Condiciones generales de competencia en Honduras

Incluye Bibliografía

Regulación y competencia en las telecomunicaciones mexicanas

Incluye Bibliografía

Competencia y regulación de la banca: el caso de Panamá

Incluye Bibliografía

Apertura comercial y cambio tecnológico en el Istmo Centroamericano

Incluye Bibliografía

Competencia y regulación en la banca: el caso de Nicaragua

Incluye Bibliografía

La cooperación ambiental en los tratados de libre comercio

Incluye Bibliografía

Hunger and malnutrition in the countries of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS)

Includes bibliography

Integration and trade diversion

Includes bibliography

How non-traditional are non-traditional exports? The experience of seven countries of the Caribbean Basin

Includes bibliography

The Phylogeographic History of the New World Screwworm Fly, Inferred by Approximate Bayesian Computation Analysis

Insect pest phylogeography might be shaped both by biogeographic events and by human influence. Here, we conducted an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) analysis to investigate the phylogeography of the New World screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax, with the aim of understanding its population history and its order and time of divergence. Our ABC analysis supports that populations spread from North to South in the Americas, in at least two different moments. The first split occurred between the North/Central American and South American populations in the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (15,300-19,000 YBP). The second split occurred between the North and South Amazonian populations in the transition between the Pleistocene and the Holocene eras (9,100-11,000 YBP). The species also experienced population expansion. Phylogenetic analysis likewise suggests this north to south colonization and Maxent models suggest an increase in the number of suitable areas in South America from the past to present. We found that the phylogeographic patterns observed in C. hominivorax cannot be explained only by climatic oscillations and can be connected to host population histories. Interestingly we found these patterns are very coincident with general patterns of ancient human movements in the Americas, suggesting that humans might have played a crucial role in shaping the distribution and population structure of this insect pest. This work presents the first hypothesis test regarding the processes that shaped the current phylogeographic structure of C. hominivorax and represents an alternate perspective on investigating the problem of insect pests. © 2013 Fresia et al.

Promoting economic links between the integration schemes of Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Informe de la reunión de expertos sobre Panamá en el proceso de integración centroamericana

1. A lo largo de las últimas décadas, se han dado pasos de acercamiento entre Panamá y el proceso de integración centroamericana. A lo largo de este proceso, Panamá ha participado en algunas reuniones de los organismos de la integración regional, ha firmado acuerdos comerciales con sus miembros y ha analizado el cómo y cuándo ingresar al proceso de integración centroamericana. Recientemente, como consecuencia del proceso de globalización y el establecimiento de la política de regionalismo abierto en la región, las posturas de los países centroamericanos y Panamá se han acercado como nunca antes. Atendiendo a estos cambios y a lo dispuesto en el programa de trabajo regular de la Unidad de Comercio Internacional e Industria (UCII); para 2008-2009, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio sobre "Panamá y el proceso de integración centroamericana", en el que se analizan algunas áreas relevantes que podrán acercar más a Panamá y al proceso de integración centroamericana, y se identifican algunas determinantes que han facilitado un vínculo más estrecho entre Panamá y Costa Rica. 2. La Reunión de Expertos sobre “Panamá en el proceso de integración centroamericana” responde al compromiso establecido en el Plan de trabajo regular de la CEPAL para 2008-2009 para llevar a cabo una reunión de expertos relativa al tema de integración y políticas comerciales en la subregión. Las sugerencias de los expertos citados en está reunión ayudaron a elaborar la versión final del documento Panamá y el proceso de integración centroamericana”. 3. Lo que sigue de este informe tiene como objetivo principal dar cuenta de la organización, dinámica y conclusiones de este evento. Report on the Meeting of Experts on Panama in the process of Central American integration Abstract: 1. During the greater part of the past decades, Panama has begun approaching the process of Central American integration. Throughout this process, Panama has participated in several meetings with the organizations focused on regional integration, and signed several trade agreements with their members, as well as analyzed how and when to join the process of Central American integration. Recently, as a consequence of globalization and establishment of regional policies of openness in the region, the positions of the countries of Central America and Panama have become closer aligned than ever before. In response to these changes and information over the regular work program of the Unit for International Trade and Industry (UCII); for 2008-2009, a study was carried out over the subject of Panama and the process of Central American integration, in which some areas relevant to the subject Panama and the process of Central American integration were analyzed, and determinants that have facilitated a stronger link between Panama and Costa Rica were identified. 2. The meeting of experts over “ Panama and the process of Central American integration”, was in response to commitment established in the regular work plan of ECLAC for 2008-2009 to carry out a meeting experts on the matters of integration and trade policies of the subregion. The suggestions of the experts quoted from this event, helped to elaborate the final version of the report “Panama and the process of Central American integration”. 3. The main objective of this report is to provide information over the organization, dynamics and conclusions of this event.

The fiscal impact of trade liberalization and commodity price fluctuation: the case of Dominican Republic, 1980-1998

Includes bibliography

Paternidad responsable en el Istmo Centroamericano

Incluye Bibliografía

The fiscal impact of trade liberalization and commodity price fluctuation: the case of Costa Rica, 1980-1998

Includes bibliography