Caracterização mineralógica, química e solubilização do potássio de glauconita modificada

Demand for potassium in Brazil is large and is constantly increasing, but only about 5% of all consumed potassium is produced in the country. This low domestic production implies high rate of potassium imports, leaving the country vulnerable in the event of any difficulty to import this product and currency fluctuations. The modified glauconite is a rock that has a high potential for potassium exploration, found in Minas Gerais state, its extraction is relatively cheap and the prospected rock volume is high. The difficulty for its use as a direct source of potassium is in its low solubility. Thus, the objective of this study was to perform a chemical and mineralogical characterization of the modified glauconite and evaluate the effectiveness of techniques and treatments in the potassium solubilization contained in the rock. For this study, it was used characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, diffraction by Synchrotron Light and chemical analysis of high and low power of potassium extraction. Also granulometric testing and thermal treatments with different forms of calcination were carried out. Overall, it was found that the modified glauconite is a compound of minerals, of the mica groups K-feldspar and quartz and calcination substantially alter the crystal structure of these minerals, increasing the potassium availability. While the natural solubility of glauconite modified be very low, rock calcination added with high fluxes of calcium and low magnesium content at 1200 °C led to potassium solubility increase in order of 100 times compared to that observed in the glauconite natural modified.

Processo infeccioso de Pseudocercospora musae e severidade da Sigatoka Amarela da bananeira em função do silício, potássio e cálcio em solução nutritiva

Yellow Sigatoka leaf spot, caused by Pseudocercospora musae (Mycosphaerella musicola), is one of main threats to banana production around the world. However, information regarding the infection process of P. musae and the influence of mineral nutrition on the disease severity could help with cultural control strategies and increase the fruit yield. Therefore, this work aimed to characterize the infectious process of P. musae in banana leaves, to study the effect of silicon (Si) and the interaction between potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) on the Yellow Sigatoka leaf spot severity. In the first study, samples were inoculated on the abaxial leaf surface with P. musae and analyzed at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours after inoculation (HAI) as well as 36 and 50 days after inoculation (DAI). The conidia germinated between 24 and 36 HAI and penetrated through the stomata between 96 and 120 HAI, or usually from 144 HAI. P. musae colonized intercellularly the spongy parenchyma at 36 DAI and inter- and intracellularly the palisade parenchyma at 50 DAI. The sporulation occurred at 50 DAI on the adaxial leaf surfaces. In the second study, banana plants grown in nutrient solution with 0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.8 and 3.6 mmol L -1 of silicic acid (H 4SiO 4) were inoculated with conidial suspension. The disease severity was assessed and data were integrated in the area under the disease severity progress curve (AUDSPC). The lower AUDSPC was 49.27% for the concentration of 3.05 mmol L -1 of H 4SiO 4 compared to plants grown without Si addition. Regarding silicon accumulation, at 3.6 mmol L -1 H4SiO 4, leaf Si content was 23.53% higher compared to the control. In the third study, plants grown in nutrient solution with 5 K concentrations (1, 2, 4, 6, and, 8 mmol L -1 ) combined with 5 Ca concentrations (1, 3, 5, 7, and, 9 mmol L -1 ), forming 25 treatments, were inoculated with conidial suspension. The disease severity was assessed and the data were integrated in the AUDSPC. There was no interaction between concentrations of K and Ca for AUDSPC, although the AUDSPC increased with the increase of K concentrations from 1 to 6 mmol L -1 . The K increase led to a reduction in chlorophyll a and b contents and in the N, P, Mg, B, Cu, Zn, and, Mn nutrients as well as increased the total plant dry weight.

Aspectos nutricionais do baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) em casa de vegetação e em campo

With the objective of evaluating the response of baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) to nutrient limitation and to the different levels of fertilization, seven experiments were conducted. Experiment 1: Nutritional limitation in greenhouse. We employed 12 treatments in a completely randomized design with eight replicates. Experiment 2: Levels of liming and P in greenhouse. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme with four levels of liming (V23.2% (natural soil), V45%, V65% and V85%) and four doses of P (0, 100, 300 and 500 mg kg -1 of P). Experiment 3: Doses of N in greenhouse. We used seven treatments (0, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375 and 450 mg kg -1 of N) in a completely randomized design. Experiment 4: Doses of K in greenhouse. We used seven treatments (0, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375 and 450 mg kg -1 ) in a completely randomized design. Experiment 5: Levels of liming under field conditions. We used four treatments (V6.7% (natural soil), V35%, V55% and V75%) in a randomized blocks design. Experiment 6: doses of P under field conditions. We used five treatments (0, 23.67, 53.34, 106.67 and 213.36 kg ha -1 of P 2O5) in a randomized blocks design. Experiment 7: Doses of N under field conditions. We used five treatments (0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 kg ha -1 of N) in Latin square. In greenhouse, the evaluations were conducted at eight months (for experiments 1 and 2) and 12 months (for experiments 3 and 4) after seeding, when the measurements of height and root collar diameter of the seedlings. Subsequently, the plants were harvested and separated into shoot and root system, for weighing and evaluating dry biomass gain. In the field, the evaluations were conducted at six, 12, 18, 24 and 30 months (for experiments 5 and 6) and at six, 12 and 18 months (for experiment 7). In these experiments, we evaluated the survival of the seedlings, height of the plants and diameter of the stem at soil height. The data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance, mean tests and regression analysis. In conclusion, during the phase of seedling formation, the species is little demanding in S and B, negatively responds to liming, positively responds to phosphate fertilization and does not respond to nitrogen and potassium fertilization. In the field, in general, the species does not respond to the application of P or to liming, and is negatively influenced by the application of elevated doses of nitrogen.

Utilização do óleo extraído dos resíduos da filetagem de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) para produção de biodiesel

The aims of this study were to evaluate the potential of the oil extracted from tilapia residues filleting for biodiesel production, select the one that presents the greatest potential for this purpose and characterize the obtained biodiesel to be neutralized or refined and analyzed according to their physicochemical and yield characteristics. For this, the crude heads, carcasses and offal which have undergone physical and chemical analysis and yield were extracted. For this, the crude oil was extracted from the heads, carcasses and guts, which have passed through physicochemical and yield analysis.For the statistical analysis, a completely randomized design was used with 3 treatments (head, carcass and viscera) and 5 replications.It was observed significant differences in the oils (P <0.05) being the viscera oil the one that showed higher yield although it presented the worst values for all evaluated indices. For this reason this oil was selected for further studies. In this new stage of the study the treatments were: neutralized crude oil and viscera refined oil with different volumes of NaOH 16%.It was adopted a completely randomized design, with a 2x3 factorial (types of oil x soda volumes) with 3 replications. The analyzed variables were acid value, saponification index, peroxide value and iodine value. It was also evaluated the performance of all the obtained biodiesel. It can be concluded that: among the filleting residues oil of tilapias, the one which is more suitable for biodiesel production, due to its high yield, was the viscera oil. The use of all stages of refining is indispensable, once the obtained index and the yield were greater in the biodiesel refined oil; the produced biodiesel from tilapia’s viscera oil meets the ANP standards and, therefore, it is adequate for use.

Influência do etileno na regulação do florescimento de Coffea arabica L.

Coffee is one of the most valuable exported agricultural product worldwide as well as the second most traded commodity after oil. This crop represents a source of employment and considerably accounts for the revenue of the country, besides its undeniable importance for local and world socioeconomical scenery. The quality of the coffee drink is directly related to the fruit ripening stage, which is found in different stages at harvesting due to the sequential flowering, increasing costs with the production and generating a lower-quality beverage. The asynchronous flowering of the coffee tree comes from the uneven development of buds, which can be influenced by environmental factors, taking into account that the anthesis takes place after a water deficit period, followed by precipitation. Changes in the hormone balance have been observed after water deficit and rehydration cycles, and such oscillation on the water status of the plant increased the level of ethylene in some species. This finding led to the association between the requirements at the flowering stage of the coffee tree and the involvement of the ethylene in promoting anthesis. The application of 1- MCP (ethylene action inhibitor) triggered the anthesis in coffee trees. And, in coffee seedlings in greenhouse conditions after a period of water shortage followed by irrigation, the profile of gene expression of the biosynthesis route and signaling of ethylene are changed in leaves and roots. The increased levels of the ethylene precursor (ACC) in roots throughout the dry season and the transportation of this compound into shoots may be the signal to trigger the anthesis in coffee tree after rehydration. Thus, in order to better understand the role of the ethylene in regulation of flowering, we analyzed the effects of the exogenous application of 1-MCP in different physiological characteristics and in the expression of genes related to the ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathways in coffee leaves and bud from plants under field conditions. The evaluations and tissue sampling were carried out in different times treatments implementation: T1 – control, T2 – 1-MCP+Break-Thru, and T3 – Break-Thru. There was influence of 1-MCP and Break-Thru in gas exchange parameters and of 1-MCP contributed to the increase in relative water content. RT-qPCR analyses showed a different behavior in relation to the profile of gene expression in leaves and buds analyzed in the present study (CaACS1 – like, CaACO1 – like, CaACO4 – like, CaETR4 – like) and the expression levels were changed a few hours (2h) after applying the products. However, there was flowering only in plants treated with 1-MCP, in the absence of rain and irrigation.

Acidovorax citruli: genetic analyses and protocol for its detection in seeds

Bacterial fruit blotch of cucurbits (BFB), caused by the seed borne Gramnegative bacterium Acidovorax citrulli is a serious threat to cucurbit industry worldwide. Since late 1980`s after devastating outbreaks in watermelon fields in southern United States, BFB has spread worldwide and has been reported in other cucurbit crops such as melon, pumpkin, cucumber and squash. To date, there is evidence for the existence of at least two genetically and pathogenically distinct populations of A. citrulli. In Brazil, the first report of BFB was in 1991, in a watermelon field in São Paulo. Although widespread in the country, BFB has been a major problem to melon production. More precisely, BFB has caused significant yield losses to melon production in northeastern Brazil, which concentrates > 90% of the country`s melon production. Despite the management efforts and the recent advances in A. citrulli research, BFB is still a continuous threat to the cucurbit industry, including seed producers, growers and transplant nurseries. To better understand the population structure of A. citrulli strains in Brazil, and to provide a basis for the integrated management of BFB, we used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of housekeeping and virulence-associated genes and pathogenicity tests on different cucurbit seedlings to characterize a Brazilian population of A. citrulli strains from different hosts and regions. Additionally, we conducted for the first time a comparative analysis of the A. citrulli group I and II population at genomic level and showed that these two groups differ on their genome sizes due to the presence of eight DNA segments, which are present in group II and absent in group I genomes. We also provide the first evidence to suggest that temperature might be a driver in the ecological adaptation of A. citrulli populations under nutrient-rich or -depleted conditions. Finally, in order to improve the routine detection of A. citrulli on melon seedlots, we designed a new primer set that is able to detect the different Brazilian haplotypes, thus minimizing the risk of false-negatives on PCR-based seed health testing.

Compartimentos de K, Ca e Mg em solos e sua relação com o crescimento inicial, fisiologia e produtividade do eucalipto

Forestry has grown in a continuous and accelerated manner in Brazil, constituting a strategic activity for the generation of employment, income and tributes, favoring social and economic development of Brazilian agribusiness. The objectives of this study were: (1) evaluate the contents of K, Ca and Mg in the reserve compartments, non-interchangeable, interchangeable, available and the speed of its release, its correlations and its effects over productivity (annual average increment – AAI) of eucalyptus plantations, in forest sites cultivated in soils of the state of Rio Grande do Sul; (2) evaluate the initial growth, nutrition and physiological aspects of eucalyptus plants, cultivated with and without the addition of mineral sources of potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (MG), in soils obtained from forest sites in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. In the first study, contents of K, Ca and Mg were evaluated in sulfuric digestion extract, boiling nitric acid, ammonium chloride, Mehlich-1 (only K), potassium chloride (Ca and Mg), as well as the release speed of these nutrients in the soil. In the second study, growth variables, nutritional aspects, photosynthetic rate (A) and transpiration rate of the plants (E) grown in distinct soils were evaluated under controlled conditions. The contents of K, Ca and Mg varied between compartments and depths in the studied soil classes, with the highest proportions found in the reserve compartment, indicating the importance of this compartment for the supplement of these nutrients at average and long terms. The great majority of K, Ca and Mg compartments presented significant correlations between each other, showing the dependence between them and the importance of evaluating the contents of these nutrients in the different compartments to adapt the nutritional management of the plants to each soil class, and to obtain continuous productions, minimizing the negative effects to the environment. Plants cultivated in soils that present larger reserves, availability and K, Ca and Mg release kinetics, presented similar height (H), stem diameter (SD) and shoot dry mass (SDM), with or without fertilization with K, Ca and Mg. The plants presented higher leaf content and accumulation of K in all soils fertilized with K, Ca and Mg.

Metodologias para a avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de tabaco

Despite tobacco being a culture propagated by seeds, there is little information concerning tests that allow the distinction of similar germination lots in different levels of vigor. The diversity of cultivars available in the market, and a few peculiarities of the species, such as uneven maturation of the flowers, fruits and seeds, small size and seed dormancy, are considered obstacles for obtaining lots of tobacco of high physiological potential. Thus, this research was developed with the objective of adapting feasibility and vigor tests for evaluating the physiological potential of tobacco seed lots. We used nine lots of tobacco seeds of cultivar CSC 447 and nine lots of seeds of cultivar BAT 2101, belonging to variety groups Virginia and Burley, respectively. Initially, germination test was conducted to characterize the profile of the lots. For determining the feasibility and vigor of the tobacco seeds, germination tests were conducted in distinct temperatures, controlled emergence conditions, electric conductivity, artificial aging and in tetrazolium. For determining the isoenzymatic marker for seed quality, analyses were conducted with enzymes catalase, esterase, malate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase. In conclusion, the emergence tests at 25oC and artificial aging at 41oC for 72 hours, are efficient in discriminating the lots of tobacco seeds in different levels of vigor. The electric conductivity and germination tests in different temperatures have distinct responses in relation to the genotype of the tobacco seeds. The tetrazolium test using the methodology with pre-conditioning in 3.5% sodium hypochlorite solution and subsequent emersion in 1.0% tetrazolium solution for 18 hours is efficient for the quick evaluation of the feasibility of tobacco seeds. The analysis of the profiles of enzymes catalase, esterase, malate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase is efficient as markers for tobacco seed quality.

Os caminhos da participação e do controle social na saúde: estudo das realidades do Brasil e Espanha

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

O transporte coletivo intermunicipal no Estado de São Paulo: as linhas suburbanas

Esse trabalho tem por objetivo, mostrar a evolução do sistema de transporte coletivo intermunicipal do Estado de São Paulo. Nesse sentido, partimos do processo de industrialização e nacionalização da indústria automobilística. Procuramos também mostrar a evolução do Departamento de Estradas e Rodagem [DER], no papel de direcionador e gerenciador do sistema. Nesse processo, detalhamos o papel de todos os governos do Estado de São Paulo, na implantação de sistema viário estadual [1950-2006]. Também procuramos demonstrar o surgimento dos principais grupos que monopolizam cada vez mais o setor dos transportes coletivo intermunicipal. Assim, vamos comprovar a tese de que as empresas do transporte coletivo intermunicipal estão utilizando as linhas suburbanas para fazer frente ao grande avanço do transporte clandestino intermunicipal no Estado de São Paulo.

Estudo sobre o potencial de alguns latossolos da região do Vale do Paraíba, estado de São Paulo, para uso em camadas estruturais de pavimentos de baixo volume de tráfego

The main purpose of this research is to raise, through lab rehearsals, the geometric properties of some oxisols from the region of Vale do Paraíba as well as comparing them to demands prescribed by Technical Specifications ESP08/05 of the Road Department of the State of Paraná, for sub-base or fine grained lateritic soil base (SAFL) and in the Technical Specification ET-DEP00/006 of the Road Department of the State of São Paulo (DER/SP) for subbase or crushed stone base. According to the results that were obtained it will be feasible to appraise the usage of these sorts of soils in structure layers of low-weight traffic pavements

Qualidade da construção civil de estrutura de concreto armado, alvenaria de vedação e revestimento externo de obras verticais

The main purpose of this research is to raise, through lab rehearsals, the geometric properties of some oxisols from the region of Vale do Paraíba as well as comparing them to demands prescribed by Technical Specifications ESP08/05 of the Road Department of the State of Paraná, for sub-base or fine grained lateritic soil base (SAFL) and in the Technical Specification ET-DEP00/006 of the Road Department of the State of São Paulo (DER/SP) for subbase or crushed stone base. According to the results that were obtained it will be feasible to appraise the usage of these sorts of soils in structure layers of low-weight traffic pavements

Importance of xenarthrans in the eco-epidemiology of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Abstract Background Several pathogens that cause important zoonotic diseases have been frequently associated with armadillos and other xenarthrans. This mammal group typically has evolved on the South American continent and many of its extant species are seriously threatened with extinction. Natural infection of armadillos with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in hyperendemic areas has provided a valuable opportunity for understanding the role of this mammal in the eco-epidemiology of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), one of the most important systemic mycoses in Latin America. Findings This study aimed to detect P. brasiliensis in different xenarthran species (Dasypus novemcinctus, Cabassous spp., Euphractus sexcinctus, Tamandua tetradactyla and Myrmecophaga tridactyla), by molecular and mycological approaches, in samples obtained by one of the following strategies: i) from road-killed animals (n = 6); ii) from naturally dead animals (n = 8); iii) from animals that died in captivity (n = 9); and iv) from living animals captured from the wild (n = 2). Specific P. brasiliensis DNA was detected in several organs among 7/20 nine-banded armadillos (D. novemcinctus) and in 2/2 anteaters (M. tridactyla). The fungus was also cultured in tissue samples from one of two armadillos captured from the wild. Conclusion Members of the Xenarthra Order, especially armadillos, have some characteristics, including a weak cellular immune response and low body temperature, which make them suitable models for studying host-pathogen interaction. P. brasiliensis infection in wild animals, from PCM endemic areas, may be more common than initially postulated and reinforces the use of these animals as sentinels for the pathogen in the environment.

Modelos aplicados en Fitopatología

Dentro de las diversas áreas de la Fitopatología, la Epidemiología es la que posee un mayor potencial para el uso de modelos, porque esta ciencia es responsable de la descripción de las enfermedades a nivel de poblaciones y comunidades. Como las poblaciones están formadas generalmente por un número de individuos, es imposible e indeseable descubrir qué ocurre con individuos aislados. Los epidemiólogos precisan de alguna manera representar lo que sucede en las poblaciones de plantas, frente a los patógenos, en diferentes situaciones de ambiente. Haciendo una revisión de literatura, se verificó que hay dos caminos por los cuales los epidemiólogos estudian las enfermedades en poblaciones de plantas a través de modelos matemáticos, y de modelos estadísticos.

A (R)EXISTÊNCIA DAS VOCACIONADAS AO MINISTÉRIO PASTORAL BATISTA: DESCORTINANDO A RELAÇÃO ENTRE AS PASTORAS BATISTAS DE SÃO PAULO E A NÃO FILIAÇÃO NA ORDEM DOS PASTORES BATISTAS DO BRASIL EM SÃO PAULO (OPBB-SP)

O contexto batista é predominantemente marcado por lideranças masculinas, destinando às mulheres apenas lugares e comportamentos socialmente estabelecidos, como a casa, o cuidado, a maternidade, a submissão, entre outras características que enfatizam a hierarquia de gênero. Mesmo diante do desenvolvimento econômico e da ocupação que as mulheres estão conquistando no campo público, a igreja e principalmente as igrejas batistas, permanecem fundadas em alicerces que exaltam o poder masculino em detrimento do lugar que deve ser ocupado pelas mulheres, ou seja, onde elas decidirem atuar. Caso elas decidam atuar num campo predominantemente masculino, terão que lidar com a desconstrução de um pensamento socialmente permeado de dominação masculina e com a árdua construção de um pensamento que vise a igualdade de gênero. O objeto desta pesquisa é o ministério pastoral feminino no contexto batista brasileiro. O texto analisa o discurso das Pastoras Batistas do Estado de São Paulo e o discurso dos líderes da Ordem dos Pastores Batistas de São Paulo (OPBB-SP) a respeito do ministério pastoral feminino e a não filiação de mulheres na OPBB-SP. A importância deste trabalho é a de demostrar as relações de micro poder existentes entre pastores e pastoras e concomitantemente as desigualdades dentro do contexto batista com relação ao ministério pastoral feminino. Essa afirmação se consolida por meio das análises das entrevistas semiestruturadas que realizei na pesquisa de campo, com sete pastoras batistas do Estado de São Paulo, bem como com três líderes da OPPB-SP. Esta é uma pesquisa qualitativa, em que foram analisados documentos oficiais da igreja, como pautas de convenções, atas, sites institucionais, periódicos e documentos não oficiais encontrados em redes sociais, blogs, jornais online, entre outros. Posso afirmar que as pastoras batistas estão se mobilizando para cumprir sua vocação, usando argumentos transcendentes que impedem qualquer pessoa de desafiar ou duvidar de seu chamado pastoral, pois: “O vento sopra onde quer; ouve-se o ruído, mas não sabes de onde vem, nem para onde vai. Assim acontece com aquele(a) que nasceu do Espírito.” (João 3.8).