Hybridization between two serranids, the coney (Cephalopholis fulva) and the creole-fish (Paranthias furcifer), at Bermuda

Intergeneric hybridization between the epinepheline serranids Cephalopholis fulva and Paranthias furcifer in waters off Bermuda was investigated by using morphological and molecular characters. Putative hybrids, as well as members of each presumed parent species, were analyzed for 44 morphological characters and screened for genetic variation at 16 nuclear allozyme loci, two nuclear (n)DNA loci, and three mitochondrial (mt)DNA gene regions. Four of 16 allozyme loci, creatine kinase (CK-B*), fumarase (FH*), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH-S*), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-B*), were unique in C. fulva and P. furcifer. Restriction fragments of two nuclear DNA intron regions, an actin gene intron and the second intron in the S7 ribosomal protein gene, also exhibited consistent differences between the two presumed parent species. Restriction fragments of three mtDNA regions—ND4, ATPase 6, and 12S/16S ribosomal RNA—were analyzed to identify maternal parentage of putative hybrids. Both morphological data and nuclear genetic data were found to be consistent with the hypothesis that the putative hybrids were the result of interbreeding between C. fulva and P. furcifer. Mean values of 38 morphological characters were different between presumed parent species, and putative hybrids were intermediate to presumed parent species for 33 of these characters. A principal component analysis of the morphological and meristic data was also consistent with hybridization between C. fulva and P. furcifer. Thirteen of 15 putative hybrids were heterozygous at all diagnostic nuclear loci, consistent with F1 hybrids. Two putative hybrids were identified as post-F1 hybrids based on homozygosity at one nuclear locus each. Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that the maternal parent of all putative hybrid individuals was C. fulva. A survey of nuclear and mitochondrial loci of 57 C. fulva and 37 P. furcifer from Bermuda revealed no evidence of introgression between the parent species mediated by hybridization.

水稻(Oryza sativa L. ssp japonica)幼苗根质膜蛋白质组分析

根质膜具有重要的生物学功能，它参与了根响应脱落酸（ABA）的一系列活动。尽管已经有很多有关ABA影响根的生长和发育的报道，但是在蛋白质组水平上研究参与ABA信号转导及相关活动的质膜蛋白质的报道还未见到。我们期望利用蛋白质组学技术平台研究外源ABA胁迫下水稻根质膜与ABA功能相关的蛋白质组的变化。 本论文通过双向电泳（2DE）结合质谱（MALDI-TOF MS 和 MALDI-TOF/TOF MS）分析的方法鉴定了102个质膜相关蛋白质。这些蛋白质功能涉及到跨膜运输（16.2%）、胁迫反应（14.3%）、物质运输（4.8%）、细胞骨架动态变化（5.7%）、细胞壁重建（3.8%）、碳代谢和能量循环（13.3%）、蛋白质代谢（14.3%）、信号转导（18.1%）和其他功能的蛋白质（4.8%），以及未知功能的蛋白质（2.9%）。其中大约30％的蛋白质以同工型的形式存在。在这些鉴定结果中，有10个斑点（代表10种蛋白质）已被报道为质膜特异的蛋白质;68个蛋白质斑点（代表58种蛋白质）是质膜相关蛋白质。其余54个蛋白质斑点（代表42种蛋白质）是首次在水稻根的质膜囊泡中被鉴定出来。 在ABA处理条件下，我们在2DE胶上发现了15个响应ABA调节的蛋白质斑点。9个上调的蛋白质斑点分别代表以下9种蛋白质：vacuolar proton-ATPase A subunit, vacuolar ATPase B subunit、patatin、 Salt-stress root protein RS1、谷氨酰氨合成酶（Glutamine synthetase，GS）、OSR40c1、H+-exporting ATPase （vacuolar ATPase E subunit）、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶I型（glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase, type I，GADPH）和醛缩酶C-1（aldolase C-1）。6个下调的蛋白质斑点分别代表4种蛋白质：endosperm lumenal binding protein、remorin protein、富含脯氨酸蛋白质（glycine-rich protein，GRP）和蔗糖合成酶（sucrose synthase, SuSy）。其中，OSR40c1和endosperm lumenal binding protein与蛋白质合成相关，从它们与ABA的关系中可以看出，ABA可能抑制了细胞的蛋白质合成。而vacuolar proton-ATPase A subunit、vacuolar ATPase B subunit和 H+-exporting ATPase参与了细胞质pH的调控，ABA致使了细胞质pH的上升。甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶I型、醛缩酶C-1和蔗糖合酶参与了细胞壁的生长发育，ABA的作用可能导致了细胞壁生长发育的延迟。ABA促使Patatin上升，其作用可能与质膜膜脂的降解有关。而ABA的刺激也使谷氨酰氨合成酶的表达显著上升，谷氨酰氨合成酶可以去除细胞内有害的游离NH+4。同时还有未知功能的富含脯氨酸蛋白质（glycine-rich protein，GRP）同样受到ABA的诱导，但具体的功能及其与ABA的关系还要进一步的实验证据。

盐角草（Salicornia europaea L.）SePSY和SeLCY基因克隆及功能分析

盐角草（Salicornia europaea L.）是一种叶片退化而茎肉质化，不具有盐腺和盐囊泡的真盐生植物，可以在1020 mM NaCl下生存。其特殊的形态适应特点使其成为研究植物抗盐性的良好实验材料。但目前与盐角草抗盐机理相关的生理和分子方面的研究还非常有限。本文以盐角草为材料，首先探讨了盐分和渗透胁迫对其光合作用和渗透平衡的影响，在此基础上进一步克隆了盐角草类胡萝卜素合成途径中的两个关键酶，八氢番茄红素合成酶（SePSY）和番茄红素β-环化酶（SeLCY）基因，并进行了功能分析。该研究对于了解类胡萝卜素在植物抗盐性中所起的作用具有重要意义。 盐分和渗透胁迫对其光合作用和渗透平衡影响的实验结果表明：200 mM NaCl是盐生植物盐角草生长的最适盐浓度，在该盐度下盐角草中叶绿素a/b的比值和光饱和点升高，植株的光合作用表现出增强的效应，植株生长最佳。而27％ PEG-6000所模拟的渗透胁迫显著降低了盐角草中叶绿色a/b的比值，抑制其光合作用和生长。200 mM NaCl下，Na+的含量显著增加，但脯氨酸含量保持不变，说明Na+对盐角草渗透平衡的作用要强于脯氨酸。同时盐角草中液泡H+-ATPase（V-H+-ATPase）活性增强，而盐角草Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因（SeNHX1）在盐分和渗透胁迫下却表现为组成型表达;我们因此推断在盐分胁迫下，Na+的吸收是由于液泡H+-ATPase活性的增强，而不是诱导SeNHX1基因的表达。同时Na+的吸收可能进一步诱导了与光合作用相关基因的表达。 盐分对植物的影响涉及植物体内包括光合作用和活性氧代谢在内的多个代谢过程。在植物中，类胡萝卜素是植物捕光天线复合体（LHC）和光系统反应中心叶绿素结合蛋白的重要组成部分。植物体内类胡萝卜素能够清除植物叶绿体，线粒体和过氧化物体在电子传递过程中产生的活性氧。同时类胡萝卜素是植物激素ABA的前体。200 mM NaCl虽然增加了盐角草细胞的渗透势，但并没有对其造成氧化胁迫和离子毒害，相反提高了其光合能力。类胡萝卜素作为植物活性氧的淬灭剂和光系统的组成成分，可能在盐角草抗盐机理中发挥着比较重要的作用。在过去的十年中，类胡萝卜素研究大多集中在其生物合成和提高作物中类胡萝卜素含量方面，可是，在植物对非生物逆境（如氧化和盐分胁迫）的适应机制中，类胡萝卜素合成途径究竟发挥什么作用目前还不是很清楚。为了了解盐角草中类胡萝卜素合成途径在植物逆境的适应机制中所发挥的作用，本文采用RACE的方法克隆了盐角草类胡萝卜素合成途径中的两个关键酶基因 SePSY和SeLCY，将它们构建到植物表达载体SN1301中，转化拟南芥，并对它们进行了初步的功能分析。 研究发现盐角草SePSY基因全长1655 bp，编码419个氨基酸，推测分子量为47.2 kDa，等电点为8.92。其蛋白在1-65个氨基酸处有一个信号肽。在1-19和242-264氨基酸处有2个跨膜区。盐角草SeLCY基因全长1937 bp，编码498个氨基酸，推测分子量为56.1 kDa，等电点为8.41。其蛋白在1-37个氨基酸处有一个信号肽。在79-96，367-385和454-474氨基酸处有3个跨膜区。SePSY和SeLCY基因过量表达均促进转基因拟南芥的生长，转SePSY基因拟南芥次生根数目比野生型拟南芥明显增多。SePSY和SeLCY基因的过量表达还使转基因拟南芥对百草枯的抗性得到提高;SePSY基 因的过量表达增强了植株体内抗氧化保护酶过氧化物酶（POD），超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性，但过氧化氢酶 （CAT）的变化不显著;转SeLCY基因株系POD，SOD，CAT的活性都有所增强，但转SePSY基因株系中POD活性明显高于 转SeLCY基因株系。转SePSY和SeLCY基因拟南芥叶片中丙二醛（MDA）和H2O2含量均降低，但转SePSY基因株系中MDA和H2O2含量明显低于转SeLCY基因株系。说明转基因拟南芥对氧化胁迫的抗性得到了提高，同时使得光系统II（PSII）和细胞膜的结构和功能不被破坏。而转SePSY基因株系对盐分和氧化胁迫的抗性明显高于转SeLCY基因株系。SePSY和SeLCY基因的过量表达还提高了转基因拟南芥的光合效率，气孔导度和Fv/Fm比值。 SePSY和SeLCY基因转化拟南芥及其功能分析的初步结果表明，SePSY和SeLCY基因的过量表达提高了转基因拟南芥对体内活性氧（ROS）的清除能力，增强了拟南芥的光合能力，进而提高了拟南芥的抗盐性。

水稻幼苗的低温伤害及其和能量代谢的关系

本实验研究了水稻幼苗低温伤害的机理，并比较了两个抗寒性不同的水稻品种在2—4ºC低温处理一至四天期间和在30℃恢复期间，膜透性、呼吸作用和腺苷酸含量及能荷变化，丙酮酸激酶活性质膜ATPase水解活性和线粒体ATPase磷酸化活性的变化和蛋白质合成速率的变化。结果表明，水稻幼苗相对电导率随低温处理天数的增加而迅速地增加，在抗寒的早二六14中增加较慢，在抗寒性差的二九丰中增加较快。受冷四天的幼苗在3 0ºC下恢复一天后，早二六14的相对电导率能大幅度地下降，而二九丰仍然保持高水平。呼吸活性在低温处理l一3天起伏不定，但到第四天又剧烈地下降，若这时在30℃恢复一天后，呼吸活性又迅速增加。早二六14和二九丰的呼吸活性变化趋势十分相似。低温使幼苗中ATP含量和总腺苷酸含量显著地下降。处理一天后，早二六14和二九丰的ATP含量分别下降75%和78%，总腺苷酸含量都下降68%左右，ADP和AMP含量变化趋势与ATP相似，但下降幅度不如ATP明显，能荷分别从0.80和0.81降低至0.70和0.69 , ATP ∕ ADP比率分别从3∙ 4 7和4.45下降至1.60和1.46。之后继续低温处理，ATP、ADP和AMP含量和能荷及ATP/ADP比率基本上维持稳定。当受冷四天的幼苗在30ºC恢复一天后，ATP含量和总腺苷酸含量在这两个品种都显著地恢复上升，但上升的幅度在早二六1 4中大于二九丰。能荷也能恢复至正常的水平，AT P/ ADP在早二六14中从1.90上升至2.4 4，而在二九丰中没有增加。低温处理后，质膜ATPase活性明显上升，其变化幅度二九丰大于早二六14 ,尤其在2.5天的低温处理后，在二九丰中增加100%，而在早二六14中只增加12%。此外，通过分析质膜人ATPase对不同温度的反应情况，进一步证明了品种间的差异性。利用完整的线粒体在底物ADP的存在下直接侧定ATP产生速度证明了线粒体ATPase磷酸化活性在低温处理四天后显著下降。同时，丙酮酸激酶活性也下降。以3H一亮氨酸标记的实验结果表明，水稻幼苗经低温处理后，蛋白质合成速度显著下降，但在早二六1 4中下降幅度较小，在二九丰中下降幅度较大，并且在低温期间，早二六14的蛋白质合成速度总是明显大于二九丰。当受冷4天的幼苗在30ºC恢复一天后，蛋白质合成速度迅速上升，并超过未经低温处理的对照水平，在早二六14中恢复上升幅度大于二九丰。以上这些结果表明，低温损伤了水稻幼苗细胞膜的结构，使膜透性增加，引起非正常的呼吸，改变了与膜结合的质膜ATPase水解活性和线粒体ATPase磷酸化活性，同时也改变了糖酵解中的丙酮酸激酶活性，造成AT水平、能荷或ATP/ADP比值的下降。由于能量代谢的失调，蛋白质合成过程受到严重障碍，超过一定限定，幼苗不能正常生长而死亡。品种间抗寒性的差异也在上述变化中反映出来。

豌豆子叶吸胀过程中线粒体膜发育的研究

线粒体是细胞呼吸和能量转换的重要细胞器，线粒体膜系统的发育研究具有重要的理论意义。 本文以碗豆子叶为实验材料，运用电镜观察，膜蛋白的生化特性分析等技术研究在吸胀过程中线粒体膜系统的发育。 电镜观察表明，随着吸服度增，线粒体由干种子时的囊泡状逐渐发展成内嵴和内含物丰富的完整状态。 H+— A T P a se。的转能活性和呼吸链上的细胞色素氧化酶的活性均随吸胀度增加而升高。 不同抑制处理的研究表明，低温使线粒体及其膜结构完整化变得缓慢，并且H+— A T Pase活性增长受到影响，可溶性ATPase(F1—ATPase)的α、β亚基含量减少。而受过，60 C。—r，射线照射的子叶和在亚胺环已酮溶液中吸胀的子叶，其线粒体超徽结构，H+—ATPase转能活性细胞色素氧化酶活性均未受到影响。 综上所述，我们推论。豌豆子叶的吸胀伴随着线粒体膜的发育，它不是简单的蛋白质水合复原过程。在这个过程中包含有膜结构的完整化，膜上酶蛋白如H+—-ATPase和细胞色素氧化酶的组装和活化。这些酶蛋白可能是原已存在于线粒体内外的蛋白成份或亚基以水为媒介，经过转运组装而表现出活性，也可能是蛋白质的从新合成，但我们的实验结果倾向于前者H+—-ATPase活性的差异既可以表现在关键因子F1—ATPase。αβ亚基的含量差别上。也可以表现在调控因子的差异上。

水稻幼苗脱黄化过程以及灌浆期茎的蛋白质组学研究

水稻既是我国三大粮食作物之一，又是基因组学研究的模式材料，在生产实践和科学研究中都占有极其重要的地位。基因组学研究取得的巨大成就以前所未有的深度和广度推动了生命科学各个研究领域的飞速发展。水稻基因组的破译是水稻科学研究的重要里程碑，同时也宣告了功能基因组学时代的到来。蛋白质组学是研究细胞内全部蛋白质的动态表达及其相互关系的新兴学科，是功能基因组学研究的重要组成部分和战略制高点。 本论文采用高分辨率的蛋白质双向电泳分离技术和高通量的蛋白质质谱分析技术以及生物信息学等手段，开展水稻灌浆期茎蛋白质组表达模式和水稻幼苗脱黄化过程的比较蛋白质组学研究，探讨茎生长发育规律和水稻应答光信号相关蛋白质及其网络调控机制，是学科前沿与实际应用的有机结合，在科研和生产实践中都具有重要的意义。 首先，分别构建了灌浆期水稻顶端茎段和水稻黄化幼苗的蛋白质组表达谱。并对其中185个目的蛋白点进行了MALDI-TOF/MS分析和数据库检索鉴定。共有149个蛋白质得到了鉴定，蛋白质鉴定的成功率为80.5％。这些被鉴定的蛋白质分属118个基因的表达产物，根据它们功能可以分为13种不同的类别，其中绝大多数为能量产生和代谢以及抗性相关的蛋白质。 在水稻灌浆期顶端茎段表达的蛋白质中，与能量和物质代谢相关的蛋白质例如ATPase、磷酸丙糖异构酶，6－磷酸葡萄糖异构酶等占有很高比例，说明茎段组织中具有很强的代谢活动。与生长发育相关的蛋白质包括beta-tubulins、无机焦磷酸酶（inorganic pyrophosphatase）、液泡质子ATP酶（vacuolar proton-ATPase）以及UDP葡萄糖焦磷酸酶等的大量累积，显示出顶端茎段细胞分裂和生长迅速;同时，贮存多糖和结构多糖也在旺盛合成。G蛋白、GDP释放抑制因子等信号传导蛋白以及苯丙氨酸氨解酶、谷胱苷肽S转移酶（glutathione S-transferase，GST）、抗坏血酸过氧化酶（ascorbate peroxidase，APX）以及超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）等抗性相关蛋白质在该时期丰度表达，表明在灌浆期水稻顶端茎段能够迅速感受并传递外界信号，从而使得其在遭受胁迫时能够立刻启动抗逆防御系统，最大限度地降低不利环境对种子发育的影响。 在黑暗中萌发和生长的水稻黄化幼苗随着光照时间（0~24小时）的延长，能通过双向电泳后检测到的蛋白质逐渐变少，24小时后趋于稳定，相当于正常光照条件下生长的水稻幼苗蛋白质组表达谱。进一步分析表明，在黄化苗中，分解代谢及能量产生相关的蛋白如丙糖磷酸异构酶、琥珀酰辅酶A连接酶、异戊酰辅酶A脱氢酶与ATPase等的表达量比较丰富;另外，还可能启动了脂肪酸的α氧化分解途径，以供黑暗中生长所需的物质和能量。当黄化幼苗光照后，与光合作用及物质合成相关的一些蛋白质表达量增加，而那些分解代谢相关酶类则有所下降。同时，鸟核苷酸结合蛋白β亚基类似蛋白、20S proteasome以及Bowman Birk trypsin inhibitor等信号传递及抗性相关蛋白随着光照时间的延长而减少，说明黑暗胁迫条件下水稻幼苗启动了相关的抗逆途径。叶绿素合成途径中的蛋白酶胆色素原脱氨基酶和金属鳌合酶在脱黄化过程中表达量有所下降，可能是因为叶绿素合成产物具有反馈抑制作用。 本研究首次利用蛋白质组学方法来解析水稻灌浆期茎蛋白质组表达模式和水稻黄化幼苗响应光因子的蛋白质组变化情况，鉴定了一些有价值的蛋白质，并得到了它们的表达特点和相关数据，为更好地理解水稻顶端茎秆的生长特点和功效、水稻应答黑暗胁迫和光形态建成以及光合作用机理等提供了分子证据。

大豆抗冷性的生理生化研究及其指标筛选

本文研究了10个大豆品种在吸胀期对冷害的敏感性的差异。结果表明： （1）依据对低温反应的差异，各品种可归为三种类型：a）冷敏感型，低温处理使其各种萌发指标大幅度下降;b）抗冷型，低温处理使其各种萌发指标下降很小;c）中抗型，介于两者之间。 （2）低温导致的冷敏感品种的ATP含量下降幅度大于抗冷型的。 （3）抗冷品种脱氢酶活性高，且低温导致的下降幅度小;而冷敏感品种则相反。 （4）抗冷性越强，SOD活性越高，MDA含量越低，且低温导致的MDA含量的升高也越小。 （5）除个别品种外，低温导致的敏感品种的电导率升高大于抗冷型的。 （6）低温处理下，抗性品种的胚根细胞仍具有较高的ATPase活性，含有大量液泡和内质网;而冷敏感品种不仅ATPase活性低，且只有蛋白体和拟脂体，未见到液泡和内质网。 依据以上结果，提出了大豆吸胀冷害的可能机制：低温下质膜修复与重建、ATP迅速产生及一些酶的活化的受阻可能是大豆吸胀冷害的原初反应，由此导致一系列生理、生化紊乱，以致于萌发缓慢，活力降低。 我们建议萌发生理测定、ATP含量测定及电导实验可用做大豆抗冷性的评价。

非晶状体βγ-晶状体蛋白与三叶因子蛋白复合物的细胞核转运及其选择性杀伤肿瘤细胞机制的研究

非晶状体βγ晶状体蛋白与三叶因子蛋白复合物(βγ-CAT)是从大蹼铃蟾(Bombina maxima)皮肤分泌物中分离的分子量为72 kDa的天然蛋白复合物.本研究通过激光共聚焦显微镜和Westem blot分析βγ-CAT在人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)中的细胞核转运机制,以及βγ-CAT对多株肿瘤细胞(HCT116,HT29,A375,Hela,THP-1等)的细胞毒效应.结果表明:βγ-CAT的α亚基中含有典型的GTP/ATPase的保守结构模体Walker A和Walker B,体外检测到βγ-CAT具有GTP/ATP水解酶和GTP/ATP结合活性.在细胞核转运过程中,βγ-CAT的α亚基和β亚基参与形成约150kDa含有泛素化修饰信号的大分子复合物,且泛素化修饰信号和βγ-CAT的α亚基和β亚基共定位于细胞内和融合于细胞核区域的转运囊泡小体中.βγ-CAT能够选择性的杀伤肿瘤细胞,诱导肿瘤细胞脱落和发生凋亡.上述结果为进一步深入研究阡βγ-CAT的细胞核转运和调节细胞功能的分子作用机制提供思路和线索.

Comparison of physicochemical properties of muscle proteins in cultured and wild prawns (Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) orientalis Kishinouye, 1918)

Protein physicochemical properties in cultured and wild prawns (Penaeus (F.) orientalis Kishinouye, 1918) were studied and compared. Protein fractions were separated into water-soluble, salt-soluble, alkali-soluble, and stroma. The results showed that salt- and alkali-soluble proteins were slightly higher in wild prawns and water-soluble proteins were higher in cultured prawns. There were only slight differences in Ca2+-ATPase, MG2+-ATPase, and ATP sensitivities. The textural values of wild prawns were significantly higher than the cultured ones.

Suitability of sodium lactate as cryoprotectant and its effect on gel forming ability and protein denaturation of croaker fish surimi during frozen storage

The effect of sodium lactate is compared with sucrose + sorbitol + sodium tri-poly phosphate as cryoprotectant on gel forming ability & protein denaturation of croaker surimi during frozen storage at -20±2°C for 90 days was evaluated. The quality of Croaker surimi with 6% (w/v) sodium lactate was examined in terms of biochemical parameters of muscle protein, thaw drip, gel strength and calcium ATPase activity :.omparing with those of surimi added with sucrose/sorbitol & without additive as control. Both the cryoprotectants minimized the negative effects of frozen storage on physico-chemical traits of myofibrillar proteins which was evident from the biochemical and sensory parameters. The residual Ca2+ ATPase activity and gel strength of surimi with sodium lactate were higher than those of control throughout 90 days of storage. Ca2+ A TPase activity and gel strength found a high positive correlation. From the results, it was found that sodium lactate was equally effective in preservation of croaker muscle protein native structure during frozen storage as the sucrose/ sorbitol and also less sweet without any risk of maillard browning.

大蹼铃蟾非晶状体βγ-晶状体蛋白与三叶因子蛋白复合物和基因及制法及用途

本发明涉及一种大蹼铃蟾非晶状体βγ-晶状体蛋白与三叶因子蛋白复合物和基因及制法及用途。其天然表观分子量为72kDa，由α亚基和β亚基按αβ2的分子形式以非共价键连接而成，为一类新的ATPase和GTPase酶，具有多种细胞生物活性，在体外纳摩尔水平能够杀死多种肿瘤细胞、抑制肿瘤细胞生长和诱导肿瘤细胞脱落和凋亡。在皮摩尔水平具有促进创伤修复的活性。在细胞外经单泛素化修饰，能够直接转运到细胞核中进行基因表达的调控从而调节细胞状态，包括细胞迁移、脱落、生长。本发明的蛋白复合物提供了非晶状体βγ-晶状体蛋白全新的细胞生物学功能及其能够与三叶因子蛋白协同作用的机制，可应用于生物医学试剂制备和抗肿瘤以及促进创伤修复制药

Improved handling and preservation of freshwater giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii for producing safe and wholesome products

Studies were undertaken to evaluate the quality changes in freshwater giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii during various storage conditions of handling and preservation and producing safe and quality products. The samples kept in ice immediately after catch with head-on and head-less condition were found to be acceptable for 6 days and 7 days, respectively. Delaying of icing considerably shortened the shelf-life. The pH value increased from 6.36 to 8.0 after 10 days in ice. The initial average TVB-N value of sample increased from below 10 mg/100 g to 25 mg/100 g with the lapse of storage period. The Ca++ ATPase activity in presence of 0.1M KCl slightly decreased at the end of 10 days of ice storage. Immediately after harvest, initial aerobic plate count (APC) was 2.88x10^6 CFU/g which gradually increased to 1.12x10^8 CFU/g after 6 days in ice storage and showed early signs of spoilage. Initial bacterial genera in the prawn iced at 0 hours were comprised of Coryneform (22.21 %), Bacillus (7.40%), Micrococcus (11.11 %), Achromobacter (48.14%), Flavobacterium/Cytophaga (7.40%), Pseudomonas (3.70%) and Aeromonas (3.70%). During ice storage Coryneforms and Bacillus were always dominating along with less prominent ones - Micrococcus, Achromobacter and Flavobacterium. Studies were conducted on the stability of myofibrillar protein of M. rosenbergii under different storage and pH conditions. The influence of a wide range of pH on the remaining Ca++ ATPase activity of M. rosenbergii muscle myofibrils after storage at -20°C for 2 days, at 0°C for 2 days and at 35°C for 30 minutes demonstrated that ATPase activities were lower in acidic and alkaline pH regions and the activity remained relatively high. Mg++ ATPase activities both in presence and absence of Ca++ remained high at neutral pH compared to those of acidic and alkaline region. The solubility of myofibrillar protein decreased gradually both in acidic and alkaline pH regions. The study also examined the bacteriological quality of freshly harvested M. rosenbergii, pond sediment and pond water from four commercial freshwater prawn farms at Fulpur and Tarakanda upazilas in the district of Mymensingh. The study included aerobic plate count (APC), total coliform count, detection, isolation and identification of suspected public health hazard bacteria and their seasonal variation, salt tolerance test, antibiotic sensitivity test of the isolates and washing effect of chlorinated water on the bacterial load in the prawn samples. APC in sediment soil and water of the farm and gill and hepatopancreas of freshly harvested prawns varied considerably among the farms and between summer and winter season. The range of coliform count in water, gill and hepatopancreas ranged between 6 - 2.8x10^2 CFU/ml, 1.2x10^2 - 3.32x10^2 CFU/g and 1.43x10^2 - 3.89 x10^3 CFU/g, respectively. No coliform was detected in pond sediment sample. Suspected health hazard bacteria isolated and identified from pond sediment, water, gill and hepatopancreas included Streptococcus, Bacillus, Escherichia coli, Klebsialla, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas. Bacillus, Salmonella and Staphyloccus [sic], and were found to be highly salt tolerant and capable of growing at 10% NaCl. The antibiotic discs with different concentration of antibiotics were used for the sensitivity test. The organisms were found to be most sensitive against Tetracyclin and Gentamycin.

Technological aspects of preservation and processing of edible shell fishes III. Factors influencing the keeping quality of crab (Scylla serrata) during freezing and frozen storage

The possible factors leading to the loss of flavour and general quality of crab during freezing and frozen storage have been studied. The preprocess ice storage condition of the raw material was found to be one such important factor while the fresh frozen crab meat remained in good organoleptic condition for about 51 weeks at -23°C, the 7 days iced material held frozen was found to have a shelf life of about 21 weeks. The fall in myofibrillar protein noted during frozen storage together with the loss of myosin ATPase activity correlated well with the loss of organoleptic qualities.

Denaturation of Labeo rohita (Rohu) actomyosin on frozen storage: preventive effect of carbohydrates

The preventive effect of sucrose and glucose on the denaturation of frozen rohu actomyosin at -20°C for 7 weeks was examined using an in vitro test model. The rate of denaturation was followed by estimating percentage salt extractability, Ca¹²+ ATPase activity and the clearing response test. Sucrose and glucose showed cryoprotective action for all concentration of actomyosin. Higher actomyosin concentration was preserved better than lower concentration. Post-rigor actomyosin was preserved to a greater extent than pre-rigor actomyosin. Correlation between percentage salt extractability and enzyme activity could not be observed in all samples of frozen actomyosin studied.

Comparison of physicochemical properties of muscle proteins in cultured and wild prawns (Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) orientalis Kishinouye, 1918)

Protein physicochemical properties in cultured and wild prawns (Penaeus (F.) orientalis Kishinouye, 1918) were studied and compared. Protein fractions were separated into water-soluble, salt-soluble, alkali-soluble, and stroma. The results showed that salt- and alkali-soluble proteins were slightly higher in wild prawns and water-soluble proteins were higher in cultured prawns. There were only slight differences in Ca super(2+)-ATPase, MG super(2+)-ATPase, and ATP sensitivities. The textural values of wild prawns were significantly higher than the cultured ones.