Concepções de Alunos sobre a Significância da História Contemporânea: Um Estudo de Caso com Alunos de uma Escola Secundária de Cabo Verde

Este estudo, que se insere no âmbito da pesquisa em cognição histórica, visa compreender as concepções de alunos em torno do conceito de Significância Histórica, tendo em conta a importância de um estudo desta natureza num contexto como o de Cabo Verde. Como tal, o principal objectivo do estudo é compreender as ideias dos alunos em Cabo Verde, no final do ensino secundário, acerca da significância que atribuem a personagens da História Contemporânea, designadamente em relação com a História de Cabo Verde. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza descritiva, com uma abordagem essencialmente qualitativa, realizada com uma amostra de 60 alunos de duas turmas do 12º ano da área humanística, na cidade da Praia, com idades compreendidas entre os 17 e os 22 anos. Na análise de dados, recorreu-se a uma análise de conteúdo a fim de: a) estabelecer a frequência das personagens que a amostra seleccionou como significativas para a História de Cabo Verde e, b) levantar as ideias veiculadas pelos alunos nas suas argumentações, nomeadamente no que respeita à independência de Cabo Verde. Para o estabelecimento de inferências sobre categorias de significância histórica subjacentes às ideias manifestadas, seguiu-se uma metodologia inspirada na Grounded Theory. Com base nos estudos de Castro (2007) e Cercadillo (2000), criaram-se seis níveis de significância, segundo os dados empíricos obtidos. Constatou-se que os alunos não tiveram dificuldades em argumentar acerca das suas opções, sendo o nível de significância mais frequente o da “Significância Causal”. Importa dizer que este estudo reveste-se de grande importância para o ensino da História em Cabo Verde, servindo como um diagnóstico para que os professores reflictam sobre a significância que os alunos atribuem ao que lhes é ensinado.

Revising the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (CUDIT) by means of Item Response Theory.

Cannabis use among adolescents and young adults has become a major public health challenge. Several European countries are currently developing short screening instruments to identify 'problematic' forms of cannabis use in general population surveys. One such instrument is the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (CUDIT), a 10-item questionnaire based on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Previous research found that some CUDIT items did not perform well psychometrically. In the interests of improving the psychometric properties of the CUDIT, this study replaces the poorly performing items with new items that specifically address cannabis use. Analyses are based on a sub-sample of 558 recent cannabis users from a representative population sample of 5722 individuals (aged 13-32) who were surveyed in the 2007 Swiss Cannabis Monitoring Study. Four new items were added to the original CUDIT. Psychometric properties of all 14 items, as well as the dimensionality of the supplemented CUDIT were then examined using Item Response Theory. Results indicate the unidimensionality of CUDIT and an improvement in its psychometric performance when three original items (usual hours being stoned; injuries; guilt) are replaced by new ones (motives for using cannabis; missing out leisure time activities; difficulties at work/school). However, improvements were limited to cannabis users with a high problem score. For epidemiological purposes, any further revision of CUDIT should therefore include a greater number of 'easier' items.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD8+ T cells are functionally and phenotypically different between latent infection and active disease.

Protective immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains poorly understood and the role of Mtb-specific CD8(+) T cells is controversial. Here we performed a broad phenotypic and functional characterization of Mtb-specific CD8(+) T cells in 326 subjects with latent Mtb infection (LTBI) or active TB disease (TB). Mtb-specific CD8(+) T cells were detected in most (60%) TB patients and few (15%) LTBI subjects but were of similar magnitude. Mtb-specific CD8(+) T cells in LTBI subjects were mostly T EMRA cells (CD45RA(+) CCR7(-)), coexpressing 2B4 and CD160, and in TB patients were mostly TEM cells (CD45RA(-) CCR7(-)), expressing 2B4 but lacking PD-1 and CD160. The cytokine profile was not significantly different in both groups. Furthermore, Mtb-specific CD8(+) T cells expressed low levels of perforin and granulysin but contained granzymes A and B. However, in vitro-expanded Mtb-specific CD8(+) T cells expressed perforin and granulysin. Finally, Mtb-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses were less frequently detected in extrapulmonary TB compared with pulmonary TB patients. Mtb-specific CD8(+) T-cell proliferation was also greater in patients with extrapulmonary compared with pulmonary TB. Thus, the activity of Mtb infection and clinical presentation are associated with distinct profiles of Mtb-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. These results provide new insights in the interaction between Mtb and the host immune response.

A fortificação em Cabo Verde nos finais do século XVI

As obras de construção da fortaleza Real de São Filipe devem ter sido iniciadas em 1587, quando chega à Ribeira Grande o mestre-das-obras reais João Nunes, nomeado a 12 de Junho de 1586, e proveniente de Tânger, onde, em 1577, substituíra o mestre Jorge Gomes. João Nunes acompanhara o rei D. Sebastião à malograda batalha de Alcácer Kibir, tendo ali caído prisioneiro, juntamente com os engenheiros Nicolau de Frias, António Mendes, depois mestre de São Julião da Barra e Filipe Térzio, então engenheiro-mor do reino. A planta de que era portador, quase obrigatoriamente, teria de ser projecto de Filipe Térzio, embora com a colaboração dos outros engenheiros então em serviço na provedoria das obras reais.

Hábitos alimentarios de la anchoveta frente al litoral peruano durante la primavera 1998. Crucero BIC José Olaya Balandra 9811-12

Entre el 30 de noviembre y 21 de diciembre de 1998, se colectó un total de 462 estómagos de anchoveta, observándose que se alimentó principalmente de copépodos, presentando variaciones latitudinales. Durante el crucero 9811-12, al sur de 12°S se detectó el mayor número de items-presa. De acuerdo a la talla de las anchovetas la proporción general de las diatomeas disminuyó en la dieta, en cambio los dinoflagelados y copépodos se incrementaron. No se observó una similaridad significativa entre la dieta de los ejemplares < de 16,0 cm y el rango de 16,0-16,5 cm. Los mayores pesos promedio de los estómagos por grupos de talla se registraron al norte de 80S yal sur de 16°S. El canibalismo sobre sus huevos se registró aunque con valores muy bajos (promedio general: 0,01 huevos/ind.), pero se notó un incremento en relación al crucero 9808-09 realizado en el invierno. En los individuos> de 16 cm se observó un promedio de 0,22 huevos/estómago. Asimismo, la ración alimenticia aumentó ligeramente en 18,75 %.

Distribución de los recursos pesqueros de mayor abundancia en verano 1999. Crucero BIC Jose Olaya Balandra 9902-03, de Tumbes a Tacna

Describe la distribución de los recursos pesqueros: anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), sardina (Sardinops sagax), jurel (Trachurus picturatus murphyi), caballa (Scomber japonicus), samasa (Anchoa nasus), vinciguerria (Vinciguerria lucetia), falso volador (Prionotus stephanophrys), bagre (Galeichthys peruvianus), pota (Dosidicus gigas), múnida (Pleuroncodes monodon) y pez cinta (Trichiurus lepturus), que por su abundancia fueron considerados en esta evaluación. Para la prospección marina de Punta Zorritos (Tumbes) a Morro Sama (Tacna) se utilizó al BIC José Olaya Balandra y para los muestreos costeros a la LP IMARPE V, entre los días 10 de febrero y 1° de abril de 1999. Para la determinación de la distribución se utilizó la ecosonda científica SIMRAD EK 500 de 38 y 120 kHz, en un rango de detección de 2,5 a 250 m de profundidad. Para el muestreo acústico se utilizó una grilla sistemática paralela con una separación de 15 mn entre cada transecto; se realizaron en total 336 lances de pesca para muestreos acústicos y biológicos. Las áreas de distribución de cada especie se determinaron mediante un programa de software de interpolación de datos.

Religious Slaughter in Europe

Halal and Shechita slaughter were assessed in 135 European abattoirs. Shechita is carried out without stunning in all abattoirs, while 65% of cattle abattoirs, 50% small ruminants and 50% poultry abattoirs use preslaughter stunning for Halal Slaughter.

Le cours de la rivière de Wolga anciennement appellée Rha / par D.P.

Échelle(s) : [1:1 220 000 environ]

Counteraction of HLA-C-mediated immune control of HIV-1 by Nef.

A host genetic variant (-35C/T) correlates with increased human leukocyte antigen C (HLA-C) expression and improved control of HIV-1. HLA-C-mediated immunity may be particularly protective because HIV-1 is unable to remove HLA-C from the cell surface, whereas it can avoid HLA-A- and HLA-B-mediated immunity by Nef-mediated down-modulation. However, some individuals with the protective -35CC genotype exhibit high viral loads. Here, we investigated whether the ability of HIV-1 to replicate efficiently in the "protective" high-HLA-C-expression host environment correlates with specific functional properties of Nef. We found that high set point viral loads (sVLs) were not associated with the emergence of Nef variants that had acquired the ability to down-modulate HLA-C or were more effective in removing HLA-A and HLA-B from the cell surface. However, in individuals with the protective -35CC genotype we found a significant association between sVLs and the efficiency of Nef-mediated enhancement of virion infectivity and modulation of CD4, CD28, and the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II)-associated invariant chain (Ii), while this was not observed in subjects with the -35TT genotype. Since the latter Nef functions all influence the stimulation of CD4(+) T helper cells by antigen-presenting cells, they may cooperate to affect both the activation status of infected T cells and the generation of an antiviral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response. In comparison, different levels of viremia in individuals with the common -35TT genotype were not associated with differences in Nef function but with differences in HLA-C mRNA expression levels. Thus, while high HLA-C expression may generally facilitate control of HIV-1, Nef may counteract HLA-C-mediated immune control in some individuals indirectly, by manipulating T-cell function and MHC-II antigen presentation.