Desempenho operacional de transplante manual e mecanizado da cultura da alface

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

PRODUCTION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF VEGETABLES HARDWOOD IN HYDROPONICS

The hydroponic cultivation of vegetables has increased markedly in recent years, however, little is known about its chemical composition, which is of extreme importance in view of changing food habits of a considerable fraction of the population seeking food quality. For this reason, cultivation of watercress, chicory, rocket and lettuce American (Lucy Brown) and smooth (cv. Regina) were grown in hydroponics, NFT system, aiming to evaluate the yield, nitrate content and chemical composition. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis city in the Santa Catarina State (Brazil), from may to july 2004 under a completely randomized design with four replications. The spacing used was 25 x 25 cm for the crops of watercress, chicory and lettuce (cv. Lucy Brown and cv. Regina) and 5 x 5 cm to the rocket. The traits were: number of leaves, nitrate content and chemical composition of vegetables. The lettuce cv. Regina and chicory had higher number of leaves per plant. The watercress had lower water content and higher dry mass of shoots. The largest increase in fresh weight was obtained in chicory, lettuce, cv. Regina. Higher levels of lipids, protein, ash, carbohydrates, calories, fiber and nitrate were obtained from the watercress. The rocket had lower values for the variables fresh and dries the whole plant, shoot and root and leaf number per plant. All cultures showed good visual appearance, low calorie and nitrate levels suitable for human consumption.

Bioaccumulation Of Microcystins In Lettuce

The contamination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) by water-borne crude extracts of the cyanobacterium microcystin-producing Microcystis aeruginosa (Kutzing) Kutzing was investigated. The aim of the study was to determine whether bioaccumulation of microcystins occurs in lettuce foliar tissue when sprayed with solutions containing microcystins at concentrations observed in aquatic systems (0.62 to 12.5 mu g center dot L-1). Microcystins were found in lettuce foliar tissues (8.31 to 177.8 mu g per Kg of fresh weight) at all concentrations of crude extracts. Spraying with water containing microcystins and cyanobacteria may contaminate lettuce at levels higher than the daily intake of microcystins recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), underscoring the need to monitor such food exposure pathways by public authorities.

Inhibition of human platelet aggregation by eosinophils

AIMS: The relationship between the activity of eosinophils and platelets has been observed in recent decades by many scientists. These observations include increased numbers of eosinophils associated with platelet disorders, including changes in the coagulation cascade and platelet aggregation. Based on these observations, the interaction between eosinophils and platelets in platelet aggregation was analyze. MAIN METHODS: Human platelets were incubated with eosinophil cytosolic fraction, promyelocytic human HL-60 clone 15 cell lineage, and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). Platelet rich plasma (PRP) aggregation was induced by adenosine diphosphate, platelet activating factor, arachidonic acid, and collagen, and washed platelets (WP) were activated by thrombin. KEY FINDINGS: Aggregation induced by all agonists was dose dependently inhibited by eosinophil cytosolic fraction. This inhibition was only partially reversed by previous incubation of the eosinophils with l-Nitro-Arginine-Methyl-Ester (l-NAME). Previous incubation with indomethacin did not prevent the cytosolic fraction induced inhibition. The separation of eosinophil cytosolic fraction by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 showed that the inhibitory activity was concentrated in the lower molecular weight fraction. HL-60 clone 15 cells differentiated into eosinophils for 5 and 7 day were able to inhibit platelet aggregation. The ECP protein inhibited the platelet aggregation on PRP and WP. This inhibition was more evident in WP, and the citotoxicity MTT assay proved the viability of tested platelets, showing that the observed inhibition by the ECP protein does not occur simply by cell death. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results indicate that eosinophils play a fundamental role in platelet aggregation inhibition

Zooplankton biomass estimation from digitized images: a comparison between subtropical and Antarctic organisms

The measurement of mesozooplankton biomass in the ocean requires the use of analytical procedures that destroy the samples. Alternatively, the development of methods to estimate biomass from optical systems and appropriate conversion factors could be a compromise between the accuracy of analytical methods and the need to preserve the samples for further taxonomic studies. The conversion of the body area recorded by an optical counter or a camera, by converting the digitized area of an organism into individual biomass, was suggested as a suitable method to estimate total biomass. In this study, crustacean mesozooplankton from subtropical waters were analyzed, and individual dry weight and body area were compared. The obtained relationships agreed with other measurements of biomass obtained from a previous study in Antarctic waters. Gelatinous mesozooplankton from subtropical and Antarctic waters were also sampled and processed for body area and biomass. As expected, differences between crustacean and gelatinous plankton were highly significant. Transparent gelatinous organisms have a lower dry weight per unit area. Therefore, to estimate biomass from digitized images, pattern recognition discerning, at least, between crustaceans and gelatinous forms is required.

Sistemi di ancoraggio per convertitori di energia da onda galleggianti

Il presente lavoro presenta una analisi di sensitività sui parametri progettuali più significativi per i sistemi di ancoraggio di dispositivi di produzione di energia del mare di tipo galleggiante, comunemente conosciuti come Floating Wave Energy Converters (F-WEC). I convertitori di questo tipo sono installati offshore e possono basarsi su diversi principi di funzionamento per la produzione di energia: lo sfruttamento del moto oscillatorio dell’onda (chiamati Wave Active Bodies, gran parte di convertitori appartengono la tecnologia di questo tipo), la tracimazione delle onde (Overtopping Devices), o il principio della colonna d’acqua oscillante (Oscillating Water Columns). La scelta del luogo di installazione dei tali dispositivi implica una adeguata progettazione del sistema di ancoraggio che ha lo scopo di mantenere il dispositivo in un intorno sufficientemente piccolo del punto dove è stato originariamente collocato. Allo stesso tempo, dovrebbero considerarsi come elemento integrato del sistema da progettare al fine di aumentare l’efficienza d’estrazione della potenza d’onda. Le problematiche principali relativi ai sistemi di ancoraggio sono: la resistenza del sistema (affidabilità, fatica) e l’economicità. Le due problematiche sono legate tra di loro in quanto dall’aumento del resistenza dipende l’aumento della complessità del sistema di ancoraggio (aumentano il numero delle linee, si utilizzano diametri maggiori, aumenta il peso per unità di lunghezza per ogni linea, ecc.). E’ però chiaro che sistemi più affidabili consentirebbero di abbassare i costi di produzione e renderebbero certamente più competitiva l’energia da onda sul mercato energetico. I dispositivi individuali richiedono approcci progettuali diversi e l’economia di un sistema di ormeggio è strettamente legata al design del dispositivo stesso. Esistono, ad oggi, una serie di installazioni a scala quasi di prototipo di sistemi WEC che hanno fallito a causa del collasso per proprio sistema di ancoraggio, attirando così l’attenzione sul problema di una progettazione efficiente, affidabile e sicura.

Microscopia elettronica di nanoparticelle mg-pd e mg-ti per stoccaggio di idrogeno.

L'utilizzo dell'idrogeno come vettore energetico �è negli ultimi anni uno dei temi in maggior rilievo riguardo la sostenibilit�à energetica, questo per via della sua abbondanza in natura, della sua elevata energia chimica per unità di massa, e della non tossicità dei prodotti della sua combustione. Tuttavia non si conosce ancora una maniera e�fficiente di immagazzinarlo per poterlo utilizzare per applicazioni mobili. In questo lavoro di tesi sono state cresciute, e analizzate mediante microscopia elettronica, nanoparticelle di magnesio decorate con metalli di transizione (Pd e Ti), che si collocano tra i candidati più promettenti per lo stoccaggio di idrogeno a stato solido.

Aspetti fondamentali per l'analisi cinetica di reazioni fotocatalitiche.

La conoscenza e la determinazione dell’equazione cinetica è indispensabile per lo studio, la progettazione e l’ottimizzazione di qualsiasi reattore chimico. Normalmente l’analisi cinetica viene eseguita con reattori che operano in maniera quanto più prossima a condizioni ideali in modo da rendere più facile e meno affetta da errori l’interpretazione dei risultati sperimentali. In fotocatalisi è invece di fatto impossibile realizzare, anche in presenza di una perfetta miscelazione, un sistema ideale in cui si abbia un’uniforme distribuzione di tutti i parametri che influenzano la velocità di reazione. Infatti in un reattore fotocatalitico il campo di radiazione è intrinsecamente non uniforme poiché l’assorbimento della radiazione e quindi la sua attenuazione sono necessari per l’attivazione della reazione. Pertanto l’impossibilità di realizzare un sistema fotocatalitico che operi in condizioni quanto più possibile prossime all’idealità e l’incapacità di misurare sperimentalmente i valori locali di velocità di reazione e di velocità di assorbimento dei fotoni possono rendere complessa una corretta analisi cinetica. In questo lavoro vengono studiate le modalità con cui condurre comunque una rigorosa analisi cinetica di un sistema fotocatalitico slurry, nel quale il fotocalizzatore è disperso come polvere fine in sospensione nella soluzione reagente. La reazione studiata è quella di mineralizzazione dell’acido formico. Sono stati impiegati due reattori con geometrie ed illuminazioni differenti: un reattore piano illuminato con luci LED ed un reattore anulare con lampada lineare fluorescente blacklight. È stata verificata la validità di una particolare equazione cinetica, che tiene conto dell’effetto non lineare della velocità specifica (cioè per unità di massa di catalizzatore) di assorbimento dei fotoni e delle concentrazioni del reagente, dell’ossigeno e del fotocatalizzatore. Sono state inoltre determinate le condizioni critiche che possono portare ad errori nell’analisi cinetica ed è stata dimostrata l’utilità di un modello matematico che tiene conto dei bilanci di energia raggiante, di materia nonché del campo di moto. Il modello matematico, in cui compare un solo parametro aggiustabile (il tempo caratteristico di reazione od equivalentemente la costante cinetica), è in grado di riprodurre molto soddisfacentemente i risultati sperimentali in tutte le diverse condizioni operative: diversa geometria di reattore, diversa illuminazione, differente spessore ottico, diverse contrazioni di substrato e di fotocatalizzatore. Infine è stato mostrato come l’equazione cinetica ad una sola costante cinetica, che è stata adottata, descriva meglio la cinetica della reazione fotocatalitica in esame di altre equazioni a due o più costanti cinetiche spesso utilizzate in fotocatalisi e basate sulla teoria di Langmuir-Hinshelwood, a dimostrazione di un diverso meccanismo di reazione.

Sinergia di processi chimico-fisici per la riqualificazione di acque contaminate da composti organici

L’acqua è una delle risorse critiche del pianeta e l’acqua dolce accessibile all’uomo rappresenta meno dell’1% delle risorse idriche; da questi numeri si capisce quanto siano importanti la prevenzione dell’inquinamento ambientale e i processi di depurazione delle acque reflue. A partire dagli anni ’70, grazie anche al miglioramento delle tecniche analitiche, sono iniziati monitoraggi degli inquinanti nelle acque superficiali e sotterranee e sono state riscontrate concentrazioni di inquinanti, i cui effetti di tossicità cronica sull’uomo e l’ecosistema non sempre sono trascurabili. Inoltre si è rilevato che alcune molecole di sintesi sono difficilmente biodegradabili e non sono mineralizzate con i trattamenti convenzionali di depurazione; perciò l’Unione Europea ha emanato delle direttive per preservare le risorse idriche in cui è contenuto un elenco di sostanze prioritarie, per le quali sono stati fissati gli standard di qualità ambientale. Nel 2013 è stata anche istituita una watch list che contiene dieci sostanze sulle quali raccogliere dati di monitoraggio ambientale e effetti sugli ecosistemi. Di qui la ricerca costante di nuovi trattamenti di depurazione delle acque, tra i quali i processi di ossidazione avanzata attirano molto interesse perché promettono di mineralizzare i composti bio-recalcitranti senza produrre fanghi da smaltire o sottoprodotti pericolosi. Oggetto della presente tesi sperimentale, svolta presso il Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, nell’Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, è stato lo studio della de-gradazione e mineralizzazione di una miscela di cinque molecole (diclofenac, carbama-zepina, triton X-100, benzofenone-3, benzofenone-4), scelte per le diverse caratteristiche chimico-fisiche, utilizzando radiazione ultravioletta e ultrasuoni, in presenza di biossido di titanio come fotocatalizzatore o perossido d'idrogeno come additivo per produrre radicali idrossile e avviare catene di reazioni ossidative. A partire dai fenomeni fotochimici o fotocatalitici così ottenuti, eventualmente assistiti da ultrasuoni, sono stati studiati gli effetti delle variazioni dei parametri operativi sulla degradazione dei componenti della miscela e sono stati valutati i consumi energetici della strumentazione prototipale per unità di massa del contaminante degradato. La parte sperimentale è stata preceduta da un’accurata ricerca bibliografica riguardo gli effetti di tossicità degli inquinanti ritrovati nelle acque, la legislazione europea ed italiana in materia ambientale e delle acque e i processi di ossidazione avanzata.

Studio di un rivelatore per neutroni di alta energia

Guidata dall'interesse per lo studio della fissione nucleare, per molto tempo la ricerca nel campo dei neutroni si è concentrata su energie medio-basse (E<20 MeV) mentre per la regione a più alte energie le informazioni risultavano scarse o mancanti. Recentemente, invece, si è sviluppato un nuovo interesse per i Neutroni di Alta Energia, utilizzabili nelle terapie mediche per la cura di tumori, e di grande importanza per la radioprotezione e la trasmutazione delle scorie radioattive derivanti da produzione di energia nucleare. Queste applicazioni richiedono precisi fasci di neutroni quasi-monoenergetici, con energie dai 20 a qualche centinaia di MeV, servono perciò misurazioni intese a determinare le caratteristiche del fascio e atte a ottenere valori precisi della sezione d'urto relativa ai processi innescati da neutroni veloci. La sezione d'urto di un certo processo nucleare si deduce dalla misura del numero di eventi acquisiti per unità di tempo da un rivelatore, conoscendo l'efficienza di questo, l'intensità del fascio che incide nel bersaglio e le caratteristiche del target. Diventa, quindi, determinante la conoscenza dell'intensità del fascio dei neutroni, anche nel caso di un intervallo energetico ampio, come quello prodotto al CERN dalla facility n_TOF, che possiede energie che vanno dal meV al GeV. Sulla base di queste motivazioni, in questo lavoro di tesi, si vuole proporre un prototipo semplice di rivelatore per Neutroni di Alta Energia e si presenta uno studio preliminare del primo test sotto fascio, focalizzando l'attenzione sulla massima energia misurabile.

Functional expression of CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, and CXCR4 chemokine receptors on human platelets

Platelets are known to contain platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin, alpha-chemokines containing the CXC motif, but recent studies extended the range to the beta-family characterized by the CC motif, including RANTES and Gro-alpha. There is also evidence for expression of chemokine receptors CCR4 and CXCR4 in platelets. This study shows that platelets have functional CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, and CXCR4 chemokine receptors. Polymerase chain reaction detected chemokine receptor messenger RNA in platelet RNA. CCR1, CCR3, and especially CCR4 gave strong signals; CXCR1 and CXCR4 were weakly positive. Flow cytometry with specific antibodies showed the presence of a clear signal for CXCR4 and weak signals for CCR1 and CCR3, whereas CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, and CCR5 were all negative. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting with polyclonal antibodies to cytoplasmic peptides clearly showed the presence of CCR1 and CCR4 in platelets in amounts comparable to monocytes and CCR4 transfected cells, respectively. Chemokines specific for these receptors, including monocyte chemotactic protein 1, macrophage inflammatory peptide 1alpha, eotaxin, RANTES, TARC, macrophage-derived chemokine, and stromal cell-derived factor 1, activate platelets to give Ca(++) signals, aggregation, and release of granule contents. Platelet aggregation was dependent on release of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and its interaction with platelet ADP receptors. Part, but not all, of the Ca(++) signal was due to ADP release feeding back to its receptors. Platelet activation also involved heparan or chondroitin sulfate associated with the platelet surface and was inhibited by cleavage of these glycosaminoglycans or by heparin or low molecular weight heparin. These platelet receptors may be involved in inflammatory or allergic responses or in platelet activation in human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Energy harvesting from body motion using rotational micro-generation

Autonomous system applications are typically limited by the power supply operational lifetime when battery replacement is difficult or costly. A trade-off between battery size and battery life is usually calculated to determine the device capability and lifespan. As a result, energy harvesting research has gained importance as society searches for alternative energy sources for power generation. For instance, energy harvesting has been a proven alternative for powering solar-based calculators and self-winding wristwatches. Thus, the use of energy harvesting technology can make it possible to assist or replace batteries for portable, wearable, or surgically-implantable autonomous systems. Applications such as cardiac pacemakers or electrical stimulation applications can benefit from this approach since the number of surgeries for battery replacement can be reduced or eliminated. Research on energy scavenging from body motion has been investigated to evaluate the feasibility of powering wearable or implantable systems. Energy from walking has been previously extracted using generators placed on shoes, backpacks, and knee braces while producing power levels ranging from milliwatts to watts. The research presented in this paper examines the available power from walking and running at several body locations. The ankle, knee, hip, chest, wrist, elbow, upper arm, side of the head, and back of the head were the chosen target localizations. Joints were preferred since they experience the most drastic acceleration changes. For this, a motor-driven treadmill test was performed on 11 healthy individuals at several walking (1-4 mph) and running (2-5 mph) speeds. The treadmill test provided the acceleration magnitudes from the listed body locations. Power can be estimated from the treadmill evaluation since it is proportional to the acceleration and frequency of occurrence. Available power output from walking was determined to be greater than 1mW/cm³ for most body locations while being over 10mW/cm³ at the foot and ankle locations. Available power from running was found to be almost 10 times higher than that from walking. Most energy harvester topologies use linear generator approaches that are well suited to fixed-frequency vibrations with sub-millimeter amplitude oscillations. In contrast, body motion is characterized with a wide frequency spectrum and larger amplitudes. A generator prototype based on self-winding wristwatches is deemed to be appropriate for harvesting body motion since it is not limited to operate at fixed-frequencies or restricted displacements. Electromagnetic generation is typically favored because of its slightly higher power output per unit volume. Then, a nonharmonic oscillating rotational energy scavenger prototype is proposed to harness body motion. The electromagnetic generator follows the approach from small wind turbine designs that overcome the lack of a gearbox by using a larger number of coil and magnets arrangements. The device presented here is composed of a rotor with multiple-pole permanent magnets having an eccentric weight and a stator composed of stacked planar coils. The rotor oscillations induce a voltage on the planar coil due to the eccentric mass unbalance produced by body motion. A meso-scale prototype device was then built and evaluated for energy generation. The meso-scale casing and rotor were constructed on PMMA with the help of a CNC mill machine. Commercially available discrete magnets were encased in a 25mm rotor. Commercial copper-coated polyimide film was employed to manufacture the planar coils using MEMS fabrication processes. Jewel bearings were used to finalize the arrangement. The prototypes were also tested at the listed body locations. A meso-scale generator with a 2-layer coil was capable to extract up to 234 µW of power at the ankle while walking at 3mph with a 2cm³ prototype for a power density of 117 µW/cm³. This dissertation presents the analysis of available power from walking and running at different speeds and the development of an unobtrusive miniature energy harvesting generator for body motion. Power generation indicates the possibility of powering devices by extracting energy from body motion.

drp, A novel cell density regulated protein

Growing cells are continuously processing signals of all varieties and responding to these signals by changes in cellular gene expression. One signal that cells in close proximity relay to each other is cell-cell contact. Non-transformed cells respond to cell-cell contact by arrest of growth and entry into G$\sb0,$ a process known as contact inhibition. Transformed cells do not respond to contact inhibition and continue to grow to high cell density, forming foci when in cell culture and tumors in the living organism. The events surrounding the generation, transduction, and response to cellular contact are poorly understood. In the present study, a novel gene product, drp, is shown to be expressed at high levels in cultured cells at high cell density. This density regulated protein, drp, has an apparent molecular weight of 70 kDa. Northern analysis shows drp to be highly expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle and least abundant in lung and kidney tissues. By homology to two independently derived sequence tagged sites (STSs) used in the human genome project, drp or a closely related sequence maps to human chromosome 12. Density-dependent increases in drp expression have been demonstrated in six different cell lines including NIH 3T3, Hela and a human teratocarcinoma cell line, PA-1. Cells exhibit increased drp expression both when they are plated at increasing concentrations per unit area, or plated at low density and allowed to grow naturally to higher cell density. Cells at high density can exhibit several phenotypes including growth arrest, accumulation of soluble factors in the media, and increased numbers of cell contacts. Growth arrest by serum starvation or TGF-$\beta$ treatment fails to produce an increase in drp expression. Similarly, treatment of low density cells with conditioned media from high density cells fails to elicit drp expression. These results argue that neither soluble factors accumulated or expressed at high density nor simple exit from the cell cycle is sufficient to produce an increase in drp expression. The expression of drp appears to be uniquely regulated by cell density alone. ^

Identification, quantification, spatiotemporal distribution and genetic variation of major latex secondary metabolites in the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale agg.)

The secondary metabolites in the roots, leaves and flowers of the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale agg.) have been studied in detail. However, little is known about the specific constituents of the plant’s highly specialized laticifer cells. Using a combination of liquid and gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, we identified and quantified the major secondary metabolites in the latex of different organs across different growth stages in three genotypes, and tested the activity of the metabolites against the generalist root herbivore Diabrotica balteata. We found that common dandelion latex is dominated by three classes of secondary metabolites: phenolic inositol esters (PIEs), triterpene acetates (TritAc) and the sesquiterpene lactone taraxinic acid β-d-glucopyranosyl ester (TA-G). Purification and absolute quantification revealed concentrations in the upper mg g−1 range for all compound classes with up to 6% PIEs, 5% TritAc and 7% TA-G per gram latex fresh weight. Contrary to typical secondary metabolite patterns, concentrations of all three classes increased with plant age. The highest concentrations were measured in the main root. PIE profiles differed both quantitatively and qualitatively between plant genotypes, whereas TritAc and TA-G differed only quantitatively. Metabolite concentrations were positively correlated within and between the different compound classes, indicating tight biosynthetic co-regulation. Latex metabolite extracts strongly repelled D. balteata larvae, suggesting that the latex constituents are biologically active.

Dynamic contrast agent -enhanced magnetic resonance imaging assessment of tumor microvasculature

Dynamic contrast agent-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE MRI) data, when analyzed with the appropriate pharmacokinetic models, have been shown to provide quantitative estimates of microvascular parameters important in characterizing the angiogenic activity of malignant tissue. These parameters consist of the whole blood volume per unit volume of tissue, v b, transport constant from the plasma to the extravascular, extracellular space (EES), k1 and the transport constant from the EES to the plasma, k2. Parameters vb and k1 are expected to correlate with microvascular density (MVD) and vascular permeability, respectively, which have been suggested to serve as surrogate markers for angiogenesis. In addition to being a marker for angiogenesis, vascular permeability is also useful in estimating tumor penetration potential of chemotherapeutic agents. ^ Histological measurements of the intratumoral microvascular environment are limited by their invasiveness and susceptibility to sampling errors. Also, MVD and vascular permeability, while useful for characterizing tumors at a single time point, have shown less utility in longitudinal studies, particularly when used to monitor the efficacy of antiangiogenic and traditional chemotherapeutic agents. These limitations led to a search for a non-invasive means of characterizing the microvascular environment of an entire tumor. ^ The overall goal of this project was to determine the utility of DCE MRI for monitoring the effect of antiangiogenic agents. Further applications of a validated DCE MRI technique include in vivo measurements of tumor microvascular characteristics to aid in determining prognosis at presentation and in estimating drug penetration. DCE MRI data were generated using single- and dual-tracer pharmacokinetic models with different molecular-weight contrast agents. The resulting pharmacokinetic parameters were compared to immunohistochemical measurements. The model and contrast agent combination yielding the best correlation between the pharmacokinetic parameters and histological measures was further evaluated in a longitudinal study to evaluate the efficacy of DCE MRI in monitoring the intratumoral microvascular environment following antiangiogenic treatment. ^