Analisi delle tecnologie BMP per i sistemi di drenaggio urbano

I sistemi di drenaggio urbano meritano particolare attenzione per l’importante compito che devono garantire all’interno della società. L’allontanamento delle acque reflue dalle zone urbanizzate infatti è indispensabile per non creare problemi ed interferenze con attività sociali ed economiche che in esse si svolgono; inoltre un corretto funzionamento del sistema di drenaggio assicura anche un basso impatto ambientale in termini di qualità e quantità. La disponibilità di nuove tecnologie costruttive e materiali in continua evoluzione devono fare fronte alla crescente complessità idraulica, geotecnica e urbanistica delle strutture componenti i sistemi di drenaggio; in tale elaborato si vuole porre l’accento sul problema dello smaltimento delle acque meteoriche nelle zone densamente urbanizzate, la cui soluzione è costituita dall'adozione delle cosiddette BMP (Best Management Practices). Le BMP sono definite come strategie, pratiche o metodi per la rimozione, la riduzione, il ritardo o la prevenzione della quantità di costituenti inquinanti e contaminanti delle acque di pioggia, prima che giungano nei corpi idrici ricettori. Tra esse ricordiamo le cisterne o rain barrels, i pozzi asciutti, i sistemi drywell, le vasche verdi filtranti, i tetti verdi, i canali infiltranti, i fossi di infiltrazione, i pozzi perdenti, i planting container, i canali inerbiti, i bacini di infiltrazione, le gross pullutant traps (gpts), gli stagni, i sistemi di fitodepurazione estensiva (sfe), le pavimentazioni drenanti. In Italia esse risultano ancora scarsamente studiate ed applicate, mentre trovano più ampio sviluppo in realtà estere come in Inghilterra ed in Australia. Per comprendere la efficacia di tali tecniche BMP è necessario analizzarle e, soprattutto, analizzare il loro effetto sul territorio in cui esse vengono inserite e sul regime idrogeologico dell’ambiente. Questa analisi può essere svolta con prove sperimentali su aree di controllo (soluzione economicamente gravosa) o attraverso modelli matematici tramite l’utilizzo di software di calcolo che simulino il comportamento delle portate, dei tiranti idrici e degli inquinanti nei canali e nelle strutture accessorie costituenti la rete fognaria, in conseguenza ad eventi di pioggia dei quali sia nota la distribuzione spaziale e temporale. In questo elaborato si modellizza attraverso il programma Matlab un unico elemento BMP e si osservano i suoi effetti; si procede cioè alla analisi del funzionamento di un ipotetico brown roof installato nella zona di Rimini e si osservano i benefici effetti che ne derivano in termini di volumi di pioggia trattenuti dal sistema considerando diverse tipologie di pioggia e diversi parametri progettuali per il tetto (i fori dello strato inferiore del tetto, la altezza dello strato di terreno, la sua permeabilità e la sua porosità). Si procede poi con la analisi di una ipotetica zona commerciale che sorge sulle sponde di un fiume. Tali analisi vengono svolte con il software HEC-RAS per quanto riguarda la analisi dei livelli del fiume e delle zone a rischio di inondazione. I risultati forniti da questo studio preliminare vengono poi utilizzati come condizioni al contorno per una successiva analisi effettuata con il software InfoWorks in cui si valutano i benefici che derivano dalla installazione di diverse BMP nella zona commerciale oggetto di studio. Tale modello esamina un verosimile scenario inglese, la cittadina infatti si ipotizza situata in Inghilterra e anche gli eventi pluviometrici a cui ci si riferisce sono tipici eventi di pioggia inglesi. Tutti i dati di input elaborati nelle simulazioni sono stati forniti all’interno di un progetto universitario svolto presso l’università di Bradford con la supervisione dei professori Simon Tait ed Alma Schellart. Infine la parte conclusiva dell’elaborato è stata sviluppata in collaborazione con Hera S.p.a. di Rimini all’interno di un percorso di tirocinio curriculare che ha previsto la analisi delle tecnologie BMP adatte per l’ambiente cittadino di Rimini e la osservazione delle performance garantite da tecnologie esistenti sul territorio: i parcheggi permeabili. La realtà riminese infatti deve far fronte a diversi problemi che si innescano durante i periodi di pioggia ed una mitigazione dei volumi di acqua in arrivo alla fognatura grazie a questo tipo di tecnologie, senza quindi ricorrere agli usuali sistemi puntuali, porterebbe sicuramente a notevoli vantaggi. Tali tecnologie però non devono solo essere progettate e costruite in modo corretto, ma devono essere sottoposte a periodici controlli ed adeguate operazioni di manutenzione per non perdere la loro efficacia. Per studiare tale aspetto si procede quindi alla misura della permeabilità di parcheggi drenanti presenti all’interno dei comuni di Cattolica e Rimini ricercando i fattori che influenzano tale caratteristica fondamentale dei parcheggi.

Mitigazione dell'isola di calore attraverso i tetti verdi: il caso di studio di Via Terracini a Bologna

Con il termine “tetti verdi” si intendono vere e proprie coperture vegetate, che fungono da valida alterativa alle tipologie convenzionali a coppi oppure in guaina impermeabilizzante. Per quanto questi possano essere considerati una soluzione moderna relativa alle diverse Best Management Practices (BMP), in realtà sono stati realizzati e sfruttati fin dall'antichità. Dagli anni Settanta ad oggi hanno preso sempre più piede in Europa e negli altri continenti a causa dei molteplici benefici che li accompagnano a livello ambientale. All'interno di questo studio ci si pone l‟obiettivo di valutarne i vantaggi, principalmente a livello energetico ed idraulico, riscontrati in letteratura, direttamente sul campo, grazie al sito di studio presso la sede di Ingegneria di via Terracini, Bologna. Sulle coperture del LAGIRN (Laboratorio di Geoingegneria e Risorse Naturali), infatti, nell‟estate 2013 sono stati realizzati due tetti verdi (uno a Sedum, che sarà indicato con la sigla GR, e uno con piante autoctone, identificato con la sigla NA). Tramite il confronto tra le temperature registrate grazie a diversi tipi di strumentazione, è stato possibile quantificare i comportamenti delle coperture su scala annuale, non solo l‟una rispetto l‟altra, ma anche in rapporto a una porzione di tetto lasciata a guaina bituminosa (indicato con la sigla RR). Considerando il ruolo della vegetazione come strumento per la mitigazione del fenomeno d‟isola di calore urbana, infine, con l‟ausilio del software CFD denominato ENVI-met si è modellata l‟intera area del Lazzaretto e si sono simulati tre diversi scenari: 1) Lo stato attuale 2) Una situazione ipotetica con tutte coperture a Sedum 3) Una situazione ipotetica con tutte coperture con specie autoctone per la giornata estiva più calda e per un comune giorno di Ottobre, a seguito di una minuziosa calibrazione. Il confronto tra la situazione reale e quelle supposte dimostra la validità dei green roofs nella lotta al riscaldamento delle grandi città.

Sediment yield reduction in an agricultural watershed

With proper application of Best Management Practices (BMPs), the impact from the sediment to the water bodies could be minimized. However, finding the optimal allocation of BMP can be difficult, since there are numerous possible options. Also, economics plays an important role in BMP affordability and, therefore, the number of BMPs able to be placed in a given budget year. In this study, two methodologies are presented to determine the optimal cost-effective BMP allocation, by coupling a watershed-level model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), with two different methods, targeting and a multi-objective genetic algorithm (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II, NSGA-II). For demonstration, these two methodologies were applied to an agriculture-dominant watershed located in Lower Michigan to find the optimal allocation of filter strips and grassed waterways. For targeting, three different criteria were investigated for sediment yield minimization, during the process of which it was found that the grassed waterways near the watershed outlet reduced the watershed outlet sediment yield the most under this study condition, and cost minimization was also included as a second objective during the cost-effective BMP allocation selection. NSGA-II was used to find the optimal BMP allocation for both sediment yield reduction and cost minimization. By comparing the results and computational time of both methodologies, targeting was determined to be a better method for finding optimal cost-effective BMP allocation under this study condition, since it provided more than 13 times the amount of solutions with better fitness for the objective functions while using less than one eighth of the SWAT computational time than the NSGA-II with 150 generations did.

Lessons Learned From Loko I‘a Culture: How Hawaiian Ecological Knowledge Influences Environmental Policies

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

An interview-based cognitive analysis of stakeholder perceptions of whale watching in Puget Sound, Washington

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Land Use and Water Quality Correlations in Miami-Dade, Florida

South Florida continues to become increasingly developed and urbanized. My exploratory study examines connections between land use and water quality. The main objectives of the project were to develop an understanding of how land use has affected water quality in Miami-Dade canals, and an economic optimization model to estimate the costs of best management practices necessary to improve water quality. Results indicate Miami-Dade County land use and water quality are correlated. Through statistical factor and cluster analysis, it is apparent that agricultural areas are associated with higher concentrations of nitrogen, while urban areas commonly have higher levels of phosphorous than agricultural areas. The economic optimization model shows that urban areas can improve water quality by lowering fertilizer inputs. Agricultural areas can also implement methods to improve water quality although it may be more expensive than urban areas. It is important to keep solutions in mind when looking towards future water quality improvements in South Florida.

Rathbun Lake Special Project: BMPs for priority land in Targeted Sub-Watershed 2012 1221-010, Final Report 2013-2061,

The Rathbun Land and Water Alliance and partners have undertaken a highly effective approach to water quality protection through the Rathbun Lake Special Project. This approach is achieving a significant reduction in the sediment and phosphorus that impair water quality in Rathbun Lake and its tributaries as a result of the targeted application of best management practices (BMPs) for priority land in the watershed. This project application proposes to assist landowners to apply BMPs that will reduce sediment and phosphorus delivery from priority land in three targeted sub-watersheds as part of the Rathbun Lake Special Project. Features of this project are: (1) use of geographic information system (GIS) analysis to identify priority land that requires BMPs; (2) assistance for landowners to apply BMPs for 1,200 acres that will reduce the annual delivery of sediment by 1,800 tons and phosphorus by 6,000 pounds; (3) evaluation of the benefits from BMP application using GIS analysis and water quality monitoring; and (4) watershed outreach activities that encourage landowners to apply BMPs for priority land to protect water quality.

Rathbun Lake Special Project BMPs for Priority Land in Targeted Sub-Watersheds 2012: Final Report: 1221-010, 2013-2016, June 27, 2016

The Rathbun Land and Water Alliance and partners have undertaken a highly effective approach to water quality protection through the Rathbun Lake Special Project. This approach is achieving a significant reduction in the sediment and phosphorus that impair water quality in Rathbun Lake and its tributaries as a result of the targeted application of best management practices (BMPs) for priority land in the watershed. This project application proposes to assist landowners to apply BMPs that will reduce sediment and phosphorus delivery from priority land in three targeted sub-watersheds as part of the Rathbun Lake Special Project. Features of this project are:(1) use of geographic information system (GIS) analysis to identify priority land that requires BMPs;(2) assistance for landowners to apply BMPs for 1,200 acres that will reduce the annual delivery of sediment by 1,800 tons and phosphorus by 6,000 pounds;(3) evaluation of the benefits from BMP application using GIS analysis and water quality monitoring; and (4) watershed outreach activities that encourage landowners to apply BMPs for priority land to protect water quality.

Delivering Regional Extension in Qld Farming Systems - Central Queensland

The CQ Cotton Regional Extension project has been a key to the delivery of emerging, cutting edge research information and knowledge to the Central Queensland cotton industry. The direct relevance of southern research to cotton production under the conditions experienced in CQ always has been an issue which could be addressed through regional assessment and adaptation. The project links the national research to the region through development and extension, with a strong focus on the major industry production issues including but not limited to disease, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), soils, nutrition and integrated weed management. Susan Mass has supported the implementation of national industry-wide programs particularly the industry Best Management Practices program (myBMP). This project has successfully transitioned to a focus on delivering national outcomes in target lead areas as part of National Development and Delivery Team established by Cotton CRC, CRDC and Cotton Australia, while maintaining a regional extension presence for Central Queensland cotton & grain farming systems. Susan Mass has very effectively merged and integrated strong regional extension support to cotton growers in Central Queensland with delivery of industry extension priorities across the entire industry in the Development and Delivery Team model. Susan is the target lead for disease and farm hygiene. Recognising the challenges of having regionally relevant research in Central Queensland, this project has facilitated locally based research including boll rot, Bt cotton resistance management, and mealybug biology through strong collaborations. This collaborative approach has included linkage to Department of Environment and Resource Managmeent (DERM) groups and myBMP programs resulting in a high uptake in CQ.

MAXIMIZING LANDSCAPE PERFORMANCE AT ADVENTIST HOSPITAL: HEALING THE PEOPLE, HEALING SLIGO CREEK

This paper answers the question of whether a design intervention on Washington Adventist Hospital’s Takoma Park campus can combine stormwater Best Management Practices with outdoor healing spaces, to improve the health of the local creek (Sligo Creek) while creating a restorative environment for the hospital community. To improve the health of Sligo Creek, a campus-wide stormwater analysis was undertaken, in addition to an intervention-site-specific stormwater analysis, and a literature review of stormwater best management practices. To create a restorative environment, a literature review of healing gardens was undertaken, in addition to a campus-wide site analysis, to uncover the most ideally suited site to create a restorative environment.

An Ecological Analysis of the Potential for Moss-Based Green Roof Design

Green roofs are a maturing application of best management practices for controlling urban stormwater runoff. The majority of green roofs are planted with drought resistant, higher plant species, such as the genus Sedum. However, other plant varieties, such as mosses, may be equally applicable. Residential roofs and natural terrestrial communities were sampled in both Maryland and Tennessee to determine moss community structure and species water composition. This served as a natural analog for potential green roof moss communities. During sampling, 21 species of moss were identified throughout the 37 total sites. The average percent moss cover and water composition across all roof sites was 40.7% and 38.6%, respectively and across all natural sites, 76.7% and 47.7%, respectively. Additional maximum water holding capacity procedures were completed on sedum and 19 of the 21 sampled moss species to assess their individual potential for stormwater absorption. Sedum species on average held 166% of their biomass in water, while moss species held 732%. The results of this study are used as a basis to propose moss species that will improve green roof performance.

Eutrofização e qualidade da água na piscicultura: consequências e recomendações

The eutrophication (cultural or anthropogenic) is induced by man and can have different origins, such as domestic sewage, industrial and agricultural activities, including the effluent still breeding systems of aquatic organisms. The expansion of aquaculture, with production of biomass and increase of nutrients in water may cause acceleration of productivity of algae, changing the ecology of aquatic systems. In addition, these waste water may present a risk to health through the transfer of pathogens from manure, plant residues, composted material, among others that are major sources of organic waste in some farming systems. Depending on the trophic level of fish ponds, which are dynamic environments, different planktonic species with short reproductive cycle and adapted to the changes contained in these systems can appear in high abundance. Water quality in the systems for raising fish is related to several factors, such as water source, management (liming, fertilizing, cleaning), cultivated species and quantity and composition of exogenous food. In order to minimize environmental impacts, there are techniques to improve the quality of water in fish farming systems and thus satisfactory answers can be obtained through the application of management practices. This paper aims to review the subject that deals with changes in water quality resulting from the activity of freshwater fish culture in Brazil. Search also recommend techniques of good management practices to minimize the impact generated by the activity.

Soil quality assessment in conservation agriculture systems

Soil is a key resource that provides the basis of food production and sustains and delivers several ecosystems services including regulating and supporting services such as water and climate regulation, soil formation and the cycling of nutrients carbon and water. During the last decades, population growth, dietary changes and the subsequent pressure on food production, have caused severe damages on soil quality as a consequence of intensive, high input-based agriculture. While agriculture is supposed to maintain and steward its most important resource base, it compromises soil quality and fertility through its impact on erosion, soil organic matter and biodiversity decline, compaction, etc., and thus the necessary yield increases for the next decades. New or improved cropping systems and agricultural practices are needed to ensure a sustainable use of this resource and to fully take the advantages of its associated ecosystem services. Also, new and better soil quality indicators are crucial for fast and in-field soil diagnosis to help farmers decide on the best management practices to adopt under specific pedo-climatic conditions. Conservation Agriculture and its fundamental principles: minimum (or no) soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover and crop rotation /intercropping certainly figure among the possibilities capable to guarantee sustainable soil management. The iSQAPER project – Interactive Soil Quality Assessment in Europe and China for Agricultural Productivity and Environmental Resilience – is tackling this problem with the development of a Soil Quality application (SQAPP) that links soil and agricultural management practices to soil quality indicators and will provide an easy-to-use tool for farmers and land managers to judge their soil status. The University of Évora is the leader of WP6 - Evaluating and demonstrating measures to improve Soil Quality. In this work package, several promising soil and agricultural management practices will be tested at selected sites and evaluated using the set of soil quality indicators defined for the SQAPP tool. The project as a whole and WP6 in specific can contribute to proof and demonstrate under different pedoclimatic conditions the impact of Conservation Agriculture practices on soil quality and function as was named the call under which this project was submitted.

Applicability of a distributed watershed pollution model in a data-poor environment in Santa Catarina State, Brazil

Intensification of agricultural production without a sound management and regulations can lead to severe environmental problems, as in Western Santa Catarina State, Brazil, where intensive swine production has caused large accumulations of manure and consequently water pollution. Natural resource scientists are asked by decision-makers for advice on management and regulatory decisions. Distributed environmental models are useful tools, since they can be used to explore consequences of various management practices. However, in many areas of the world, quantitative data for model calibration and validation are lacking. The data-intensive distributed environmental model AgNPS was applied in a data-poor environment, the upper catchment (2,520 ha) of the Ariranhazinho River, near the city of Seara, in Santa Catarina State. Steps included data preparation, cell size selection, sensitivity analysis, model calibration and application to different management scenarios. The model was calibrated based on a best guess for model parameters and on a pragmatic sensitivity analysis. The parameters were adjusted to match model outputs (runoff volume, peak runoff rate and sediment concentration) closely with the sparse observed data. A modelling grid cell resolution of 150 m adduced appropriate and computer-fit results. The rainfall runoff response of the AgNPS model was calibrated using three separate rainfall ranges (< 25, 25-60, > 60 mm). Predicted sediment concentrations were consistently six to ten times higher than observed, probably due to sediment trapping along vegetated channel banks. Predicted N and P concentrations in stream water ranged from just below to well above regulatory norms. Expert knowledge of the area, in addition to experience reported in the literature, was able to compensate in part for limited calibration data. Several scenarios (actual, recommended and excessive manure applications, and point source pollution from swine operations) could be compared by the model, using a relative ranking rather than quantitative predictions.