Reconstituição da paleoprecipitação no sul do Nordeste Brasileiro durante os dois últimos ciclos glaciais a partir da aplicação de registros isotópicos de oxigênio de estalagmites da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia.

Registros isotópicos de oxigênio obtidos em alta resolução das estalagmites CL2 e MAG das cavernas Calixto e Marota, região da Chapada Diamantina (CD) (12ºS), Estado da Bahia, sul do Nordeste brasileiro (sNEB), permitiram reconstituir as mudanças passadas da precipitação entre 165-128 e 59-39 mil anos A.P. Para a reconstituição paleoclimática considerou-se resultados de um estudo de calibração realizado em duas cavernas da CD o qual demonstrou uma relação entre composição isotópica da água meteórica e de gotejamento e sugeriu um ambiente adequado para a deposição do espeleotema em condições equilíbrio e/ou próximas com a água de gotejamento. A interpretação da paleoprecipitação através dos registros isotópicos \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O das estalagmites também foi baseada na relação entre composição isotópica da água da precipitação e a quantidade de chuva obtidos em estações da IAEA-GNIP no Brasil e de simulações das variações do \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O da chuva através do modelo climático ECHAM-4. Esses dados indicaram o efeito quantidade (amount effect) como fator preponderante de controle isotópico da água da chuva que formam os espeleotemas na CD, significando que a diminuição dos valores de \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O está associada ao aumento do volume de chuvas e vice-versa. Os registros de \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O dos espeleotemas permitiram reconstituir a variação da paleoprecipitação na escala orbital e milenar durante o penúltimo glacial bem como correlacionar mudanças na paleoprecipitação no sNEB com eventos milenares registrados na Groelândia no último glacial. Os registros da CD indicaram um aumento (diminuição) da paleoprecipitação na Bahia relacionado a diminuição (aumento) da insolação austral de verão a 10ºS durante o penúltimo glacial, similar ao observado no último ciclo precessional. Na escala orbital os registros da CD estiveram em antifase com os paleoindicadores isotópicos do Sudeste brasileiro e em fase com os valores de\'\'delta\' POT.18\'O dos espeleotemas do leste da China. Esse padrão de precipitação é similar ao observado na última glaciação e sugere que a variação na insolação de verão afetou as monções sul-americanas (MSA) promovendo mudanças na precipitação no sNEB no penúltimo glacial. Condições áridas no sNEB durante o aumento da insolação de verão estariam provavelmente associadas ao aprofundamento da subsidência de ar provocado pelo fortalecimento da circulação leste-oeste da MSA devido ao aumento das atividades convectivas na Amazônia o que teria, favorecido um posicionamento mais a sul da Zona de Convergência do Atlântico Sul (ZCAS). O oposto também ocorreria durante as fases de baixa insolação de verão quando a MSA estaria provavelmente mais desintensificada. Durante o penúltimo glacial (Terminação Glacial II) abruptas oscilações nos registros da CD para valores mais baixos de \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O indicaram um profundo aumento da precipitação coincidente com o evento Heinrich (H11). Nesse período a paleoprecipitação no sNEB esteve correlacionada negativamente com as mudanças climáticas na China e no oeste amazônico (Peru) e positivamente com o Sudeste brasileiro. Interpretou-se que as anomalias positivas da precipitação no sNEB podem ter estado relacionadas ao deslocamento para sul da Zona de Convergência Intertropical (ZCIT) bem como com a intensificação da MSA e ZCAS nesse período. Finalmente, oscilações isotópicas abruptas para valores mais altos observadas durante o estágio marinho isotópico 3 coincidentes com os eventos quentes registrados na Groelândia, denominados de eventos Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO), foram interpretados como a ocorrência de eventos muito secos no sNEB. Essas variações da precipitação na escala milenar, que estão em fase com os registros no Peru, podem ter estado relacionadas ao deslocamento para norte da ZCIT o que teria promovido uma profunda desintensificação da MSA.

Study of the emissions from pyrolytic and oxidative thermal decomposition of PVC

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the plastics most extensively used due to its versatility. The demand of PVC resin in Europe during 2012 reached 5000 ktonnes1. PVC waste management is a big problem because of the high volume generated all over the world and its chlorine content. End-of-life PVC is mainly mixed with municipal solid waste (MSW) and one common disposal option for this is waste-to-energy incineration (WtE). The presence of plastics such as PVC in the fuel mix increases the heating value of the fuel. PVC has two times higher energy content than MSW ‒around 20 MJ/kg vs 10 MJ/kg, respectively. However, the high chlorine content in PVC resin, 57 wt.%, may be a source for the formation of hazardous chlorinated organic pollutants in thermal processes. Chlorine present in the feedstock of WtE plants plays an important role in the formation of (i) chlorine (Cl2) and (ii) hydrochloric gas (HCl), both of them responsible for corrosion, and (iii) chlorinated organic pollutants2. In this work, pyrolytic and oxidative thermal degradation of PVC resin were carried out in a laboratory scale reactor at 500 ºC in order to analyze the influence of the reaction atmosphere on the emissions evolved. Special emphasis was put on the analysis of chlorinated organic pollutants such as polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs) and other related compounds like polychlorobenzenes (PCBzs), polychlorophenols (PCPhs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Another objective of this work was to compare the results with those of a previous work3 in which emissions at different temperatures in both pyrolysis and combustion of another PVC resin had been studied; in that case, experiments for PCDD/Fs emissions had been performed only at 850 ºC.

Pt- and Ru-Doped SnO2–Sb Anodes with High Stability in Alkaline Medium

Different Pt- and Ru-doped Ti/SnO2–Sb electrodes were synthesized by thermal decomposition. The effect of the gradual substitution of Sb by Ru in the nominal composition on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties were evaluated. The electrochemical stability of the electrodes was estimated from accelerated tests at 0.5 A cm–2 in 1 M NaOH. Both as-synthesized and deactivated electrodes were thoroughly characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The incorporation of a small amount (about 3 at. %) of both Pt and Ru into the SnO2–Sb electrodes produced a 400-times increase in their service life in alkaline medium, with no remarkable change in the electrocatalysis of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). It is concluded that the deactivation of the electrodes is promoted by alkaline dissolution of metal species and coating detachment at high potentials. The introduction of Pt has a coating compacting effect, and Ru(IV), at low amounts until 9.75 at. %, replaces the Sn(IV) cations in the rutile-like SnO2 structure to form a solid solution that strongly increases the stability of the electrodes. The observed Ru segregation and decreased stability for larger Ru contents (x > 9.75 at. %), together with the selective dissolution of Ru after deactivation, suggest that the formation of a homogeneous (RuδSn1−δ)O2 single-phase is crucial for the stabilization of these electrodes.

Principios de fisiología ó Introducción a la ciencia experimental filosófica y médica del hombre vivo /

Vol. 1 (1803). - Vol. 2 (1804). - Vol. 3 (En la Imprenta Real, 1806). - Vol. 4 (Imprenta de D. Miguel de Burgos, 1814)

Physical security manual.

"This manual provides guidance to personnel responsible or directly concerned with protecting DSA personnel and resources from acts or conditions which could result in loss of life, penetration of Restricted Areas, destruction/theft of government property, and the disruption of DSA activities and installations."

Ruthenium complexes as potential aqueous romp catalysts

The research described herein relates to studies into the Aqueous Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerisation (ROMP) of bicyclic monomers using ruthenium complex catalysts. Two monomers were synthesised for the purpose of these studies, namely exo, exo-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (7-oxanorbornenedicarboxylic acid) and exo, exo-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (norbornene dicarboxylic acid). A number of ruthenium complexes were synthesised, amongst them a novel complex containing the water soluble phosphine ligand trist(hydroxymethyl)phosphine P(CH2OH)3. Its synthesis and characterisation are described and its physical properties compared and contrasted to analogous compounds of platinum and palladium. Its peculiar properties are ascribed to a trans-placement of the phosphine ligands. Dilatometry was investigated as a technique for the acquisition of kinetic data from aqueous metathesis reactions. For the attempted polymerisation of 7-oxanorbonenedicarboxylic acid the results are explained in terms of a reverse Diels-Alder reaction of the monomer. The reaction between Ru(CO)Cl2(H2O) and 7-oxanorbonenedicarboxylic acid was monitored using UV/Vis spectrometry and kinetic data retrieved. The data are explained in terms of a two stage reaction consisting of consecutive first order processes.The reaction between 7-oxanorbornenedicarboxylic acid and Ru(CO)Cl2(H2O) or Ru(P(CH2OH)3)3Cl2 was found to produce fumaric acid as one of the major products. This reaction is previously unreported in the literature and a mechanism is proposed.

Dynamic spectrum access in heterogeneous unlicensed wireless networks

Existing wireless systems are normally regulated by a fixed spectrum assignment strategy. This policy leads to an undesirable situation that some systems may only use the allocated spectrum to a limited extent while others have very serious spectrum insufficiency situation. Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) is emerging as a promising technology to address this issue such that the unused licensed spectrum can be opportunistically accessed by the unlicensed users. To enable DSA, the unlicensed user shall have the capability of detecting the unoccupied spectrum, controlling its spectrum access in an adaptive manner, and coexisting with other unlicensed users automatically. In this article, we propose a radio system Transmission Opportunity-based spectrum access control protocol with the aim to improve spectrum access fairness and ensure safe coexistence of multiple heterogeneous unlicensed radio systems. In the scheme, multiple radio systems will coexist and dynamically use available free spectrum without interfering with licensed users. Simulation is carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme with respect to spectrum utilisation, fairness and scalability. Comparing with the existed studies, our strategy is able to achieve higher scalability and controllability without degrading spectrum utilisation and fairness performance.

Síntese e caracterização de complexo tetranuclear de cobre com o ligante resorcinareno

The main objective of the present work is to contribute to the development of the coordination chemistry of macromolecules such as resorcinarene with the synthesis and characterization of new copper complexes with chloride, vanillin and resorcinarene binders, all coordinated to phenanthroline, a biologically active molecule with important properties in biological systems. The complex [(Cu(phen))4(resvan)], was synthesized from the direct reaction of the metals with resorcinarene and generates several possibilities for coordination, which hinders its characterization. Therefore, in order to limit the coordination sites of the ligand, the complex [(Cu(phen))4(resvan)]Cl4 was formed from a new synthetic methodology. The complex cis-[Cu(phen)Cl2], cis-[Cu(phen)(van)]Cl, [(Cu(phen))4(resvan)] and [(Cu(phen))4(resvan)]Cl4 were characterized by spectroscopic techniques such as IR, UV-vis and EPR. By using infrared it has been possible to demonstrate the presence of the phenanthroline ligand in the synthesized complexes, and vanillin in the complex cis- [Cu(phen)(van)]Cl and resvan ligand in the complex [(Cu(phen))4(resvan)], besides this indicating the formation of resorcinarene in the complex [(Cu(phen))4(resvan)]Cl4. The electronic spectra of these coordination compounds indicated the presence of the phenanthroline ligand, by its intense bands in the ultraviolet region. For the complex cis- [Cu(phen)(van)]Cl it still indicated the presence of the ligand vanillin based on intraligand bands of vanillin and charge transfer, LMCT. Furthermore, the spectra showed d-d bands, confirming the formation of metal compounds. The amount of copper atoms present in the complex [(Cu(phen))4(resvan)]Cl4 was estimated from a comparative analysis of the absorbances of solutions of the same concentration of [(Cu(phen))4(resvan)]Cl4 and cis- [Cu(phen)(van)]Cl, which indicates that these compounds have copper atoms in the ratio 4:1. The EPR spectra of the complex cis-[Cu(phen)Cl2], cis-[Cu(phen)(van)]Cl and [(Cu(phen))4(resvan)]Cl4 showed axial profiles, while the complex [(Cu(phen))4(resvan)] showed of axial and rhombic profiles, indicating a change in the symmetry of the Cu (II) to this complex environment. The binders vanillin and resvan underwent biological assays with satisfactory results, both exhibited antioxidant activity and low toxicity, as well vanillin present antitoxoplásmico character.

Síntese e caracterização de complexos de Co(II) e Ni(II) com l-dopa, carbidopa e benzimidazol

Were synthesized in this work in the following aqueous solution coordination compounds: [Ni(LDP)(H2O)2Cl2].2H2O, [Co(LDP)Cl2].3H2O, [Ni(CDP)Cl2].4H2O, [Co(CDP)Cl2].4H2O, [Ni(BDZ)2Cl2].4H2O and [Co(BDZ)2Cl2(H2O)2]. These complexes were synthesized by stoichiometric addition of the binder in the respective metal chloride solutions. Precipitation occurred after drying the solvent at room temperature. The characterization and proposed structures were made using conventional analysis methods such as elemental analysis (CHN), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction by the powder method and Technical thermoanalytical TG / DTG (thermogravimetry / derivative thermogravimetry) and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). These techniques provided information on dehydration, coordination modes, thermal performance, composition and structure of the synthesized compounds. The results of the TG curve, it was possible to establish the general formula of each compound synthesized. The analysis of X-ray diffraction was observed that four of the synthesized complex crystal structure which does not exhibit the complex was obtained from Ldopa and carbidopa and the complex obtained from benzimidazole was obtained crystal structures. The observations of the spectra in the infrared region suggested a monodentate ligand coordination to metal centers through its amine group for all complexes. The TG-DTG and DSC curves provide important information and on the behavior and thermal decomposition of the synthesized compounds. The molar conductivity data indicated that the solutions of the complexes formed behave as a nonelectrolyte, which implies that chlorine is coordinated to the central atom in the complex.

Síntese e caracterização de complexos de Co(II) e Ni(II) com l-dopa, carbidopa e benzimidazol

Were synthesized in this work in the following aqueous solution coordination compounds: [Ni(LDP)(H2O)2Cl2].2H2O, [Co(LDP)Cl2].3H2O, [Ni(CDP)Cl2].4H2O, [Co(CDP)Cl2].4H2O, [Ni(BDZ)2Cl2].4H2O and [Co(BDZ)2Cl2(H2O)2]. These complexes were synthesized by stoichiometric addition of the binder in the respective metal chloride solutions. Precipitation occurred after drying the solvent at room temperature. The characterization and proposed structures were made using conventional analysis methods such as elemental analysis (CHN), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction by the powder method and Technical thermoanalytical TG / DTG (thermogravimetry / derivative thermogravimetry) and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). These techniques provided information on dehydration, coordination modes, thermal performance, composition and structure of the synthesized compounds. The results of the TG curve, it was possible to establish the general formula of each compound synthesized. The analysis of X-ray diffraction was observed that four of the synthesized complex crystal structure which does not exhibit the complex was obtained from Ldopa and carbidopa and the complex obtained from benzimidazole was obtained crystal structures. The observations of the spectra in the infrared region suggested a monodentate ligand coordination to metal centers through its amine group for all complexes. The TG-DTG and DSC curves provide important information and on the behavior and thermal decomposition of the synthesized compounds. The molar conductivity data indicated that the solutions of the complexes formed behave as a nonelectrolyte, which implies that chlorine is coordinated to the central atom in the complex.

Discalculia: includere attraverso la didattica in classe

Perché uno studente, con quoziente intellettivo nella media, che ha buoni voti in tutte le materie, colleziona insuccessi in matematica? Si può trattare di difficoltà di apprendimento passeggere su un dato argomento, può essere un atteggiamento negativo nei confronti della materia o può trattarsi di discalculia. L'insegnante di matematica deve essere preparato ad individuare le possibili cause dell'insuccesso scolastico degli studenti e ad attuare le strategie didattiche che migliorino il più possibile il suo percorso scolastico. Nel mio elaborato ho riportato una sintesi delle leggi che hanno condotto la scuola italiana ad orientarsi in una prospettiva sempre più inclusiva. In particolare ho riportato la legge 170 del 2010, la prima che definisce i disturbi dell'apprendimento, e la direttiva Bes del 2012, che amplia ancora di più l'area delle problematiche scolastiche. Partendo da una distinzione tra disturbo e difficoltà nell'apprendimento, ho trattato poi in particolare la discalculia, dal punto di vista didattico e riportando le sue definizioni nel corso del tempo. Tra le difficoltà ho citato invece la Matofobia o Math Anxiety. Una paura della matematica ereditata, un'eredità trasmessa però attraverso l'ambiente in cui si cresce e non dai geni. Infine ipotizzando delle lezioni in una classe di seconda superiore in cui sono presenti studenti con discalculia, ho realizzato un'unità didattica dal titolo "Le rette nel piano cartesiano". Per la sua realizzazione ho pensato all'utilizzo del software geogebra e del lavoro in gruppi, per promuovere l'apprendimento attraverso la scoperta e il ragionamento logico, piuttosto che la memorizzazione di formule e la loro mera applicazione. Ho concluso il mio elaborato riportando delle riflessioni su come i docenti si attivano in presenza di uno studente con certificazione di dsa e sul rapporto tra scuola e famiglie, riflessioni tratte da alcune interviste fatte ai referenti per i dsa in diverse scuole della Romagna.

Chemical and mineral composition of rocks from the Philippine Sea

The book is devoted to geology of the Philippine Sea floor. This region is studied most extensively among other marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean. Rocks of the sedimentary and basalt layers within this sea have been studied during five legs of D/S Glomar Challenger. International geological expedition on board R/V Dmitry Mendeleev carried out according to the Project ''Ophiolites of Continents and Comparable Rocks of the Ocean Floor''obtained unique collection of rocks from the second and third layers of the ocean crust in the Philippine Sea. The book provides detailed petrographic and geochemical description of igneous and sedimentary formations from the Philippine Sea and compares them with rocks of the continental ophiolite association. An analysis of structure and history of the ocean crust formation in the region is based on all known geological information. The main periods of tectonic movement activation and nature of their manifestations within the sea are shown.

Electron beam lithography assisted high-resolution pattern generation

This thesis details the top-down fabrication of nanostructures on Si and Ge substrates by electron beam lithography (EBL). Various polymeric resist materials were used to create nanopatterns by EBL and Chapter 1 discusses the development characteristics of these resists. Chapter 3 describes the processing parameters, resolution and topographical and structural changes of a new EBL resist known as ‘SML’. A comparison between SML and the standard resists PMMA and ZEP520A was undertaken to determine the suitability of SML as an EBL resist. It was established that SML is capable of high-resolution patterning and showed good pattern transfer capabilities. Germanium is a desirable material for use in microelectronic applications due to a number of superior qualities over silicon. EBL patterning of Ge with high-resolution hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) resist is however difficult due to the presence of native surface oxides. Thus, to combat this problem a new technique for passivating Ge surfaces prior to EBL processes is detailed in Chapter 4. The surface passivation was carried out using simple acids like citric acid and acetic acid. The acids were gentle on the surface and enabled the formation of high-resolution arrays of Ge nanowires using HSQ resist. Chapter 5 details the directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) on EBL patterned Si and, for the very first time, Ge surfaces. DSA of BCPs on template substrates is a promising technology for high volume and cost effective nanofabrication. The BCP employed for this study was poly (styrene-b-ethylene oxide) and the substrates were pre-defined by HSQ templates produced by EBL. The DSA technique resulted into pattern rectification (ordering in BCP) and in pattern multiplication within smaller areas.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from Drift Station Alpha in the Arctic Ocean

The cores described were taken by the personnel of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) on the Drift Station Alpha in the Arctic Ocean from August 1957 until June 1958. A total of 16 cores were recovered and are available at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory for sampling and study.

Clinically-relevant threshold of preformed donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies in kidney transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Pretransplant anti-HLA donor-specific antibodies (DSA) are recognized as a risk factor for acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in kidney transplantation. The predictive value of C4d-fixing capability by DSA or of IgG DSA subclasses for acute AMR in the pretransplant setting has been recently studied. In addition DSA strength assessed by mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) may improve risk stratification. We aimed to analyze the relevance of preformed DSA and of DSA MFI values. METHODS: 280 consecutive patients with negative complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatches received a kidney transplant between 01/2008 and 03/2014. Sera were screened for the presence of DSA with a solid-phase assays on a Luminex flow analyzer, and the results were correlated with biopsy-proven acute AMR in the first year and survival. RESULTS: Pretransplant anti-HLA antibodies were present in 72 patients (25.7%) and 24 (8.6%) had DSA. There were 46 (16.4%) acute rejection episodes, 32 (11.4%) being cellular and 14 (5.0%) AMR. The incidence of acute AMR was higher in patients with pretransplant DSA (41.7%) than in those without (1.6%) (p<0.001). The median cumulative MFI (cMFI) of the group DSA+/AMR+ was 5680 vs 2208 in DSA+/AMR- (p=0.058). With univariate logistic regression a threshold value of 5280 cMFI was predictive for acute AMR. DSA cMFI's ability to predict AMR was also explored by ROC analysis. AUC was 0.728 and the best threshold was a cMFI of 4340. Importantly pretransplant DSA>5280 cMFI had a detrimental effect on 5-year graft survival. CONCLUSIONS: Preformed DSA cMFI values were clinically-relevant for the prediction of acute AMR and graft survival in kidney transplantation. A threshold of 4300-5300 cMFI was a significant outcome predictor.