Price discovery for Chinese shares cross-listed in multiple markets

In this article we study the relationship between security returns cross-listed on the A share market of China and the H share market at the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong (SEHK). Most of these securities are also cross-listed on other markets. An important feature of this article is that we focus on the multilateral relationships between all cross-listed markets rather than concentrating only on the bi-lateral relationship between A and Hong Kong H shares. Using the impulse response functions and the variance decompositions from a Vector Autoregressive (VAR) process we show that the returns to the A share market are almost exclusively determined by domestic factors. In contrast, we find that the H share market is influenced by both the A share market within China and foreign stock markets elsewhere in the world. Impulse response functions suggest that innovations to the A share market and the Hong Kong H share market are partly transmitted to each other and to stock markets outside China. We show that liquidity has an important role to play in determining the impact that the home market has on cross-listed variance decompositions. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

The role of pre-existing liquidity in determining price efficiency and liquidity gains following the introduction of SETSmm

In this paper we examine the impact that the new trading system SETSmm had on market quality measures such as firm value, liquidity and pricing efficiency. This system was introduced for mid-cap securities on the London Stock Exchange in 2003. We show that there is a small SETSmm return premium associated with the announcement that securities are to migrate to the new trading system. We find that migration to SETSmm also improves liquidity and pricing efficiency and these changes are related to the return premium. We also find that these gains are stronger for firms with high pre SETSmm liquidity and weaker for firms with low SETSmm liquidity. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Evaluating spread models with a basket security

In this article we evaluate the most widely used spread decomposition models using Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs). These funds are an example of a basket security and allow the diversification of private information causing these securities to have lower adverse selection costs than individual securities. We use this feature as a criterion for evaluating spread decomposition models. Comparisons of adverse selection costs for ETF's and control securities obtained from spread decomposition models show that only the Glosten-Harris (1988) and the Madhavan-Richardson-Roomans (1997) models provide estimates of the spread that are consistent with the diversification of private information in a basket security. Our results are robust even after controlling for the stock exchange. © 2011 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

The impact of the closing call auction:an examination of effects in London

This article examines the impact on market quality that the introduction of a closing call auction had at the London Stock Exchange (LSE). Using the market model approach of Cohen et al. (1983a, b) OpenURL Aston University, b) we show that opening and closing market quality improved for those Financial Times and Stock Exchange 100 (FTSE 100) securities participating in the closing call. A control sample of stocks is not characterized by discernable changes to market quality.

Using the Agglomerative Method of Hierarchical Clustering as a Data Mining Tool in Capital Market

The purpose of this paper is to explain the notion of clustering and a concrete clustering method- agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm. It shows how a data mining method like clustering can be applied to the analysis of stocks, traded on the Bulgarian Stock Exchange in order to identify similar temporal behavior of the traded stocks. This problem is solved with the aid of a data mining tool that is called XLMiner™ for Microsoft Excel Office.

Tax implications of dividend policy

This study examines the tax-arbitrage possibilities on the Budapest Stock Exchange between 1995 and 2007. The theoretical possibility for the arbitrage is the different taxation for different stockholders, for the private investors and for the institutions: the institutions had higher taxation on capital gain while private persons in the whole period had tax-benefits on capital gains. The dynamic clientele model shows, that there is a range of the price drops after dividend payouts which guarantees a risk-free profit for both parties. The research is based on the turnover data from 97 companies listed on the Budapest Stock Exchange. We have tested the significant turnovers around the dividend-dates. The study presents clear evidence that investors continuously did take advantages on the different taxation.

Volt-e likviditási válság? Volatilitás és likviditás kapcsolatának vizsgálata (Was there a liquidity crisis? Analysis the relationship between volatility and liquidity)

Széleskörűen alátámasztott, empirikus tény, hogy önmagában a nagyobb volatilitás csökkenti a piac likviditását, vagyis változékonyabb piacokon várhatóan nagyobb lesz egy-egy tranzakció áreltérítő hatása. Kutatásomban azt a kérdést vizsgáltam, hogy a Budapesti Értéktőzsdén az OTP-részvény piacán a 2007/2008-as válságban tapasztalható, átmeneti likviditáscsökkenés betudható volt-e egyszerűen a megnövekedett volatilitásnak, vagy ezen túl abban más tényezők (pl. a szereplők körének és viselkedésének drasztikus megváltozása, általános forráscsökkenés stb.) is szerepet játszhattak-e. A volatilitást a loghozamok szórásával, illetve a tényleges ársávval, míg az illikviditást a Budapesti Likviditási Mértékkel (BLM) reprezentáltam. Egyrészt azt állapítottam meg, hogy az OTP esetében a tényleges ársáv szorosabban korrelál a BLM-mel, mint a szórás. Másrészt az is egyértelmű, hogy a válság előtti kapcsolat a volatilitás és a likviditás között a válságban és azután már jelentősen megváltozott. Válságban az illikviditás jóval nagyobb volt, mint amit a volatilitás növekedése alapján vártunk, a válság lecsengése után azonban megfordult ez a reláció. _________ It is a widely supported empirical fact, that the greater volatility in itself decreases the liquidity of the market, namely more volatile a market is, the higher a transaction’s price impact will be. I have examined in my paper the question, whether the decrease of liquidity during the crisis of 2007/2008 in case of the OTP stock – traded on the Budapest Stock Exchange – was the consequence of the increased volatility, or other factors had an effect on the illiquidity as well (e.g.: the drastic change of market participants’ behaviour; reduction of fi nancing sources; etc.). I have represented volatility with the standard deviation of the logreturns, and with the true range, while the illiquidity with the Budapest Liquidity Measure (BLM). On one hand I have identifi ed, that in case of the OTP, the true range has a stronger relationship with the BLM than the standard deviation has. On the other hand it was clear, that the relationship between volatility and liquidity has changed notably during and after the crisis. During crisis the illiquidity was greater than what I have estimated based on the volatility increase, but after the crisis this relation has changed.

The impact of perceived corporate environmental performance on the behavior of capital market decision makers : analysis of food industry companies

Environmental protectionism and sustainable development has been gaining increased attention among governments, investors and consumers alike. As a result, firms are facing growing pressure from the various stakeholders to improve their environmental performance. This study is focusing on the food industry, which in recent years has been a subject of increased scrutiny due to their role in resource consumption, waste generation and unsustainable production practices. Our research is aiming to examine how the financial community evaluates the environmental stewardship of food industry companies as proxied by market reactions in response to environmental news. Are all company related environmental news items evaluated equally, and which financial and non-financial firm-specific attributes can influence market responses? Have there been changes in reactions on the stock exchange in the past two decades?

Analysis of the Bovespa Futures and Spot Indexes With High Frequency Data. Chinese Business Review

Data from the World Federation of Exchanges show that Brazil’s Sao Paulo stock exchange is one of the largest worldwide in terms of market value. Thus, the objective of this study is to obtain univariate and bivariate forecasting models based on intraday data from the futures and spot markets of the BOVESPA index. The interest is to verify if there exist arbitrage opportunities in Brazilian financial market. To this end, three econometric forecasting models were built: ARFIMA, vector autoregressive (VAR), and vector error correction (VEC). Furthermore, it presents the results of a Granger causality test for the aforementioned series. This type of study shows that it is important to identify arbitrage opportunities in financial markets and, in particular, in the application of these models on data of this nature. In terms of the forecasts made with these models, VEC showed better results. The causality test shows that futures BOVESPA index Granger causes spot BOVESPA index. This result may indicate arbitrage opportunities in Brazil.

Futures Shock: Are Greedy Brokers Ruining The Economy?

[Excerpt] In a recent public relations document, the New York Stock Exchange defines its mission statement as to: “Support the capital-raising and asset management process by providing the highest quality and most cost-effective, self-regulated marketplace for the trading of financial instruments.” The common thread that runs through this and similar statements made by organized financial markets from Frankfurt to Tokyo is that they hold as their primary goals to help companies raise capital and to provide a liquid and efficient aftermarket for those securities.

L'effet des dividendes sur le rendement des titres : étude empirique canadienne (1977-1986)

Cette étude a pour objectif de voir en quoi, comment et pourquoi, les dividendes affectent le rendement des titres et, par ricochet, le prix de ceux-ci pour les firmes canadiennes cotées au Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE) entre les années 1977 et 1986. La relation entre les dividendes et le rendement des titres a été expliquée aussi bien au point de vue théorique qu'empirique. Au niveau théorique, il y a deux thèses qui se sont opposées: la première thèse, développée par Gordon (1959, 1962), soutient la pertinence de la politique de dividende dans l'évaluation de la valeur de la firme; la deuxième thèse, avancée par Modigliani et Miller (1961), soutient que la politique de dividende n'affecte pas la valeur de la firme. Du point de vue empirique, la plupart des études ont expliqué la relation «rendement des titres - rendement en dividende» par l'effet informationnel ou par l'effet fiscal. Cette étude repose essentiellement sur l'effet fiscal (l'effet informationnel a été éliminé de la relation empirique testée pour qu'il n'y ait pas de confusion entre ces deux effets). Ainsi, les hypothèses principales de l'étude sont comme suit: 1) Existe-t-il une relation significative entre le rendement en capital des titres et le rendement en dividende? 2) Y a-t-il un effet de la clientèle; autrement dit, existe-t-il un groupe d'investisseurs situés dans les tranches d'imposition les plus élevées qui achèteraient des titres à faible rendement en dividende et vice versa? Les résultats de l'étude ont abouti à la confirmation de la première hypothèse pour l'ensemble de la période d'étude (1977-1986) et à la confirmation aussi de la seconde hypothèse, mais seulement pour la sous-période (1982-1986). Une explication à ces résultats pourrait être trouvée à la fois dans la politique de versement des dividendes des entreprises canadiennes entre 1977 et 1986, dans la législation fiscale canadienne (qui a favorisé le versement des dividendes en taxant les gains en capital à partir de 1972), et enfin, dans la nature des investisseurs opérant au Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE) entre 1977 et 1986.

Sustentabilidade financeira das IPSS: 3 casos de estudo utilizando metodologias de avaliação de empresas

O presente trabalho aplica metodologias de avaliação de empresas para proceder à avaliação de Instituições Particulares de Segurança Social (IPSS), onde se procura evidenciar e alertar para as várias lacunas que demonstram a não coerência entre estudiosos e gestores. Atualmente a situação económica que vigora não é favorável, nem permite que as referidas empresas aumentem a quota aos utentes para salvaguardar a sua situação financeira. Assim o objetivo primordial é analisar a sustentabilidade financeira das referidas empresas, mediante apresentação de casos de estudo, sendo que a comparticipação da segurança social é condição necessária para a sustentabilidade financeira das mesmas. Da análise elaborada apreendemos que as várias metodologias apresentam algumas limitações, muito particularmente quando nos referimos a uma IPSS, dado serem empresas não cotadas na bolsa. As metodologias sustentadas permitiram concluir que as IPSS que compõem os casos de estudo têm algumas fragilidades económicas. No entanto a gestão diária e incisiva permitirá às mesmas continuar a desenvolver a sua atividade de forma a permanecer no ativo, sempre conscientes de que se a compartição da segurança social diminuir, a sua viabilidade ficará muitíssimo reduzida, colocando em risco a sua sobrevivência financeira.

Different legislations regarding OPA's

An analysis was made of then effectof the Tender Offer Law in Chile, andof the related situation of five countrieswith a more developed marketthan the Chilean one, reaching theconclusion that in order to successfullyimplement a Tender Offer Lawit is necessary to bear in mind thatthe problem is not solved by establishingstandards that regulate transactions,but by creating instancesthat contribute to a more dynamicand efficient market. In addition,there should exist a balance betweenprotection of the minority stockholderand competition for corporate control.Finally, we can conclude that thereis evidence that the Tender Offer Lawhas depressed the Stock Exchange.

Ventas en corto: análisis comparativo y propuesta para su implementación en el mercado de valores colombiano

Actualmente la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia adelanta un proyecto para dar vía libre a las ventas en corto de acciones en el mercado de capitales colombiano, a través de un instrumento conocido como transferencia temporal de valores (TTV) -- A partir de un análisis econométrico y del estudio de prácticas en otros mercados, el objetivo de este documento es examinar el esquema bajo el cual operarían las ventas en corto y proponer mejoras para facilitar la implementación de un mecanismo eficiente y de amplia acogida, cuya puesta en marcha contribuiría a la profundización y eficiencia del mercado de capitales y a una mayor participación de los agentes

Capital structure of Finnish firms – Estimating the effects of firm characteristics on capital structure

One of the most disputable matters in the theory of finance has been the theory of capital structure. The seminal contributions of Modigliani and Miller (1958, 1963) gave rise to a multitude of studies and debates. Since the initial spark, the financial literature has offered two competing theories of financing decision: the trade-off theory and the pecking order theory. The trade-off theory suggests that firms have an optimal capital structure balancing the benefits and costs of debt. The pecking order theory approaches the firm capital structure from information asymmetry perspective and assumes a hierarchy of financing, with firms using first internal funds, followed by debt and as a last resort equity. This thesis analyses the trade-off and pecking order theories and their predictions on a panel data consisting 78 Finnish firms listed on the OMX Helsinki stock exchange. Estimations are performed for the period 2003–2012. The data is collected from Datastream system and consists of financial statement data. A number of capital structure characteristics are identified: firm size, profitability, firm growth opportunities, risk, asset tangibility and taxes, speed of adjustment and financial deficit. A regression analysis is used to examine the effects of the firm characteristics on capitals structure. The regression models were formed based on the relevant theories. The general capital structure model is estimated with fixed effects estimator. Additionally, dynamic models play an important role in several areas of corporate finance, but with the combination of fixed effects and lagged dependent variables the model estimation is more complicated. A dynamic partial adjustment model is estimated using Arellano and Bond (1991) first-differencing generalized method of moments, the ordinary least squares and fixed effects estimators. The results for Finnish listed firms show support for the predictions of profitability, firm size and non-debt tax shields. However, no conclusive support for the pecking-order theory is found. However, the effect of pecking order cannot be fully ignored and it is concluded that instead of being substitutes the trade-off and pecking order theory appear to complement each other. For the partial adjustment model the results show that Finnish listed firms adjust towards their target capital structure with a speed of 29% a year using book debt ratio.