21世纪中国粮食生产布局构思

21世纪 ,随着人口增长 ,耕地不断减少 ,经济快速发展 ,人民生活水平显著提高 ,对粮食的需求将与日俱增 ,中国粮食生产任务十分艰巨。因此 ,对粮食生产进行科学布局 ,明确各类区域发展取向 ,是实现 21世纪中国粮食供需平衡目标的基础。 　　根据历年科学考察和试验研究结果 ,以及各地自然环境、经济条件和农业生产水平 ,21世纪的中国粮食生产 ,应实施“发展东部 ,提高中部 ,开发西部”的战略布局 ,(现阶段中国粮食总产、单产、人均产量及其增率见表 1)： (1)东部平原粮食产业化生产与优质商品粮生产基地建设发展带。①东北平原优质商品玉米、大豆、大米生产基地建设区 ;②华北平原优质商品小麦、玉米生产基地建设区 ;③华中长江中游平原优质商品大米生产基地建设区 ;④华东长江下游平原优质商品大米、小麦生产基地建设区 ;⑤东南丘陵优质大米生产区。 (2)中部高原粮食生产力及其生产环境质量提高带。①黄河上中游西北高原小麦、玉米、马铃薯生产区 ;②长江上游西南高原水稻、小麦、玉米生产区。 (3)西部高寒农业、绿洲农业的粮食生产潜力与光能、水、土资源潜力开发带。①新疆绿洲农业优质小麦、玉米生产区 ;②西藏高寒农业高产青稞、...

走向21世纪中国水问题方略之探讨

文章对中国水资源的现状及面临的问题进行了分析 ,并提出解决对策

面向21世纪的土壤侵蚀研究——21世纪土壤侵蚀研究国际学术研讨会概况

人类进入 2 1世纪 ,土壤侵蚀问题已成为世界性环境问题中最为突出的问题。这是因为土壤侵蚀威胁着我们星球的生产力 ,包括粮食、纤维和可再生资源。据估计 ,在过去 50ａ间 ,土壤侵蚀已导致 4 .0× 10 8ｈｍ2 的土地丧失其生产力。另一方面 ,侵蚀泥沙及其伴随的养分和农药流失也对人类的生存环境 ,如空气和水质 ,造成严重污染 ,并引起其它一系列环境问题。如何减少土壤侵蚀所造成的损失和维持我们星球生产力的持续性 ,是土壤侵蚀和水土保持工作者亟需回答和解决的重要科学问题。尽管土壤侵蚀研究在上一个世纪取得了重要进展 ,然而 ,由于土壤侵蚀过程的复杂性和影响因子的多变性 ,有许多科学问题还有待进一步研究。例如 ,堤岸和河岸侵蚀过程、沟蚀过程和泥沙搬运等方面的研究仍很薄弱 ,沙尘暴在气候变化中的作用和侵蚀泥沙沉积对水生生物群落影响等方面的研究仍是空白。2 0 0 1年 1月 3— 5日 ,来自 3 0个国家和地区 2 10名土壤侵蚀和水土保持研究者会聚在美国夏威夷檀香山(Ｈｏｎｏｌｕｌｕ) ,共同讨论 2 1世纪土壤侵蚀研究面临的挑战和任务。2 1世纪国际土壤侵蚀研究学术研讨会由美国农业工程学会 (ＡＳＡＥ)主办...

21世纪中国历史地理学发展的思考

本文在回顾中国历史与近50年来取得的巨大成就的基础上,结合当今地球系统科学、地理科学的发展趋势以及国际全球变化与可持续发展研究的最新动向,提出了新世纪中国历史地理学研究应以收集、发掘人类文明演进的地理证据,分析历史上人地交互作用的时空特征为核心,以探寻当今地理学历史渊源人类适应环境变化模式的历史证据为目标,以文献分析、野外调查、考古发掘等传统方法与现代实验技术、空间信息技术的集成为手段,以编制5000年来华夏故土嬗变与文明演进的历史图谱为主要平台的发展新思路,并认为中国历史地理学在国际全球变化与可持续发展

21世纪中国地理学发展的若干思考

20世纪我国现代地理学的发展取得了辉煌成就,同时也面临着许多挑战和机遇。基于地球系统科学的最新研究成果与发展态势,结合我国地理学发展的自身特点及国家需求,本文从理论研究、方法论、学科建设、能力建设等方面,对21世纪我国地理学发展的若干问题进行了思考和探索。

21世纪初中国生态退耕的空间格局及黄土高原典型区退耕的生态位适宜性分析(英文)

自1999年我国开始试行以"退耕还林"工程为主的生态退耕以来,到目前已历时十年。特别是进入21世纪,工程实施强度较大,因此从国家尺度上进行宏观生态退耕格局的分析对于评估生态退耕政策和确定未来政策导向具有重要意义。本研究以TM遥感监测的土地利用变化数据库为基础分析2000-2005年生态退耕的时空格局。在此基础上,以黄土高原典型地区陕西中北部为研究区,采用生态位适宜度评价模型探讨了生态退耕工程实施的合理性。研究结果表明:(1)2000-2005年间,生态退耕主要集中在中国中部地区,尤其是在黄河和长江的中上游地区,生态退耕面积与建设占用面积基本持平。在各生态类型区中,黄土高原土壤侵蚀区生态退耕面积最大,达到了1162.50km~2,主要用于还林;(2)整体看来,研究区内生态退耕的空间格局是合理的,即适宜性越差的耕地退耕比例越大。从退耕区域的适宜性水平来看,有77.35%的地区属于勉强适宜区,其中退为林地的面积为603.32km~2,退为草地的面积为528.94km~2。整个研究区内前者大于后者。然而,退耕地中仍有19.38%属于中度适宜区,原因可能来自于退耕指标分配等管理因素,另外,当地农民外出务工从而将中等适宜度的耕地退耕。结果表明,当前仍有大面积不适宜和勉强适宜的耕地存在,在未来工程实施过程区应该首先考虑该类地区。

21世纪初中国土地利用变化的空间格局与驱动力分析

在全球环境变化研究中,以土地利用与土地覆盖动态为核心的人类-环境耦合系统研究逐渐成为土地变化科学(LCS)研究的新动向。基于覆盖中国21世纪初5年间隔的遥感卫星数据获取的1km网格土地利用变化空间信息,依据近5年土地利用变化区域分异的显著特征,以及自然地理、经济发展与国家宏观政策因素综合考虑,设计针对21世纪初5年新的中国土地利用动态区划图,揭示土地利用变化的空间格局与驱动因素。总体上,21世纪初5年中国处于土地利用快速变化期,黄淮海平原、东南沿海地区与四川盆地城乡建设用地显著扩张,占用大规模优质农田,导致南方水田面积明显减少;西北绿洲农业发展与东北地区开垦导致北方旱地面积略有增加;受西部开发"生态退耕"政策的影响中西部地区林地面积显著增加,国家退耕还林还草政策成效明显,对区域土地覆盖状况的改善产生积极的影响;这一时段国土开发与区域发展战略的实施,包括"西部大开发"、"东北振兴"等国家重大政策,加之快速的经济发展是该阶段土地利用变化格局形成的主要驱动因素。

21世纪长江干流地区经济可持续发展战略思考

本书述及下列问题：长江流域经济持续发展的国内外环境评价、长江流域在国家经济持续发展中的地位、物质生产与分配能力的增长是否就等于经济发展、生态环境保护及建设与经济发展的关系、产业或部门结构调整与优化的基点。

PP/s 21,2PB 共混物的非等温结晶动力学

用DSC方法研究了聚丙烯（PP）、PP与间同1，2-聚丁二烯（s-1，2PB）共混物的非等温结晶行为，结果表明：Mo法处理PP及PP侮1，2PB（90／10）共混物是非常适宜的，而用Ozawa法处理则存在缺陷。用Jeziomy法处理共混物也是适宜的，但对PP处理存在缺陷；s-1，2PB对PP有加速结晶的作用；s-1，2PB使PP的结晶活化能降低，s-1，2PB在PP结晶过程中起到异相成核的作用

Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene with VO(P-204)(2) and VO(P-507)(2) activated by alkylaluminum

The oxovanadium phosphonates (VO(P-204)(2) and VO(P-507)(2)) activated by various alkylaluminums (AlR3, R = Et, i-Bu, n-Oct; HAIR(2), R = Et, i-Bu) were examined in butadiene (Bd) polymerization. Both VO(P-204)(2) and VO(P-507)(2) showed higher activity than those of classical vanadium-based catalysts (e.g. VOCl3, V(acac)(3)). Among the examined catalysts, the VO(P-204)(2)/Al(Oct)(3) system (I) revealed the highest catalytic activity, giving the poly(Bd) bearing M-n of 3.76 x 10(4) g/mol, and M-w/M-n ratio of 2.9, when the [Al]/[V] molar ratio was 4.0 at 40 degrees C. The polymerization rate for I is of the first order with respect to the concentration of monomer. High thermal stability of I was found, since a fairly good catalytic activity was achieved even at 70 degrees C (polymer yield > 33%); the M-n value and M-w/M-n, ratio were independent of polymerization temperature in the range of 40-70 degrees C. By IR and DSC, the poly(Bd)s obtained had high 1,2-unit content (> 65%) with atactic configuration. The 1,2-unit content of the polymers obtained by I was nearly unchanged, regardless of variation of reaction conditions, i.e. [Al]/[V], ageing time, and reaction temperature, indicating the high stability of stereospecificity of the active sites.

Synthesis and gas transport property of polyimide from 2,2 '-disubstituted biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydrides (BPDA)

A series of dianhydride monomers, 2,2'-disubstituted-4,4',5,5'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (substituents = phenoxy, p-methylphenoxy, p-tert-butylphenoxy, nitro, and methoxy) were synthesized by the nitration of an N-methyl protected 3,3',4,4'-biphenyttetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and subsequent aromatic nucleophilic substitutions with aroxides (NaOAr) or methoxide. These dianhydrides were polymerized with various aromatic diamines in refluxing m-cresol containing isoquinoline to afford a series of aromatic polyintides. The effects of varying 2,2'-substituents of the dianhydride (BPDA) moiety on the properties of polyimides were investigated. It was found that polyimides from the dianhydrides containing phenoxy, p-methylphenoxy, and p-tert-butylphenoxy side groups possessed excellent solubility and film forming capability whereas polyimides from 2,2'-dinitro-BPDA and 2,2'-dimethoxy-BPDA were less soluble in organic solvent. The soluble polymers formed flexible, tough and transparent films. The films had a tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus in the ranges 102-168 MPa, 8-21%, 2.02-2.38 GPa, respectively. The polymer gas permeability coefficients (P) and ideal selectivities for N-2, O-2, CO2 and CH4 were determined for the -OAr substituted polyimides. The oxygen permeability coefficient (P-O2) and permselectivity of oxygen to nitrogen (PO2/N-2) of the films were in the ranges 3.4-11.3 barrer and 3.8-4.6, respectively.

Pressure effects on the thermodynamics of trans-decahydronaphthalene/polystyrene polymer solutions: Application of the Sanchez-Lacombe lattice fluid theory

The cloud-point temperatures (T-cl's) of trans-decahydronaphthalene(TD)/polystyrene (PS, (M) over bar (w) = 270 000) solutions were determined by light scattering measurements over a range of temperatures (1-16degreesC), pressures (100-900 bar), and compositions (4.2-21.6 vol.-% polymer). The system phase separates upon cooling and T-cl was found to increase with rising pressure for constant composition. In the absence of special effects, this finding indicates positive excess volume for the mixing. Special attention was paid to the demixing temperatures as a function of pressure for different polymer solutions and the plots in the T-phi plane (where phi signifies volume fractions). The cloud-point curves of polymer solutions under different pressures were observed for different compositions, which demonstrated that pressure has a greater effect on the TD/PS solutions when far from the critical point as opposed to near the critical point. The Sanchez-Lacombe lattice fluid theory (SLLFT) was used to calculate the spinodals, the binodals, the Flory-Huggins (FH) interaction parameter, the enthalpy of mixing, and the volume changes of mixing. The calculated results show that modified PS scaling parameters can describe the thermodynamics of the TD/PS system well. Moreover the SLLFT describes the experimental results well.

Experimental measurement of polyethylene chain modulus by scanning force microscopy

Nanoindentation technique and scanning force microscopy have been used to measure directly the polyethylene modulus along the chain axis. Single crystals of polyethylene were employed in order to obtain well-aligned chain segments. To minimize effects of scanner creep, a Z scan rate of 3 Hz was employed. The "X Rotate" value of 25 degrees was selected to eliminate effects of lateral tip motion. The results were analyzed by the Oliver -Pharr method for which direct observation and measurement of the contact area are not required. Considering the influence of tip roundness on the projected contact area, the nanoindentation results were analyzed by the Sawa method. The chain modulus obtained from the thinner polyethylene single crystal sample was 204 +/- 21 GPa by the Oliver-Pharr method and 168 +/- 17 GPa by the Sawa method. The lower values than expected were due to substrate effects and anisotropy of chain deformation during nanoindentation. An extrapolation of the chain modulus obtained by various strains to zero nanoindentation eliminated the effect of substrate and anisotropy of chain deformation. The corresponding chain modulus obtained from the thicker sample was 278 GPa by the Oliver-Pharr method and 267 GPa by the Sawa method, respectively, in better agreement with the value of 340 Cpa determined theoretically. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

展望21世纪的高分子化学

回顾了高分子合成化学方法和高分子材料的发展历史，结合高分子化学的研究现状，展望了21世纪的高分子化学的发展前景。

Structure-property relationship of phenoxynaphthacenequinones and their relatives

Like 6-phenoxy-5,12-naphthacenequinone (1), 6-[4-(2-( 8-hydroxyphenyl) isopropyl)phenoxy]-5, 12-naphthacenequinone (2) and 6-naphthyloxynaphthacenequinone (6) showed normal photochromism, The relative initial rates of trans to ana photoconversion were in the order: 1, 100; 2, 37; 6, 21, 6-[4-(Phenylazo)phenoxyl-5,12-naphthacenequinone (3), 6-[4-(p-ethoxyphenylazo) phenoxy]-5,12-naphthacenequinone (4), 6-[4-(p-nitrophenylazo)phenoxy]-5,12-naph cenequinone (5) had only slight W-induced photochromism for the phenoxynaphthacenequinone photochrome. 6-(2-Nitrosonaphthyloxy)-5,12-naphthacenequinone (7) exhibited no photochromism and underwent irreversible photoreaction.