Characterization and modelling of software defined radio front-ends

O presente trabalho tem por objectivo estudar a caracterização e modelação de arquitecturas de rádio frequência para aplicações em rádios definidos por software e rádios cognitivos. O constante aparecimento no mercado de novos padrões e tecnologias para comunicações sem fios têm levantado algumas limitações à implementação de transceptores rádio de banda larga. Para além disso, o uso de sistemas reconfiguráveis e adaptáveis baseados no conceito de rádio definido por software e rádio cognitivo assegurará a evolução para a próxima geração de comunicações sem fios. A ideia base desta tese passa por resolver alguns problemas em aberto e propor avanços relevantes, tirando para isso partido das capacidades providenciadas pelos processadores digitais de sinal de forma a melhorar o desempenho global dos sistemas propostos. Inicialmente, serão abordadas várias estratégias para a implementação e projecto de transceptores rádio, concentrando-se sempre na aplicabilidade específica a sistemas de rádio definido por software e rádio cognitivo. Serão também discutidas soluções actuais de instrumentação capaz de caracterizar um dispositivo que opere simultaneamente nos domínios analógico e digital, bem como, os próximos passos nesta área de caracterização e modelação. Além disso, iremos apresentar novos formatos de modelos comportamentais construídos especificamente para a descrição e caracterização não-linear de receptores de amostragem passa-banda, bem como, para sistemas nãolineares que utilizem sinais multi-portadora. Será apresentada uma nova arquitectura suportada na avaliação estatística dos sinais rádio que permite aumentar a gama dinâmica do receptor em situações de multi-portadora. Da mesma forma, será apresentada uma técnica de maximização da largura de banda de recepção baseada na utilização do receptor de amostragem passa-banda no formato complexo. Finalmente, importa referir que todas as arquitecturas propostas serão acompanhadas por uma introdução teórica e simulações, sempre que possível, sendo após isto validadas experimentalmente por protótipos laboratoriais.

Automatic parallelization of matricial algorithms

The introduction of parallel processing architectures allowed the real time impelemtation of more sophisticated control algorithms with tighter specifications in terms of sampling time. However, to take advantage of the processing power of these architectures the control engeneer, due to the lack of appropriate tools, must spend a considerable amount of time in the parallelizaton of the control algorithm.

Adaptive generalized predictive control algorithm implemented over an heterogeneous parallel architecture

In this paper a parallel implementation of an Adaprtive Generalized Predictive Control (AGPC) algorithm is presented. Since the AGPC algorithm needs to be fed with knowledge of the plant transfer function, the parallelization of a standard Recursive Least Squares (RLS) estimator and a GPC predictor is discussed here.

Implementation of an daptive generalized predictive control algorithm over an heterogeneous parallel architecture

In this paper a parallel implementation of an Adaprtive Generalized Predictive Control (AGPC) algorithm is presented. Since the AGPC algorithm needs to be fed with knowledge of the plant transfer function, the parallelization of a standard Recursive Least Squares (RLS) estimator and a GPC predictor is discussed here.

A low-complexity self-calibrating adaptive quadrature receiver

In this paper digital part of a self-calibrating quadrature-receiver is described, containing a digital calibration-engine. The blind source-separation-based calibration-engine eliminates the RF-impairments in real-time hence improving the receiver's performance without the need for test/pilot tones, trimming or use of power-hungry discrete components. Furthermore, an efficient time-multiplexed calibration-engine architecture is proposed and implemented on an FPGA utilising a reduced-range multiplier structure. The use of reduced-range multipliers results in substantial reduction of area as well as power consumption without a compromise in performance when compared with an efficiently designed general purpose multiplier. The performance of the calibration-engine does not depend on the modulation format or the constellation size of the received signal; hence it can be easily integrated into the digital signal processing paths of any receiver.

Living and dealing with RF impairments in communication transceivers

This paper provides an overview of the sources and effects of the RF impairments limiting and rendering the performance of the future wireless communication transceivers costly as well as hindering their wide-spread use in commercial products. As transmission bandwidths and carrier frequencies increase effect of these impairments worsen. This paper studies and presents analytical evaluations of the performance degradation due to the RF impairments in terms of bit-error-rate and image rejection ratio. The paper also give highlights of the various aspects of the research carried out in mitigating the effects of these impairments primarily in the digital signal processing domain at the baseband as well as providing low-complexity hardware implementations of such algorithms incorporating a number of power and area saving techniques.

MASH structures for bandpass sigma-delta modulators

The paper presents simulation results from investigating the behaviour of multistage (MASH) oversampled bandpass sigma-delta (Σ-Δ) modulators for use in analogue to digital converters for high frequency narrowband applications such as the signals out of the intermediate frequency (IF) section of a superheterodyne radio receiver. The bandpass configurations under consideration have in their loop filter a cascade of second-order resonator structures in order to achieve acceptable noise shaping. The quantisation noise in each stage is suppressed by feeding the error of each section into the input of the following stages. It is demonstrated that the triple effective-first-order bandpass MASH structure has significantly better performance compared with the effective-second-order effective-first-order bandpass MASH structure.

The effect of gregarine parasite infections, age, and diet on calling song structure and mating behaviour in the Texas field cricket, Gryllus integer

In the past ten years, many researchers have focussed their attention on parasites regarding the role they may play in causing variations in male secondary sexual traits and subsequent effects on female choice. Male age has also been suggested to be an important factor in female choice if old age reflects superior genes. This study investigated the effects that gregarine gut parasites, age, and diet have on the calling and mating behaviour of the male Texas field cricket, Gryllus integer. Male calling songs were recorded in the laboratory using a Digital Signal Processing Network. The song parameters measured were: pulse rate, pulse width, burst duration, pulses per burst, interburst interval, and percent missing pulses. The effects of parasite load and age on the various calling song parameters was investigated in crickets that were fed two different diets varying in nutritional quality. None of the calling song parameters were affected by either parasite load or age in either diet grou p. Courtship behaviour was ob served and recorded using an Eventlog recorder on an IBM computer in the laboratory. Females mated equally with paras(tized and unparasitized males and with old and young males The total duration and proportion of time spent performing each of 9 courtship displays were recorded for males on each diet. Only one display was affected by parasite load. Highly parasitized males fed the nutritionally inferior diet juddered for a proportionately shorter time than males with low parasite loads. Also, older males performed juddering and shaking antennae proportionally longer and juddering and raising wings for longer durations than younger males. Males that successfully mated were observed for performance of 8 post-copulatory guarding behaviour displays. None of the guarding behaviours were affected by parasite load. However, one display was affected by age, with older males performing guard turning for shorter durations than younger males. Results are discuss,ed in terms of the influence of parasites and age on female choice.

Radiothérapie asservie à la respiration en combinaison avec l'utilisation d'un faisceau sans filtre égalisateur

La radiothérapie stéréotaxique corporelle (SBRT) est une technique couramment employée pour le traitement de tumeurs aux poumons lorsque la chirurgie n’est pas possible ou refusée par le patient. Une complication de l’utilisation de cette méthode provient du mouvement de la tumeur causé par la respiration. Dans ce contexte, la radiothérapie asservie à la respiration (RGRT) peut être bénéfique. Toutefois, la RGRT augmente le temps de traitement en raison de la plus petite proportion de temps pour laquelle le faisceau est actif. En utilisant un faisceau de photons sans filtre égalisateur (FFF), ce problème peut être compensé par le débit de dose plus élevé d’un faisceau FFF. Ce mémoire traite de la faisabilité d’employer la technique de RGRT en combinaison avec l’utilisation un faisceau FFF sur un accélérateur Synergy S (Elekta, Stockholm, Suède) avec une ceinture pneumatique, le Bellows Belt (Philips, Amsterdam, Pays-Bas), comme dispositif de suivi du signal respiratoire. Un Synergy S a été modifié afin de pouvoir livrer un faisceau 6 MV FFF. Des mesures de profils de dose et de rendements en profondeur ont été acquises en cuve à eau pour différentes tailles de champs. Ces mesures ont été utilisées pour créer un modèle du faisceau 6 MV FFF dans le système de planification de traitement Pinnacle3 de Philips. Les mesures ont été comparées au modèle à l’aide de l’analyse gamma avec un critère de 2%, 2 mm. Par la suite, cinq plans SBRT avec thérapie en arc par modulation volumétrique (VMAT) ont été créés avec le modèle 6 MV du Synergy S, avec et sans filtre. Une comparaison des paramètres dosimétriques a été réalisée entre les plans avec et sans filtre pour évaluer la qualité des plans FFF. Les résultats révèlent qu’il est possible de créer des plans SBRT VMAT avec le faisceau 6 MV FFF du Synergy S qui sont cliniquement acceptables (les crières du Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0618 sont respectés). Aussi, une interface physique de RGRT a été mise au point pour remplir deux fonctions : lire le signal numérique de la ceinture pneumatique Bellows Belt et envoyer une commande d’irradiation binaire au linac. L’activation/désactivation du faisceau du linac se fait par l’entremise d’un relais électromécanique. L’interface comprend un circuit électronique imprimé fait maison qui fonctionne en tandem avec un Raspberry Pi. Un logiciel de RGRT a été développé pour opérer sur le Raspberry Pi. Celui-ci affiche le signal numérique du Bellows Belt et donne l’option de choisir les limites supérieure et inférieure de la fenêtre d’irradiation, de sorte que lorsque le signal de la ceinture se trouve entre ces limites, le faisceau est actif, et inversement lorsque le signal est hors de ces limites. Le logiciel envoie donc une commande d’irradiation au linac de manière automatique en fonction de l’amplitude du signal respiratoire. Finalement, la comparaison entre la livraison d’un traitement standard sans RGRT avec filtre par rapport à un autre plan standard sans RGRT sans filtre démontre que le temps de traitement en mode FFF est réduit en moyenne de 54.1% pour un arc. De la même manière, la comparaison entre la livraison d’un traitement standard sans RGRT avec filtre par rapport à un plan de RGRT (fenêtre d’irradiation de 75%) sans filtre montre que le temps de traitement de RGRT en mode FFF est réduit en moyenne de 27.3% par arc. Toutefois, il n’a pas été possible de livrer des traitements de RGRT avec une fenêtre de moins de 75%. Le linac ne supporte pas une fréquence d’arrêts élevée.

Development of a New Transform:MRT

Fourier transform methods are employed heavily in digital signal processing. Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is among the most commonly used digital signal transforms. The exponential kernel of the DFT has the properties of symmetry and periodicity. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) methods for fast DFT computation exploit these kernel properties in different ways. In this thesis, an approach of grouping data on the basis of the corresponding phase of the exponential kernel of the DFT is exploited to introduce a new digital signal transform, named the M-dimensional Real Transform (MRT), for l-D and 2-D signals. The new transform is developed using number theoretic principles as regards its specific features. A few properties of the transform are explored, and an inverse transform presented. A fundamental assumption is that the size of the input signal be even. The transform computation involves only real additions. The MRT is an integer-to-integer transform. There are two kinds of redundancy, complete redundancy & derived redundancy, in MRT. Redundancy is analyzed and removed to arrive at a more compact version called the Unique MRT (UMRT). l-D UMRT is a non-expansive transform for all signal sizes, while the 2-D UMRT is non-expansive for signal sizes that are powers of 2. The 2-D UMRT is applied in image processing applications like image compression and orientation analysis. The MRT & UMRT, being general transforms, will find potential applications in various fields of signal and image processing.

Energy Management in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Crosslayer,Channel Adaptive Approach Towards Performance Optimization

The proliferation of wireless sensor networks in a large spectrum of applications had been spurered by the rapid advances in MEMS(micro-electro mechanical systems )based sensor technology coupled with low power,Low cost digital signal processors and radio frequency circuits.A sensor network is composed of thousands of low cost and portable devices bearing large sensing computing and wireless communication capabilities. This large collection of tiny sensors can form a robust data computing and communication distributed system for automated information gathering and distributed sensing.The main attractive feature is that such a sensor network can be deployed in remote areas.Since the sensor node is battery powered,all the sensor nodes should collaborate together to form a fault tolerant network so as toprovide an efficient utilization of precious network resources like wireless channel,memory and battery capacity.The most crucial constraint is the energy consumption which has become the prime challenge for the design of long lived sensor nodes.

Median filtering: structure analysis and application

Median filtering is a simple digital non—linear signal smoothing operation in which median of the samples in a sliding window replaces the sample at the middle of the window. The resulting filtered sequence tends to follow polynomial trends in the original sample sequence. Median filter preserves signal edges while filtering out impulses. Due to this property, median filtering is finding applications in many areas of image and speech processing. Though median filtering is simple to realise digitally, its properties are not easily analysed with standard analysis techniques,

COMBINED FEATURE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES AND NAIVE BAYES CLASSIFIER FOR SPEECH RECOGNITION

Speech processing and consequent recognition are important areas of Digital Signal Processing since speech allows people to communicate more natu-rally and efficiently. In this work, a speech recognition system is developed for re-cognizing digits in Malayalam. For recognizing speech, features are to be ex-tracted from speech and hence feature extraction method plays an important role in speech recognition. Here, front end processing for extracting the features is per-formed using two wavelet based methods namely Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) and Wavelet Packet Decomposition (WPD). Naive Bayes classifier is used for classification purpose. After classification using Naive Bayes classifier, DWT produced a recognition accuracy of 83.5% and WPD produced an accuracy of 80.7%. This paper is intended to devise a new feature extraction method which produces improvements in the recognition accuracy. So, a new method called Dis-crete Wavelet Packet Decomposition (DWPD) is introduced which utilizes the hy-brid features of both DWT and WPD. The performance of this new approach is evaluated and it produced an improved recognition accuracy of 86.2% along with Naive Bayes classifier.