948 resultados para 55-433A


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In this work investigation of the QDs formation and the fabrication of QD based semiconductor lasers for telecom applications are presented. InAs QDs grown on AlGaInAs lattice matched to InP substrates are used to fabricate lasers operating at 1.55 µm, which is the central wavelength for far distance data transmission. This wavelength is used due to its minimum attenuation in standard glass fibers. The incorporation of QDs in this material system is more complicated in comparison to InAs QDs in the GaAs system. Due to smaller lattice mismatch the formation of circular QDs, elongated QDs and quantum wires is possible. The influence of the different growth conditions, such as the growth temperature, beam equivalent pressure, amount of deposited material on the formation of the QDs is investigated. It was already demonstrated that the formation process of QDs can be changed by the arsenic species. The formation of more round shaped QDs was observed during the growth of QDs with As2, while for As4 dash-like QDs. In this work only As2 was used for the QD growth. Different growth parameters were investigated to optimize the optical properties, like photoluminescence linewidth, and to implement those QD ensembles into laser structures as active medium. By the implementation of those QDs into laser structures a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 30 meV was achieved. Another part of the research includes the investigation of the influence of the layer design of lasers on its lasing properties. QD lasers were demonstrated with a modal gain of more than 10 cm-1 per QD layer. Another achievement is the large signal modulation with a maximum data rate of 15 Gbit/s. The implementation of optimized QDs in the laser structure allows to increase the modal gain up to 12 cm-1 per QD layer. A reduction of the waveguide layer thickness leads to a shorter transport time of the carriers into the active region and as a result a data rate up to 22 Gbit/s was achieved, which is so far the highest digital modulation rate obtained with any 1.55 µm QD laser. The implementation of etch stop layers into the laser structure provide the possibility to fabricate feedback gratings with well defined geometries for the realization of DFB lasers. These DFB lasers were fabricated by using a combination of dry and wet etching. Single mode operation at 1.55 µm with a high side mode suppression ratio of 50 dB was achieved.

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Se trata de un reportaje en el que se exponen las razones de un grupo de personas mayores de 55 años por las que, al término de su vida laboral, se ha matriculado en la Universitat Jaume I de Castelló de la Plana, con el fin de realizar nuevos estudios, La oferta educativa de esta universidad, que cuenta con un titulo universitario propio y unas enseñanzazas divididas en dos ciclos, ha sido considerada por la Unión Europea como un ejemplo de buenas prácticas.

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Resumen tomado de la publicación

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Su contenido se adapta a las especificaciones AS de 2008 para OCR y Edexcel. Se examinan los antecedentes de la Reforma alemana y los factores que condujeron a ella, también se analizan las ideas y la influencia de Lutero, la difusión de estas ideas dentro y fuera de Alemania y el contexto político y religioso que originó estos cambios. Se destacan fechas clave, términos y temas e incluye perfiles biográficos, resúmenes esquemáticos, fuentes literarias y síntesis de los principales debates historiográficos.

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Ofrece una guía práctica para enseñar el tema a los estudiantes del nivel AS para la especificación OCR. El objetivo de este recurso es explicar de forma completa todos los acontecimientos de la Reforma alemana y poner énfasis en el análisis histórico pero, para ello los estudiantes deben tener una comprensión completa de los sucesos, personajes, cuestiones y controversias más relevantes de la época.

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A través de esta Ley se concedían suplementos de crédito destinados a Educación. Las partidas destinatarias eran: 'gastos diversos', 'auxilios, subvenciones y subsidios', 'Dirección General de Enseñanza Universitaria', 'Universidades' y 'Junta de la Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid'.