1000 resultados para Capacidade natatória


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O consumo de frutos e suas polpas tem sido muito recomendado por seu valor nutricional, alto teor de fibras, vitamina C e carotenoides. Trabalhos recentes têm apontado esses alimentos como fontes de compostos fenólicos com ação antioxidante, portanto sequestradores de radicais livres, com ação protetora contra o surgimento e/ou desenvolvimento de processos degenerativos que conduzem a doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Devido à crescente comercialização e consumo de polpas de frutas no Brasil, especialmente na cidade de Teresina-Piauí, este trabalho selecionou um grupo de polpas de frutos de elevado consumo local para avaliação do teor de fenólicos totais e da atividade antioxidante in vitro pelo método de captura de radicais livres: DPPH (radical 1,1-diphenil-2-picrilhydrazil) e ABTS (radical 2,2'azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)). Os frutos selecionados foram: Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.), Bacuri (Platonia insignis Mart.), Cajá (Spondias mombin L.), Caju (Anacardium occidentale), Goiaba(Psidium guajava) e Tamarindo (Tamarindus indica L.). Os teores de fenólicos totais encontrados nas polpascongeladas destes frutos exibiram quantidades relevantes de polifenóis, destacando-se a polpa de acerola com 835,25 ± 32,44 e 449,63 ± 10,24 mg /100g nos extratos aquosos e hidroalcoólicos, respectivamente, seguido pela polpa de caju com 201,61 ± 19,15 e 165,07 ± 4,10 mg /100g. As polpas de bacuri e tamarindo foram as que apresentaram os menores teores de fenólicos totais. Com relação à atividade antioxidante in vitro, os melhores resultados foram encontrados para os extratos aquosos e hidroalcoólicos das polpas de acerola, caju e goiaba. A capacidade antioxidante destas polpas (EC50 em µg/mL) variou de 24,42 a 413,36 e de 1,74 a 259,18 para os extratos aquosos e hidroalcoólicos, respectivamente. Utilizando o radical ABTS, a atividade antioxidante para essas mesmas polpas de frutas apresentou valores TEAC que variaram de 3,69 ± 0,209 a 0,052 ± 0,013 (mM TROLOX/g de polpa). Foi observado existir uma correlação direta entre a quantidade de fenólicos totais e a atividade antioxidante nas polpas avaliadas.

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Em monitoramentos de pragas realizados na cultura da macieira foram observadas maiores infestações da mariposa oriental (Grapholita molesta) em frutos provenientes de pomares com maior incidência de lesões causadas pela sarna-da-macieira (Venturia inaequalis). Para validar esta observação, conduziu-se um experimento em laboratório com o objetivo de verificar a influência de lesões da sarna da macieira em frutos, na capacidade de infestação por G. molesta. Foram utilizados frutos (n=200) de macieira da variedade Gala com sintomas da sarna (n=100) e frutos sadios (n=100). Uma lagarta recém-eclodida foi inoculada em cada fruto e a avaliação foi realizada 10 dias após a infestação, determinando-se o número de lagartas que conseguiram penetrar nos frutos. Houve diferença significativa na capacidade de penetração das lagartas associado a presença de lesões da sarna (87%) quando comparado com frutos sadios (61%). Conclui-se que frutos de maçã da cv. Gala atacados por Venturia inaequalis são mais infestados por lagartas de primeiro ínstar de Grapholita molesta.

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A capacidade antioxidante e a qualidade pós-colheita do abacate 'Fuerte' foram avaliadas. Os frutos foram mantidos sob temperatura ambiente (24 ± 1 ºC) e sob refrigeração em 10 ± 1 ºC e 90±5% UR e avaliados durante 15 dias. Determinaram-se a perda de massa e a taxa respiratória. As características físico-químicas avaliadas foram acidez total titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis (SS), ratio, pH, firmeza, atividade da enzima polifenoloxidase (PPO), cor (L, a* e b*), fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante (AA) por DPPH·. Nas duas condições de armazenamento, o pico respiratório ocorreu no 9º dia.Os frutos mantidos sob temperatura refrigerada apresentaram menor perda de massa e maior firmeza em relação àqueles em temperatura ambiente. O comportamento respiratório refletiu na redução dos valores de AT e no conteúdo de SS que diminuíram a partir do pico de respiração. Os valores de pH aumentaram como consequência da diminuição da AT. Os valores de luminosidade mantiveram-se elevados, observando-se diminuição do componente de cor verde na polpa com o armazenamento. A atividade da PPO diminuiu com o armazenamento. Os valores de AA variaram de 17,6 a 68,7%. O conteúdo de fenólicos totais diminuiu após o pico respiratório, e valores crescentes de AA foram observados mesmo após o 9º dia.

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The physical and chemical characterization of vermicompost from bovine manure has been studied. It was examined the pH and cation exchangeable capacity (CEC), organic matter content, electric conductivity and elementary and XRD analyses, among other characteristics. The vermicompost was then applied to the retention and competition of metal micronutrients and pollutants (Cu and Zn) from metal nitrate solutions. The retention was affected by both the pH and adsorption time, while the competitive character of these metals for the substrate was relevant to each pH examined.

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In this work several methods for evaluation of the degree of lipid oxidation and antioxidant activity are reviewed. Some aspects related to the recent advances mentioned in the literature are also reported.

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The aim of this work is to show an experiment from which students can learn some of the main characteristics of buffer solutions. A mixture of some acid-base indicators, named as Yamada's indicator, can be used to estimate pH values in an acid-base titration of a buffer, with good approximation. In the experiment it is also possible to verify the relationship between the buffer capacity and the concentrations and the molar ratio of the components of a NH3 / NH4+ buffer solution. The shortage of experiments associated with the relative small importance given to many aspects of buffer solutions, is now explored with simplicity. In the proposed experiments, students prepare buffer solutions by themselves, calculate the pH, understand how acid-base indicators act and learn how buffer solutions work through graph constructed by sharing experimental data.

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Physical training can adapt or cause injury to skeletal muscles implicating metabolic alterations, which can be detected by biochemical analysis. Apparently the increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in both processes. Enzymatic and low molecular weight antioxidants (LMWA) minimize ROS's deleterious action through redox reactions. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) has been suggested as a tool to quantify the antioxidant capacity conferred by LMWA. The use of CV to evaluate the modulation of the antioxidant capacity conferred by LMWA in response to physical exercise is discussed here.

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Two samples of residues from iron mining plants have been investigated for their retention capacity of As, Cu, Cr, and Pb. The sample with the higher content of iron oxides showed the highest capacity to retain metals. The adsorption affinity series changes from Pb>Cu>Cr~As to As>Pb>Cu>Cr or As>Cu>Cr>Pb, depending on the material and the concentration of the initial solution. In the competitive environment, the Pb adsorption decreases and the As, Cu and Cr adsorption increases. Sequential extraction procedures, carried out after adsorption batch experiments, showed that the most important adsorption process occurs in the oxide fraction and that the major part of the absorbed metal is remobilized from exchangeable and oxide fractions.

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The copper and cadmium complexation properties in natural sediment suspensions of reservoirs of the Tietê River were studied using the solid membrane copper and cadmium ion-selective electrodes. The complexation and the average conditional stability constants were determined under equilibrium conditions at pH=6.00 ± 0.05 in a medium of 1.0 mol L-1 sodium nitrate, using the Scatchard method. The copper and cadmium electrodes presented Nernstian behavior from 1x10-6 to 1x10-3 mol L-1 of total metal concentration. Scatchard graphs suggest two classes of binding sites for both metals. A multivariate study was done to correlate the reservoirs and the variables: complexation properties, size, total organic carbon, volatile acid sulfide, E II and pH.

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Fruits juices are natural sources of several compounds that present antioxidant action. Together with the fruits, they contribute with almost 40% of the antioxidant capacity in a healthy diet avoiding and preventing diseases deriving from oxidative stress. The present study determined the antioxidant capacity of seven samples of industrialized fruits juices applying CRAC (Ceric Reducing/Antioxidant Capacity) assay, a new electrochemistry assay that evaluates, by means of chronoamperometric measurements, the ability of a sample in reducing species Ce4+ in acid media. At the end of the assay was obtained the following classification: cashew > guava > grape > mango > apple > orange > passion fruit.

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Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) consist of synthetic macromolecular matrix, obtained through molecular imprinting-based methods that show ability to selectively recognize important biological molecules and its application in the drug delivery field is under development. In the present review the main aspects related to the synthesis and characterization of MIPs are studied. The fundamental variables participating in the synthesis process, such as template molecule, functional monomers, cross-linking agents, solvents and imprinting approaches are discussed. Moreover, the main available methods for MIPs chemical and morphological characterization are presented and the importance of the obtained information is discussed.

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A phenolic fraction was obtained from of the acetone-water-acetic acid extract of Inga edulis leaves, by liquid-liquid partition and SPE-C18 cartridges. This method provided an increase of 108, 66, 51, 50 and 36% of flavonols, proanthocyanidins, total polyphenols, gallotannins and flavanols, respectively. The major phenolics in purified fraction were procyanidin B2, catechin and myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, which achieved increases of 111, 47 and 45%, respectively, after SPE. Acid hydrolysis confirmed the presence of procyanidins, prodelphinidins and glycosylated flavonoids.

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The hummus composition and it redox properties have been used to evaluate the organic matter quality from natural systems. The objectives of this study were the fractionation of the organic matter and the determination of the oxidation capacity of humic acids to evaluate the organic matter quality of sediments from a gradient fluvial-estuarine in the Brazilian Southeast. The carbon/nitrogen and humic acid/fulvic acid relationships of the organic matter and of the oxidation capacity of humic acids were positively correlated and followed the order: estuarine bordered mangroves ≅ fluvial bordered urban center and pasture > estuarine bordered pasture ≅ marine.

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AbstractMany well-established methods for determining the antioxidant capacities in several samples have been described in literature. However, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) are the main two methods that utilize radicals as spectrophotometric probes for analysis. Nevertheless, these methods have certain limitations because of their slower kinetics, solvent polarity effects, the hydrophilicity and lipophilicity of the compounds, chemical costs, etc. In this study, a spectrophotometric method for determining the antioxidant capacity in beverages was developed based on an exploration of the cation radical derived from DEPD. This method was based on the oxidation of aromatic amines with Fe(III) ions at pH 4.0, which leads to their corresponding purple cation radicals (DEPD•+) with λmax values at 500 and 540 nm. The addition of an antioxidant after the formation of the radical leads to a reduction in color intensity that is proportional to the antioxidant concentration in the medium. Results obtained using this method were compared with the Folin-Ciocalteau, ABTS and DPPH methods in terms of applications in wines, teas, and infusions samples. Linear correlation analysis at a 95% confidence level was employed to compare the results, which were in good agreement with a correlation coefficient of r > 0.9000. Thus, the developed method was simple, accurate, and consistent with other assays for the determination of the total amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity.

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Estimaram-se as capacidades geral (CGC) e específica (CEC) de combinação para resistência à mancha branca de 24 linhagens do programa de melhoramento de milho do IAC, de diferentes procedências, sob esquemas de dois dialelos parciais (Dialelo A e B), em Mococa, na região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, na safra 2004/2005. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições e 2 testemunhas comerciais (IAC 8333 e DKB 350). Avaliou-se a severidade da mancha branca nas linhagens, nos 36 híbridos simples resultantes de cada dialelo parcial 6x6 e nos dois híbridos comerciais. A avaliação da doença foi realizada nos estádios de grãos leitosos a pastosos, através de escala de notas de 1 a 9, correspondendo a 0; 1; 2,5; 5; 10; 25; 50; 75 e mais de 75% de área foliar afetada. Houve diferenças significativas (P<0,01) entre os híbridos para resistência à mancha branca, permitindo a discriminação dos híbridos experimentais. As linhagens mais resistentes foram PM518, IP4035 (Dialelo A) e IP398 (Dialelo B), enquanto que os híbridos IAC8333, PM 518 x IP4035 e IP701 x IP4035 no Dialelo A e L8 x IP398, VER266 x IP398 e L161 x IP398 no Dialelo B, mostraram-se mais resistentes à doença. A análise dialélica mostrou efeitos significativos (P<0,01) para cruzamentos, CGC do Grupo I, CGC do Grupo II somente para o Dialelo A e CEC para resistência à mancha branca. Conclui-se, a partir da magnitude da CGC em relação à variação total, que a resistência à mancha branca tem natureza preponderantemente aditiva e que a presença de CEC significativa indica também a existência de efeitos de dominância.