1:4, y pareados por fecha de cirugía. El diagnóstico de mediastinitis se hizo con criterios clínicos, de laboratorio y hallazgos quirúrgicos. Resultados: Se identificaron 30 casos en ese periodo. Los factores asociados a la aparición del evento fueron: Diabetes Mellitus OR 2,3 (1.1- 4,9), uso de circulación extracorpórea OR 2,4 (1,1 -5.5), tiempo de perfusión OR 1,1 (1,1 – 1.3) y pacientes mayores de 70 años OR 1.1 (1,2-1-4). Conclusiones: La mediastinitis sigue siendo una complicación de baja prevalencia con consecuencias devastadoras. El impacto clínico y económico de esta complicación debe obligar a los grupos quirúrgicos a crear estrategias de prevención con base en el conocimiento de los factores de riesgo de su población.

Evaluación del riesgo cardiovascular relacionado con la actividad laboral: Experiencia en una empresa del estado

La incidencia y prevalencia de enfermedad y riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) se incrementan con los años, como consecuencia de la falta de control en los factores de riesgo modificables, por ejemplo el sedentarismo, principalmente observado en trabajadores de oficina. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar los factores asociados con el incremento del RCV en trabajadores de una empresa del estado en Bogotá, Colombia en el año 2013, a través de un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal a partir de una base de datos suministrada por la empresa con información de 272 trabajadores. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, perfil ocupacional, factores de riesgo, historia clínica y medidas metabólicas. Los datos fueron estudiados a través de análisis univariado, bivariado y multivariado de regresión logística binaria. El 100% de los empleados tiene un contrato a término indefinido, siendo el género femenino más predominante. Se identificó que el RCV presente en el 11.8% de la población se asocia principalmente con la presencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (ORA 9.97; IC95% 2.14-14.96, p=0.019), la alteración en el índice de masa corporal (ORA 5.67; IC95% 4.48-9.19, p=0.026), la hipertensión arterial sistólica (ORA 3.44; IC95% 2.21-4.01, p=0.037. Además hubo una relación inversa respecto al puntaje de la escala Framingham, donde menores puntajes se asociaron a menor RCV (ORA 0.04; IC95% 0.02-0.71, p=0.029), una vez se ajustó el modelo por edad, género y antigüedad en la empresa. No se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre el RCV, el cargo y la antigüedad laboral. Se concluye que en esta población trabajadora, independientemente de la edad, tiempo de antigüedad en la empresa y el género, los factores de riesgo clásicos para RCV están presentes y por lo tanto se deben iniciar medidas de promoción y prevención en aras de disminuir la probabilidad que el RCV encontrado se traduzca en un evento cardiovascular y de ésta manera optimizar la productividad en esta empresa.

La práctica de actividad física entre los adolescentes de las escuelas públicas del estado en Fortaleza (Brasil).

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Immunomodulation and metabolism: possible role of lactoferrin

To gain insight in the relationship between innate immune system and metabolic disease, we aimed to investigate the effects of lactoferrin in obesity-related metabolic disturbances. Circulating lactoferrin concentration was significantly decreased in subjects with altered glucose tolerance (AGT) and associated negatively with obesity-related metabolic disturbances. The SNPs-induced aminoacidic changes in lactoferrin N-terminus region were associated with a low atherogenic lipid profile. Lactoferrin production in neutrophils decreased significatively in aging, chronic low-grade inflammation and type 2 diabetes. In vitro, lactoferrin increased insulin signaling pathway, even under insulin resistance conditions and displayed dual effects on adipogenesis (antiadipogenic in 3T3-L1 and adipogenic in human adipocytes). In conclusion, lactoferrin might play a potential protective role against insulin resistance and obesity related metabolic disturbances.

Clinical risk factors for osteoporotic fractures in Brazilian women and men: the Brazilian Osteoporosis Study (BRAZOS)

The Brazilian Osteoporosis Study (BRAZOS) is the first epidemiological study carried out in a representative sample of Brazilian men and women aged 40 years or older. The prevalence of fragility fractures is about 15.1% in the women and 12.8% in the men. Moreover, advanced age, sedentarism, family history of hip fracture, current smoking, recurrent falls, diabetes mellitus and poor quality of life are the main clinical risk factors associated with fragility fractures. The Brazilian Osteoporosis Study (BRAZOS) is the first epidemiological study carried out in a representative sample of Brazilian men and women aged 40 years or older with the purpose of identifying the prevalence and the main clinical risk factors (CRF) associated with osteoporotic fracture in our population. A total of 2,420 individuals (women, 70%) from 150 different cities in the five geographic regions in Brazil, and all different socio-economical classes were selected to participate in the present survey. Anthropometrical data as well as life habits, fracture history, food intake, physical activity, falls and quality of life were determined by individual quantitative interviews. The representative sampling was based on Brazilian National data provided by the 2000 and 2003 census. Low trauma fracture was defined as that resulting of a fall from standing height or less in individuals 50 years or older at specific skeletal sites: forearm, femur, ribs, vertebra and humerus. Sampling error was 2.2% with 95% confidence intervals. Logistic regression analysis models were designed having the fragility fracture as the dependent variable and all other parameters as the independent variable. Significance level was set as p < 0.05. The average of age, height and weight for men and women were 58.4 +/- 12.8 and 60.1 +/- 13.7 years, 1.67 +/- 0.08 and 1.56 +/- 0.07 m and 73.3 +/- 14.7 and 64.7 +/- 13.7 kg, respectively. About 15.1% of the women and 12.8% of the men reported fragility fractures. In the women, the main CRF associated with fractures were advanced age (OR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.06-2.4), family history of hip fracture (OR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.1-2.8), early menopause (OR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.02-2.9), sedentary lifestyle (OR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.02-2.7), poor quality of life (OR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-2.9), higher intake of phosphorus (OR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-2.9), diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.8; 95% CI 1.01-8.2), use of benzodiazepine drugs (OR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.1-3.6) and recurrent falls (OR = 2.4; 95% CI 1.2-5.0). In the men, the main CRF were poor quality of life (OR = 3.2; 95% CI 1.7-6.1), current smoking (OR = 3.5; 95% CI 1.28-9.77), diabetes mellitus (OR = 4.2; 95% CI 1.27-13.7) and sedentary lifestyle (OR = 6.3; 95% CI 1.1-36.1). Our findings suggest that CRF may contribute as an important tool to identify men and women with higher risk of osteoporotic fractures and that interventions aiming at specific risk factors (quit smoking, regular physical activity, prevention of falls) may help to manage patients to reduce their risk of fracture.

Primärpreventiva åtgärder i primärvården för patienter med nedsatt glukostolerans : en systematisk litteraturstudie

Diabetes typ 2 ökar i hela världen, beräkningar har visat att prevalensen troligen kommer att öka till det dubbla år 2030. Att identifiera och behandla patienter som riskerar att utveckla sjukdomen är angeläget då personer med diabetes typ 2 löper ökad risk för att få komplikationer och andra sjukdomstillstånd som leder till stort lidande och förtida död. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att utifrån distriktssköterskans ansvarsområde beskriva primärpreventiva åtgärder och dess effekter för att förebygga diabetes typ 2 hos personer med nedsatt glukostolerans. En litteraturstudie med analys av 14 vetenskapliga artiklar genomfördes och resultatet visade att studier som innehöll både kost och motionsintervention inklusive individuell eller gruppbaserad rådgivning hade goda långtidseffekter på riskfaktorerna för insjuknande av diabetes typ 2. Patienter med nedsatt glukostolerans har behov av stöd för att förändra sina levnadsvanor i strävan mot att förebygga eller skjuta upp insjuknande i diabetes typ 2.

Variantes genéticas da calpaína-10 (CAPN-10) numa amostra de pacientes hiperandrogênicas

A síndrome dos ovários policísticos atinge 5 - 10% das mulheres em idade fértil e mais de 40% destas pacientes apresenta obesidade e resistência insulínica, o que aumenta o risco para o desenvolvimento do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Numerosos genes poderiam contribuir para o desenvolvimento do DM2 e outras alterações metabólicas. Dentre estes o gene da calpaína-10 (CAPN-10), tem sido associado com DM2 em populações mexicanosamericanos, e em duas populações do Norte da Europa (Finlândia e Alemanha). No presente estudo analisamos o genótipo de 96 pacientes hiperandrogênicas reunidas em dois grupos: Síndrome dos ovários policísticos (PCOS) e Hirsutismo idiopático (HI), com relação à freqüência de quatro polimorfismos do gene da CAPN-10 (SNP-44, 43, 19 e 63). Foram ainda realizadas análises de associação entre a freqüência alélica dos polimorfismos e características clínicas das pacientes, com ênfase na obesidade e resistência insulínica A variação genética da CAPN-10 foi avaliada a partir do DNA genômico por amplificação pela Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) e PCR-aleloespecífico (Teste de AMRS) dos fragmentos que contém os polimorfismos do gene da CAPN-10. Nossos resultados mostraram que não houve diferença entre as freqüências genotípicas e alélicas dos SNPs 44, 43, 19 e 63 entre os grupos PCOS e HI. Por outro lado, a comparação das características clínicas dos dois grupos mostrou que o alelo Ins do SNP-19 da CAPN-10 tendeu a ser mais freqüente entre as pacientes PCOS estratificadas para sobrepeso e obesas (p≤0,05). Não houve diferença na comparação das características clínicas avaliadas e a freqüência alélica para os SNPs 43 e 63. A análise da amostra total de pacientes hirsutas, ou seja, pacientes com PCOS e HI agrupadas não evidenciou diferença entre a freqüência alélica das variantes genéticas estudadas para a CAPN-10 e a presença de resistência insulínica. Tendo em vista o efeito modesto dos SNPs 44, 43, 19 e 63 avaliados isoladamente nestas pacientes, estudos adicionais serão necessários avaliando a freqüência desses polimorfismos na população do Sul do Brasil.